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The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to assess the effect of soluble microbial products production and external carbon source addition on the performance of a sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SdAD) process. During SdAD, the growth of autotrophic biomass (AUT) was accompanied by the proliferation of heterotrophic biomass mainly consisting of heterotrophic denitrifiers (HD) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which are able to grow on both the SMP derived from the microbial activities and on an external carbon source. The process was supposed to occur in a sequencing batch reactor to investigate the effects of the COD injection on both heterotrophic species and to enhance the production and consumption of SMP. The mathematical model was built on mass balance considerations and consists of a system of nonlinear impulsive differential equations, which have been solved numerically. Different simulation scenarios have been investigated by varying the main operational parameters: cycle duration, day of COD injection and quantity of COD injected. For cycle durations of more than 15 days and a COD injection after the half-cycle duration, SdAD represents the prevailing process and the SRB represent the main heterotrophic family. For shorter cycle duration and COD injections earlier than the middle of the cycle, the same performance can be achieved increasing the quantity of COD added, which results in an increased activity of HD. In all the performed simulation even in the case of COD addition, AUT remain the prevailing microbial family in the reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the multiplicity of biogeochemical processes taking place in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems and limitations of the available analytical techniques, assessing the bioavailability of trace elements (TEs) is challenging. Determination of TE speciation can be facilitated by developing a mathematical model able to consider the physicochemical processes affecting TEs dynamics. A modeling framework based on anaerobic digestion model no 1 (ADM1) has been proposed to predict the biogeochemical fate TEs in AD environments. In particular, the model considers the TE adsorption–desorption reactions with biomass, inerts and mineral precipitates, as well as TE precipitation/dissolution, complexation reactions and biodegradation processes. The developed model was integrated numerically, and numerical simulations have been run to investigate the model behavior. The simulation scenarios predicted the effect of (i) organic matter concentration, (ii) initial TEs concentrations, (iii) initial Ca–Mg concentrations, (iv) initial EDTA concentration, and (v) change in TE binding site density, on cumulative methane production and TE speciation. Finally, experimental data from a real case continuous AD system have been compared to the model predictions. The results prove that this modelling framework can be applied to various AD operations and may also serve as a basis to develop a model-predictive TE dosing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence suggests that modifications of gut function and microbiota composition might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure (HF). In this study we systematically analysed gut microbiota composition, intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal and serum cytokines and serum endotoxin levels in C57BL/6 mice undergoing pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 1 and 4 weeks. Compared to sham-operated animals, TAC induced prompt and strong weakening of intestinal barrier integrity, long-lasting decrease of colon anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, significant increases of serum levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines. TAC also exerted effects on microbiota composition, inducing significant differences in bacterial genera inside Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and TM7 phyla as shown by 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal samples from TAC or sham mice. These results suggest that gut modifications represent an important element to be considered in the development and progression of cardiac dysfunction in response to TAC and support this animal model as a valuable tool to establish the role and mechanisms of gut-heart crosstalk in HF. Evidence arising in this field might identify new treatment options targeting gut integrity and microbiota components to face adverse cardiac events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]