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Pedoclimatic elements and smart technology act simultaneously on the biological processes of agricultural crops and on the level of harvest, which requires the study of their correlation to determine the continuous influence of these factors in obtaining the planned levels of production. In Romania, annually, over 2.1 million hectares of wheat are cultivated, with annual productions of over 10 million tons, placing wheat crops in the first place as economic importance. Knowing the management of natural resources in quantitative terms is especially valuable when we talk about their sustainable use. Our evaluation includes in this paper the relationship between the pedoclimatic resources of South-Eastern Romania and the zoning of wheat varieties in order to obtain superior quantitative and qualitative productions. The last 11 agricultural years are analyzed, both in terms of the influence of global warming and in terms of wheat zoning to obtain sustainable production to highlight the genetic potential of the varieties under the conditions of the Brailei Plain. A stability of the varieties Glosa, Miranda, Litera (varieties over 15 years old) was observed, but not least of the new ones created by the National Research and Development Institute from Fundulea such as: Pitar, Ursita, Adelina, Izvor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the dynamics of Sorghum cultivated area, production and yield in the decade 2010-2019 pointing out the position of Romania among the EU-28 producing countries, the relationship between production and yield using ANOVA, and regression analysis in terms of linear fit. The results showed that the cultivated area increase by 52.7 % in reaching 15,712 ha in 2019. The West and South West regions cultivate 81 % of Romania's cropped area with Sorghum. Production increased 3.2 times reaching 60 thousand tons in 2019, 80% being achieved by West region (63.4 %) and South West Oltenia (10.5%). Sorghum yield was doubled in 2018 achieving 3,819 kg/ha, the highest records being in North East and West. Romania is ranked the 4th in the EU-28 after France, Italy and Hungary for Sorghum cultivated surface, production and yield. Between production and yield is a positive and strong relationship, r = 0.842 and R² = 0.710, reflecting that 71 % of the variation of production is caused by yield change. The regression model Y = 0.0112 x + 13.424, shows that if Sorghum yield increases by one unit, production will grow by 13.43 units. Therefore, a higher productivity per surface unit will contribute to production growth. For this reason, farmers have to use modern technologies involving high potential varieties and hybrids, optimized tillage, fertilization, sowing depth, plant density, distance between rows, correct and timing application of the agricultural works, the use of modern equipments for tillage, sowing, crop maintenance and harvesting. The technologies have to be adapted to climate change, meaning the use of earlier cultivars, looking for a new depth of sowing where soil moisture content favours seeds germination and chose the best harvesting moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studying the reaction of the early maturing medium-fiber cotton variety Pidozerskyi 4 to the sowing rate and row width under different conditions of moisture supply in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The scheme of the experiment included soil moisture conditions: natural moisture and watering at 70% of the lowest moisture content (LM); row width 30, 60, 90 cm; sowing rate of 250, 300 and 350 thousand pieces/ha. Studies have shown that the formation of the number of pods on a plant that opened before harvesting was significantly influenced by the rate of seed sowing, with an increase in which the indicators of the number of pods decreased on average by 43.9% in the experiment, and regardless of the conditions of soil moisture and width row spacing. The variability of the effective signs of the mass formation of the boll of pre-freeze raw cotton depended by 25.0% on the humidification conditions, by 15.0% - on the width of the rows, and by 16.0% - on the seeding rate; yield of domestic raw cotton - by 66.0% from the conditions of wet supply, by 3.0% - from the width of the rows and by 9.0% - from the sowing rate. The significant influence of irrigation on the yield formation of frozen raw cotton was determined. The increase in yield on irrigated plots at the seeding rate of 300,000 units/ha was: for row widths of 30 cm - 17%, for 60 cm - 18%, for 90 cm - 22%, compared to non-irrigated options. Raw cotton production is highly effective, the profitability level is 63-69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper was carried out radiography of the rice market in Romania, during 2007-2015. Romanian culinary tradition has a strong impact on the evolution of the rice market in our country. Rice is an important food for about 50% of the planet's population and its consumption has beneficial effects on the health of the population. In order to highlight the evolution of the rice market in Romania and the changes that have taken place on this market, a series of relevant indicators have been used, such as: rice areas cultivated at national and macro-regional level; Total rice production at national and macro-regional level; Average rice production at national and macroregional level; Rice prices; Consumption of rice at national level; Imports and exports of rice. During the analyzed period there was a positive evolution of this market because, on the one hand, we are witnessing an increase of rice surfaces and production, and on the other hand, we have identified changes in the consumption behavior of rice. Consumers in our country are aware of the rice-specific nutritional properties and have begun to use a range of varieties of this product. Rice consumption in Romania is about 4 kg rice / year /per capita. The statistical data used in the paper was provided by the National Institute of Statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents studies and researches made on machines performance, which is one of the most important component of the economic performance of a farm. We made measurements for determination of work quality and energetic index for tractors, considering that tractors are the main energetic power used in modern agriculture anywhere, that is why the improving of the quality and energetic index of tractors and machines is very important. The aim of the research is to improve power performances and to increase the efficiency of tractors and agricultural machines. The productivity is one of the most significant characteristics of tractors and agricultural machines, especially of harvesting machines, which are the most important machines for harvesting cereals. We wanted to emphasize that designing and making these complex agricultural machines has much evolved in the last years, from the productivity point of view and from the design and interior comfort as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important stage in the agricultural process is harvesting. In this particular stage, the mower machines are some of the most important machines for harvesting forages used in agriculture, that is why we made this study. These machines are usually attached to tractors for a better efficiency. The paper presents some studies on mower machines, which are analised after their cutting apparatus and their work width. Thus, are presented the mower with cutting apparatus through shearing, with cutting appartus with back and forth motion of the knife, then rotary mowers. Also, in the paper are presented and analised some technical characteristics of mowers, which influence their economic performances. From the economic point of view, considering the engine mowers, we concluded that the mowers with 2 knives have a better work capacity, at the same width of mowed furrow, compared to borne mowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3-year research on Alexander Lucas and Santa Maria pear varieties followed the influence of the time interval from harvest to storage of the fruit on quality characteristics, weight loss, quality depreciation and storage length. The results showed that in both varieties harvested at the optimal time and put into storage 24 hours after harvest (V1), the quality characteristics, weight loss, quality deterioration and storage length were significantly higher (better) than for the variants in which the fruit was kept for 6 days (V2) and 12 days (V3) at 10-14 C before being put into the cooling room. Thus, the weight losses at the end of storage varied between 9.2-9.6% in V3 (fruit stored 12 days after harvest) compared to 6.4-7.2% in V1 (fruit put into storage after 12 hours), as the storage period was longer in V1. The qualitative losses at the end of storage ranged from 5-5.8% in fruit placed in the cooling room 24 hours after harvest, compared to 7.6-8.2% in fruit where storage in the cooling room was delayed by 12 days. The optimal storage period of the pear fruits, stored as soon as possible after harvesting, belonging between 90 days for the summer variety Santa Maria and 115 days for the winter variety Alexander Lucas, in cold storage room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is Indonesian's staple food and indicator of food sovereignty. Farmers could be a price maker, but rice farmers are poor. This indicates that the problem exists on post harvest rice distribution channels. It is important to analyse the rice distribution system to formulate the government policies. The purpose of this paper is to know the distribution system and margin share of post harvest rice in Indonesia. Also, to know the determinant factors of farmers bargaining power in the post harvest rice distribution process. Data analyse use descriptive analysis (elasticity of price transmission) and literature review. The supporting data used are data from agriculture statistics of Indonesia. The results show that the market faced by all rice distribution market players is the imperfect or uncompetitive actor, i.e. there is monopoly and oligopoly power in the distribution system, and the prevailing distribution system is not efficient yet. There are internal and external factors that influence the bargaining power of rice farmers. The post harvest rice distribution chain needs to be shortened to make it more efficient. To improve the bargaining position of farmers from a monopsony condition is to establish a farmers institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper goal was to analyze the technical endowment in terms of machinery in Romania's agriculture in the period 2007-2015 and to identify the main trends and problems which affect performance and competitiveness. In the analyzed period, the park of tractors and machinery increased as follows: tractors by 14.5%, ploughs by 13.9%, cultivators by 11.3%, seeders by 14.6%, combines for cereals by 11.4 and for fodder by 17%, machines for potatoes harvesting by 43.5%, presses for hay and straw by 121.7%, only windrowers and sprayers and dusters declined by 1.2%, respectively, by 2.6%. Despite this slight increase, the structure of agricultural machinery is still an uncorresponding one for keeping pace with new technologies. The utilized agricultural area (UAA) increased and as a result the UAA per tractor declined from 44.5 ha to 41.3, which is also a good aspect. Despite that agricultural production increase, its performance is not supported by mechanization mainly in the small sized holdings. The replacement of the existing old machinery with a high usage degree, whose repairs are costing, is obviously needed and requires substantial financial resources. the continuous growth of farm inputs price and the low price at farm gate for agricultural products do not assure farmers enough income to modernize mechanization. The Romanian Government should allocate a higher percentage from budget to agriculture for improving the park of tractors and agricultural machinery. Also, the financial aid per ha coming from the EU should be equitably divided among member states. Farmers need a better endowment in their farms to apply modern technologies and increase production, quality of agricultural products, economic efficiency and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) is generally recognized as a useful tree species across its wide natural distribution range. In Romania, even if the presence of this species especially in mountainous and hilly regions is quite common, little is known about the uses of its sap, a special category of non-wood forest products. The aim of this paper was to test different methodologies for sap harvesting and syrup and alcoholic beverage production. Forty mature birch trees were sampled. During two days of spring, more than 70 liters of sap were collected. Syrup and alcoholic beverage were also obtained. At a small-scale, birch syrup and alcoholic beverage production could become an important source of income for birch forest owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to demonstrate the impact of fertilization and foliar stimulation products both on increasing the resistance to major phytopathogens attacks, and on increasing the quantity and quality of wine grapes harvest. Applying the foliar fertilizer products Plonvit Kali (c1), Tytanit (c2) and Optysil (c3) to vines, for a period of three years (2011/2013), in phenophases of intensive growth of shoots and grapes at approved dosages, simultaneously with pesticide treatment, not only a reduction of pathogenic fungi attack was obtained, but also and an increase of harvest without diminishing the quality of the grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the situation of Romania's vegetable market in the period 2007-2011 based on the statistical data regarding the main vegetables: tomatoes, onion, garlic, cabbage, green peppers and melons. The vegetable production increased by 33.99 from 3,166.8 tons in 2007 to 4,176.3 tons in 2011.This was due to the yield gain as follows: 58.55 % for melons, 27.62 % for green peppers, 27.05 % for tomatoes, 25.99 % for dry garlic, 24.96 % for dry onion, 12.61 % for white cabbage. In 2011, the contribution of various categories of vegetables to production was: 24.55 % white cabbage, 21.81 % tomatoes, 15.45 % melons, 9.44 % onion, 6.06 % green pepper, 1.59 % garlic and 21.1 % other vegetables. The contribution of the micro regions to vegetable production in 2011 was: 19.46 % South Muntenia, 18.95 % South East Romania, 17.30 % South West Oltenia, 15.92 % North East Romania, 10.43 % West Romania, 8.47 % North West Romania, 6.54 % Central Romania, 2.93 % Bucharest Ilfov. Vegetable production per inhabitant is higher in Romania compared to the average production per capita in the EU. The average consumption increased as a postive aspect reflecting the obtained production and import. Vegetable production should increase in order to cover much better the doestic market needs and support export to the EU market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The auxiliary roll of the rice combine harvester were developed and manufactured from local material to reduce wearing rate for threshing device also minimize fuel consumption and energy requirements. Replacing auxiliary roll knives arranged in a spiral instead by forks separating on length were 90 cm with seven rows and each row has four blades to increase the efficiency of separating the seed. The measurement indices of the auxiliary roll before and after development were threshing efficiency, threshing capacity, fuel consumption, power required, energy requirements, device mass losses percent, wearing rate, wearing resistance, critical wearing value, specific wear and expected life. during the harvesting operation of rice crop the rustles showed It is recommended to use the knife as a threshing device because auxiliary roll threshing efficiency increased by 0.2% threshing capacity increased by 16.83 %, fuel consumption decreased by 0.16 %, power required decreased by 0.15 %, energy requirements decreased by 0.33 % device mass losses percent decreased by 1.4 %, wearing rate decreased by 0.11 % wearing resistance decreased by 0.12%. critical wearing value increased by 34 %, specific wear decreased by 25 % and expected life increased by 78.60% all this result tested after 500h operating time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The five-year research devoted to the study of harvesting methods and desiccation effects on the yields and quality of oil seed flax of dual use was conducted in the field conditions on the dark-chestnut soil in the South of Ukraine during 2013-2017. The study defined the highest effectiveness of pre-harvesting desiccation of the crop by glufosinate ammonium in the dose 2 L ha-1 followed by direct harvesting that can increase the yield of flax seeds by 0.15 t ha-1 or by 11.9%, and the yield of flax straw – by 0.22 t ha-1 or by 12.7%. At the same time, the increase in the yield is accompanied by the improvement of qualitative parameters of the straw through better orientation of the stems in a roll, the share of fibres, which are longer than 200 mm, in comparison with the separate harvesting increases by 8%, and the contamination of the straw decreases 3 times in comparison to the variant without desiccation. Desiccation conducted by using glyphosate preparation in the dose 3 L ha-1 allowed increasing of the net profit by 15.67 euro ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental impacts of coconut production may be both positive and negative. Coconut may have a lesser impact on the environment. However, its negative impact may influence the coconut farming of the farmers overwhelmingly. The study was carried out in Lanao del Norte Province in the Philippines from October to November 2016. It was selected purposively for the reason that the majority of the farming activities is from coconut farming particularly in smallholding farming. A total of 400 respondents were interviewed using closed-ended questionnaires. It was felt necessary to identify the impact of coconut production on the environment, the internal and external faced by coconut producers, the factors influencing the coconut yield, and the practices on coconut productions by coconut producers. The study revealed that the severe problems encountered by the coconut producers on coconut production for internal problems were the far distance of the land from farm to market road, intercropping, high cost of laborers, and low and fluctuating price of coconut product for the apparent problems. Furthermore, issues such as pests and diseases, difficulties in nut collections, high transportation expenses in marketing problem, and government taxes for the obvious question were found as severe problems. The regression results revealed that the educational Attainment, size of the land (in hectare), number of coconut tree planted per hectare, the distance of the property from the market road, and the frequency of harvesting nut have a strong influence on coconut production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an economic and social point of view, the interest for the non-wood forest resources has increased during the last couple of years. Due to its varied landscape, Romania has as its disposal, besides wood as the main forest resource, a large diversity of non-wood resources. As such, the most important non-wood forest products are forest fruits, edible mushrooms, game and medicinal plants. The present study intends to emphasize the most representative forest fruits from Neam? County and to describe their harvesting process management. In order to establish this, an analytical hierarchic process based on certain criteria was created with the help of specialists from the domain. As such, it has been observed that cherries, blueberries and raspberry from Neam? County have a high market potential, while the harvesting process is a complex one, either manually or mechanically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, in the last two-three decades, the sector of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) received a special attention, thanks to their multiple uses. The most famous and used NWFPs in Romania which are harvested from the spontaneous flora are represented by the edible mushrooms and truffles, aromatic and medicinal plants, and forest fruits. Across the country, there are districts with high potential in harvesting these forest products, Prahova County being one of them. According to current legislation, the county is divided into two municipalities, twelve towns and ninety communes, including Bertea. The purpose of this research was to assess the potential of harvesting and marketing of the NWFPs in Bertea. A questionnaire with eleven questions was applied in the timeframe between 20th of April and 20th of May 2018 and one hundred households were the subject of the survey. The main way of procuring NWFPs is through harvesting by a family member, only a few people buying these products from local markets. The marketing of the NWFPs in Bertea is almost none, most of the people using the NWFPs for familial purposes and in small quantities. The majority of the interviewed people don't think that the marketing of the NWFPs should be promoted or collaboration between local stakeholders should be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-harvest straw deserves particular attention among agricultural raw materials. It can be intended for sale, applied as litter material in animal husbandry or used in field fertilization. To a lesser extent it can be used for fodder production, covering mounds of roots and tubers and the production of insulation materials in horticulture and building construction. Using surplus straw directly for energy generation, including production of pellets and briquettes, should also be considered rational. Several applications were analyzed. The main purpose of the research is to determine the profitability level of winter wheat cultivation and of energy use of the straw obtained. Among others, they included situations in which obtained straw was used in the production of pellets, in fertilization after prior grinding and mixing with manure or used for direct sale. For our calculations, the costs/ha of wheat cultivation and then straw collection were estimated. The comparative analysis of various options of wheat straw utilization shows the highest profitability in the option of selling the straw and mineral fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we have analyzed and interpreted the main statistical indicators of potato produced in Romania. First of all, we start by presenting some information about potatoes: origin and appearance, their importance and necessity in the life of people and animals. Then on the basis of the specific statistical indicators, it was interpreted the evolution of the cultivated area, the percentage of the main counties in the cultivated area with potatoes, the average yield per hectare, as well as the import and export of potatoes in a given period. Each indicator was analyzed and corresponding remarks and conclusions have been drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]