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The need to address the complex exchanges between natural resource efficiency and economic growth has become increasingly discussed in worldwide strategies and position papers. Resource depletion, environmental challenges and climate change are just a few topics related to fast industrialization and economic expansion. The question is how information regarding crops, climatic factors, or solutions used in plant treatment are managed. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the scientific environment regarding quantitative indicators and models for the assessment of sustainable agriculture practices. The study is based on a bibliometric analysis made using Web of science database and processing using biblioshiny environment from R package. The most relevant works and influential authors in the field of quantitative modelling for sustainable agriculture were identified and a set of indicators and metrics for evaluating efforts in transitioning towards sustainability were synthetised. Integrating practical data into quantitative models can provide insights into trends, correlations, or even predictions, and the results obtained serve as inputs for decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the growing interest in sustainable agricultural practices, this study highlights a detailed bibliometric analysis regarding the intersection between sustainability and profitability in conventional and ecological farming. While the ecological farming model clearly emerges as a frontrunner in terms of sustainability, profitability assessments present challenges due to varying regional costs, lack of standardized metrics, and shortterm versus long-term value evaluations. Drawing from international sources and top-tier academic literature, the article reveals prevailing trends as well as under-researched areas in the field of agricultural research. The results indicate a clear acknowledgment of the benefits of ecological farming from a sustainability standpoint. However, the paper discusses the challenges related to assessing the profitability of these practices and identifying the most efficient strategies for supporting and expanding alternative farming systems. Thus, it underscores the imperative of a multidisciplinary perspective for deep understanding and informed action in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance that circular economy models have in today's society and the concerns that both decision-makers and other interested parties have regarding this concept, in this paper we have proposed to analyze the relationship between the economy circular and tourism, starting from the fact that this is one of the sectors of activity that is characterized both by a high consumption of water, energy and natural resources, as well as by a large food waste, being also a producer of important CO2 emissions, as a result of the link it has with road, air, maritime transport, and not only that. The research methodology assumed the review of the specialized literature, being inventoried scientific papers indexed Web of Science, and starting from 2 keywords: "circular economy" and "tourism". From the 340 identified scientific works, following the application of several filters regarding language, title, keywords, 33 publications resulted. By applying a restriction regarding the relevance of these works, assessed on the basis of a minimum number of 3 citations, it was possible to establish a sample of 15 publications that were analyzed, identifying both the results presented by the author/authors, as well as the conclusions and the way in which that they could influences the application of circular economy principles in tourism. The analysis carried out showed us that the number of specialized papers in this field is relatively small, which is why, in order to obtain the most conclusive results regarding the proposed theme, we believe that, considering the importance of the theme, it will be necessary to continue the research on tourism and the circular economy. In this way, it will be possible to identify the solutions that will accelerate the sustainable development of tourism., which could thus meet both the leisure needs of tourists who, in turn, are increasingly concerned with the issue of sustainability, as well as the need to protect the environment, so that we allow future generations to enjoy what the new Planet offers us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aimed to investigate the main characteristics of contract farming versus non-contract farming from Dornelor Basin, Suceava county. The research was based on a large-scale survey conducted in the study area, the data being collected from 52 farms who raise dairy cows. The results reveal that contract farmers are, generally, younger, have a slightly higher education level, with more years of agricultural experience and have larger farms, both in terms of size and number of animals, but they express a lower degree of willingness to uptake sustainable practices in comparison with non-contract farmers. Still, it looks like contract farming could represent a viable support instrument to farmers for converting to more sustainable practices. One possible way of achieving this is by creating a connection between contracting and the adoption of ecological farming methods and by supporting farmers with inputs and training in sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the economic efficiency of sunflower production in the pedoclimatic conditions specific to the outskirts of the city of Timișoara different technological options in the period 2020-2022. The experiment was trifactorial (of the 4 x 3 x 3 type), with 3 factors: D - density; F - fertility; T - technology. Ten plants were chosen from each plot and a series of measurements were made. Based on the values obtained, descriptive statistical indices related to the different technological factors were calculated, namely: arithmetic mean, error of the mean and coefficient of variation. The results showed that the profit had a variation between 849 RON/ha in the case of plants grown at a density of 49,261 g.g./ha on unfertilized agrofund prepared by scarification + ploughing and 1,990 RON/ha for plants grown at a density of 59,524 g.g./ha on the agricultural land fertilized with N50P50K0 and prepared by ploughing. In 55% of cases, the technological variants produced a profit of over 1,500 RON/ha. The research related presented in this paper concerns useful information that will allow superior, high-quality, and sustainable productions under the conditions of the current climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Moldova has made significant strides in adopting organic farming practices, supported by government subsidies and strategic focus on market demand. This paper aims to analyze the economic performance of organic farms in Moldova and their impact on the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, using primary data collected from 63 organic farms benefiting from subsidies between 2020 and 2022. The agricultural sector in Moldova has experienced a gradual increase in cultivated land, with a noteworthy 9.5% dedicated to organic farming. Economically, farmers have seen substantial growth in income per hectare, credited to favorable climatic conditions and advanced technologies. Although organic farming contributes significantly, constituting approximately one-third of total income, conventional agriculture remains the primary contributor with two-thirds. The impact of subsidies from the National Fund for Agricultural and Rural Development is evident in farm development, as calculated profits per one lei of subsidy have surged from 1.51 to 10.43 lei in 2022. This underscores the effectiveness of government support in fostering growth and development within Moldova's agricultural sector, emphasizing a positive trajectory for sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to comprehensively examine the critical role of rural development in the broader framework of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Employing a robust mixed-methods research design, we explore global and regional rural development policies through a cross-cutting analysis. The primary objective is to uncover the profound and positive impact of specific interventions on critical SDG indicators, with a particular focus, on poverty reduction, improved access to education and healthcare, and significant progress in agricultural productivity. Our research uses a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative analysis, qualitative insights from community engagement sessions, and spatial analysis using GIS-based mapping. Preliminary results show a promising correlation between sustainable agricultural practices and meeting the SDGs, with a 30% reduction in food insecurity rates, while the qualitative insights indicate a notable increase in community cohesion and empowerment, highlighting the impact of rural development on well-being. Summarising these multi-faceted findings, our study highlights the symbiotic relationship between rural development initiatives and the SDGs. The imperative for context-specific and adapted strategies is evident from the spatial analyses, highlighting the need for a comprehensive, integrated and locally informed approach to achieve sustainable and equitable overall development. The paper advocates the recognition of rural development as a key driver for positive change in pursuit of the SDGs, providing valuable insights for policy makers, practitioners and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism, as a form of spending free time, has undergone numerous transformations in the last period of time, this is due both to globalization that contributed to the internationalization of tourist experiences, but also to recent events (such as the Covid-19 pandemic, economic crises, etc), but also changing the perception of tourism consumers regarding how they can spend their free time. Traditional or well-known destinations have started to face overcrowding, which is starting to be felt negatively by both residents and visitors who are starting to change their consumption habits regarding the locations they choose as tourist destinations. On the other hand, the challenges of the modern world regarding the effects of global warming, the sharp increase in the population, the depletion of planetary resources, but also the much greater concerns of the current generations regarding these aspects, make the choices we make regarding the choice leisure destinations to change and become more responsible. In this context, creative tourism as an increasingly sought-after option, among a growing category of consumers. In this paper, we set out to analyze the perception that tourism consumers in Romania have regarding this form of tourism. The research assumed, on the one hand, a bibliographic analysis regarding the term creative tourism and how this notion has evolved from the moment of its definition as a form of tourism in the 2000s until now, as well as from a study of case based on the application of a questionnaire to measure the perception of consumers regarding this form of tourism, but especially on the awareness of its existence. The questionnaire had 16 questions answered by 124 respondents. The data were centralized and interpreted with the help of the Excel program, the results highlighting the fact that although some of the respondents practice creative tourism, it is quite little known as a concept. The answers given by the study participants highlighted the fact that they are interested in practicing activities integrated into creative tourism, considering that there are many advantages both regarding the experiences they create, with the interactions they establish with the locals or with the other participants. At the same time, the impact that creative tourism practices have at the local level (both economic and social) is recognized. We consider that these results are useful not only at the micro level, but also at the macro level, under the conditions that the development strategies of the field of hospitality will be thought in such a way as to promote, integrate and develop this form of contemporary tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moldova faces substantial agri-food security challenges, including the availability, accessibility, and affordability of safe, nutritious food for its population. With high poverty rates and a large rural population relying on agriculture, Moldova's agricultural sector has small landholdings, low productivity, and insufficient investment in modern technologies. Climate change and extreme weather events have led to declines in agricultural production and increased dependence on imports for food needs. The recent COVID-19 pandemic and regional conflict in Ukraine have exacerbated food insecurity, causing rising food prices and reduced availability. This paper uses a SWOT framework to analyze Moldova's agri-food security, identifying areas for improvement and potential strategies for enhancing resilience and sustainability. Findings emphasize the importance of integrated, multi-sectoral approaches, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, investing in modern technologies, and fostering collaboration among the government, international organizations, and stakeholders. By addressing these challenges and leveraging opportunities, Moldova can improve the long-term resilience and competitiveness of its agri-food sector while ensuring food security for its population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of communication networks has an increasingly important role in the development and modernization of the fields of activity of agriculture. This trend has effects between different actors in the production chain and creates a tighter connection between the stages of land cultivation or the maintenance of natural pastures, ecological grazing, milk, and meat production, respectively the preparation of the final products and their distribution, including marketing techniques. In the paper, an analysis will be made of the specialized publications in the field of Agribusiness in Romania and the effectiveness of the various communication channels used in the present will be discussed with the aim of contributing to mitigating the current problems of natural grazing activities and identifying the main pillars of development and progress. This research paper utilizes an academic research methodology aiming to highlight the importance of communication networks in promoting natural grazing activities. The results of the study demonstrate that the establishment of networks can significantly contribute to the modernization of the Romanian agricultural sector, aligning it with the principles of sustainable competitiveness and resilience. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the establishment of such networks is essential for the development of a sustainable and resilient agricultural sector in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the procedure of managing public procurement contracts for sustainable agricultural products from the public entities perspective (with reference to setting criteria for selecting the suppliers, contract management, etc), but also from the perspective of the selling companies (from drafting the tender to products being delivered). The research is based on data processed by Eurostat (2012-2021), but also on information taken from the Romanian Electronic Public Procurement System (2018-2022). The analyses in the paper concern indicators such as: the procurement of agricultural products from Romania, and at European level the organic production of animal products, the number of processors of sustainable agricultural products, etc. In conclusion, since the public institutions buy large quantities of agricultural products, but the market for sustainable agricultural products is restricted, a global strategy for rethinking the public procurement in this area is clearly required. The work is relevant both for the contracting authorities with respect to the management of public procurement for agricultural products, but also for the companies with respect to the business management of public contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the way in which a tourist reception structure can practice sustainable tourism based on the conservation and protection of all natural and anthropic resources. The case study was carried out at a Boarding house in the commune of Crasna-Gorj, where authentic agrotourism is practiced, because a series of specialties served at the table to tourists are prepared with products obtained from their own household, in which traditional agriculture is practiced, based on obtaining high quality products, with as few chemical substances as possible. At the same time, the main natural and anthropogenic factors favorable to the practice of tourism were presented, and an analysis of tourist traffic and the quality of management at the boarding house under study was carried out. In the analysis of the tourist potential and activity, more emphasis was placed on the objectives and leisure and gastronomy activities specific to the place, through which the Boarding house can create an offer of great originality and attractiveness for tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to study several sustainable practices which tourist accommodation establishments can apply to contribute to sustainable development. The application of sustainable practices is essential, as tourist accommodation establishments are very resource-intensive. This paper is based on a quantitative research, and the data has been processed through statistical frequencies. The data were collected through a questionnaire, and the target group was made up of tourist accommodation establishments from four counties of Romania, more specifically Calarasi, Giurgiu, Ialomita and Teleorman. The method through which the results are presented is the graphical method. The obtained results confirmed that the tourist accommodation establishments in the four counties are poorly involved in activities aimed at sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedoclimatic elements and smart technology act simultaneously on the biological processes of agricultural crops and on the level of harvest, which requires the study of their correlation to determine the continuous influence of these factors in obtaining the planned levels of production. In Romania, annually, over 2.1 million hectares of wheat are cultivated, with annual productions of over 10 million tons, placing wheat crops in the first place as economic importance. Knowing the management of natural resources in quantitative terms is especially valuable when we talk about their sustainable use. Our evaluation includes in this paper the relationship between the pedoclimatic resources of South-Eastern Romania and the zoning of wheat varieties in order to obtain superior quantitative and qualitative productions. The last 11 agricultural years are analyzed, both in terms of the influence of global warming and in terms of wheat zoning to obtain sustainable production to highlight the genetic potential of the varieties under the conditions of the Brailei Plain. A stability of the varieties Glosa, Miranda, Litera (varieties over 15 years old) was observed, but not least of the new ones created by the National Research and Development Institute from Fundulea such as: Pitar, Ursita, Adelina, Izvor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining genetically modified (GM) organisms, with superior biological and productive performances, represents the priority objective of modern applied genetics research, oriented towards the development of effective procedures for increasing genetic variability, according to the requirements of breeding programs of economically interesting species. GM crops can contribute essentially to the millennium development goal, that of reducing poverty and increasing food security, by optimizing agricultural productivity. GM plants have improved traits that include herbicide tolerance, disease and pest resistance, drought tolerance, health or nutritional benefits, a longer shelf life, or a more efficient industrial use. Also, the GM crops contribute to sustainable environmental protection by reduction of the pesticides application amount and reduction of CO2 emissions. In this context, the aim of the present paper is the worldwide brief radiography of transgenesis, in terms of surfaces, the main producing countries, but also of the main GM crops and their market. The research method consisted in selecting of several scientific results from the WOS, Clarivate Analytics, Scopus and Springer databases. Also, were accessed several statistical data of the ISAAA, USDA, Research and Market, MADR, etc. The main producing countries of GM crops are USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, India, Paraguay and China. The largest GM areas are occupied by soybean, maize, cotton, canola and alfalfa. The global agricultural biotechnology market for transgenic crops is expected to reach 12.07 billion USD in 2026, growing by 18.2% compared with 2021. Genetic transformation and GM agricultural crops represent an effective strategy and real chance to counteract climate change and food insecurity, and recently developed genetic engineering techniques will play an important role in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the key role sustainability plays in the agricultural sector and its impact on local communities. With climate change and economic challenges on the rise, it is vital to focus on sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security and well-functioning ecosystems. Throughout the article we highlight global and local initiatives that encourage sustainable agriculture, as well as the benefits to the environment and society, highlighting our shared responsibility to future generations, highlighting collaboration between farmers, communities, governments and international organizations. For the representativeness of what will be presented we use the creative platform Canva, the basic statistical information comes from the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and FAOSTAT, the descriptive analysis is performed using the advanced tools offered by Microsoft Excel 365 and in addition to standard reference sources, we have also consulted recognized specialized websites, thus strengthening our perspective and providing readers with up-to-date and verified information. The purpose of this review is to examine the depth and breadth of the implications of sustainability in the context of agricultural work, highlighting the complex interconnections between agricultural practices, the environment and society. In conclusion, this article highlights the need for a collective and integrated approach to achieving sustainability goals in agriculture and building a more resilient and balanced future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The values obtained give us a series of information related to the factors present in the soil, factors that affect or limit the fertility and quality of these soils, such as: humus content, reaction, degree of settlement, etc. whose knowledge is particularly important because a series of improvement or limitation measures can be taken in time allowing the practice of sustainable agriculture. In the current context of climate change, both soils and crops are particularly vulnerable to a series of changes and environmental factors. In this context, the sustainable use of soils aims at improving soil quality and obtaining higher and qualitatively significant productions. This can only be achieved by knowing soil physical, physical-mechanical and chemical properties. This paper shows a series of soil properties, such as texture, densities, porosities, pH, humus content, total nitrogen content (%), mobile phosphorus (ppm), mobile potassium (ppm) content and soil settlement degree (%) in the seven types of soil identified within the studied perimeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between sustainability disclosure, measured by environmental, social, and governance (ESG) combined and individual scores on corporate performance of the agricultural companies from Europe. The main reason of this study is that on 15 November 2022 the worldwide population is more than 8 bn and is expected to increase at 9.6 bn in 2050, which will increase the pressure on agricultural industry to produce food and goods to serve the people needs. In this context and due to the new European regulation, companies must adopt strategies regarding the concerns for environment, social, and governance activities, developing an integrated report to show to investors how they are involved in social issues and environmental concerns. This study uses a multiple linear regression, data being collected from Thomson Reuters database for the period 2017-2021. The results indicate that companies with higher ESG scores have higher performance. This study may help investors and other stakeholders to have an overview as to which sector to orient their investment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural tourism is one of the most important types of tourism in Romania and have the highest growing potential. For those who live in the rural areas, developing the tourism means improving their social, cultural and economical situation. This research aimed to analyse the evolution of human resources that are involved in the rural tourism activities. The main purpose was to identify and review the main trends and challenges related to human resources involved in rural tourism and agro-tourism. The main source of statistical information used is the INSSE databases related to occupied population in general and rural areas, total employees in hospitality services in rural areas, total tourists accommodation establishments in rural areas and their capacity. The research methods used in this research are documented study, empirical analysis and logical synthesis of information. The last couple of years were the proof that the exploitation of cultural and natural habitats is the best solution to boost the economy, to create new jobs and to help promote Romania abroad, all at the same time. Rural tourism is an alternative to the well known traditional tourism. By spending time in the rural area, people can engage in different sorts of activities such as: hunting, fishing, walking, bird watching and many other enjoyable activities. The main findings revealed an increase of all the statistics indicators that are related to agro-tourism pensions and the human resources involved in the rural tourism. The total number of agro-tourism guesthouses increased by 39% and the number of accommodation places almost doubled. Also, the quality standards of agro-tourism pensions increased significantly. This growth has generated a 65.8% increase of the number of employees involved in hospitality field in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop management in the Romanian agriculture faces many risks and challenges that directly influence the technical and economic performance of the farms and implicitly the sustainability of the agricultural sector. These challenges range from climate change to resource issues, from plant health problems to market and regulatory issues. It is therefore essential to understand these issues in detail to develop effective crop management strategies and support Romanian agriculture in the face of a complex and changing environment. Through methods of statistical analyses and bibliographic documentation, we will identify and analyze this risks and challenges in detail in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the agricultural landscape in Romania in order to develop some necessary measures to reduce and, as far as possible, eliminate these risks. Data were collected from public institutions, from the official National Institute of Statistics, NIS, website Tempo-Online. The aim of crop management in Romania, as in any other country, is to ensure efficient, sustainable and profitable agricultural production. By adopting these recommendations and proactively addressing risks and challenges, agriculture in Romania can become more resilient and sustainable, further ensuring the supply of high-quality food and contributing to the country's economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste and the circular economy are two major topics that the Earth’s population should be concerned about. The circular economy has been discussed on a regular basis as a mechanism of better waste management through recycling, reuse, and recovery. As a result, this paper’s aim is to reveal a comprehensive look at alternate solution implementations over the whole life cycle of any process, as well as the relationship between processes, environment, and economy. The research question is whether the circular economy is related to food waste, starting from the assumption that food waste can be prevented by applying the principles of circular economy. The findings show that the EU 28 contributes significantly to the global 1.3 billion tonnes of wasted food each year, while the cost of covering the 180 kg/capita of food wasted each year in the EU 28 raises up to 25% of the food products acquired, evidencing a massive monetization and a possible material overturn if this issue of reducing food waste is not properly managed. The relevance of the results consists in the fact that circular economy inspires new patterns and behaviors to consumers, assisting them in achieving greater sustainability. As a result, disposed food is no longer considered as a waste or energy recovery problem, but rather as an opportunity to enhance the overall system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper purpose was to analyze the present situation of the mountain areas in Romania from a sociodemographic, economic and environmental point of view in order to identify the main positive and negative aspects and to establish what objectives and measures have to be considered for assuring the sustainable development of the mountain regions in the coming future. The statistical data provided by Eurostat, FAO, National Institute of Statistics and National Agency for Mountain Areas were statistically processed in their dynamics using trend regression equations, graphical illustration and comparisons. The results pointed out that the Carpathians cover 37.8% of Romania's area and are predominantly rural. The share of the mountain municipalities is just 37.8%(12th position in Europe), the residents account for 5.53 million (6th position) meaning 25% in the total population (11th position), agriculture (mainly animal growing) and forestry are the main activities. In 2021, in the mountain regions there were registered 3,147 producers who carried out 1,164 mountain products, the highest weight belonging to vegetal, dairy and beekeeping products whose sale was assured by 135 Local Gastronomic Points. The contribution of the mountain areas to GDP was Euro 48.7 million, for which Romania came on the 8th position among other European countries. The actual challenges the mountain areas are facing are: the decline and aging of the population, migration of young people to the cities, weak infrastructure, livestock decrease, grasslands degradation, weak promotion of mountain products, lack of connectivity and communication between settlements, a low valorization of the natural and human resources. In consequence, as the Mountain Law provides, it is needed a new approach regarding the development of the mountain economy by valorizing in a more effective way all the resources, paying attention to the diversification of the activities, creating new jobs, stimulating entrepreneurship to increase production (agriculture, forestry, handicrafts etc) and encourage more services (education, medical, cultural, tourism, trade, credit etc), facilities for supporting young people to remain in the localities of origin, improving infrastructure (roads, bridges, houses and village restoration, connectivity to IT and mobile network, digitalization etc), involving both the local authorities and all the residents to intensify their efforts to support the mountain areas in their way to a sustainable development upwards 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global population growth in recent decades, combined with evolving industrialization, and climate change has an immediate negative impact on the environment. Organic farming is a widespread alternative production practice having serious interrelationship with the society, economy, and ecology state worldwide. The aim of this scientific research is to prove the organic agriculture as an environmental protection approach. The paper is also an appeal to farmers, citizens, scientists, and governments for more understanding, applying, and supporting the organic farming to spare the nature. Organic farming today is close to the agriculture practiced by our ancestors. Namely, the production of agricultural products and animal husbandry in a way that protects human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bulgaria, according to the Institute for Market Economics, 16 economic centers have been defined, which form a large part of the national economy. The paper focuses on the economic centers located in the territory of the North Central Planning Region and the North Western Planning Region, emphasizing their role in revealing the potential for development of the rural areas within their scope. In this context, the specific features of their development have been analyzed and the possibilities for future development have been assessed in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development of the territory, to increase the living standards of the population, and to reduce the risk of poverty in rural areas. The study utilized statistical methods for analyzing dynamic trends, hypothesis testing, regression, and correlation analysis. It was found that the indicators for the municipalities within the economic centers are more favorable compared to those outside of them. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the presence of economic centers in the region has a statistically significant impact on indicators such as population, age dependency ratio, population density, average annual salary of employees under labor and service contracts, and unemployment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important factor for local communities is education. Education has a long-term influence on the community development. Education has significant differences between urban and rural regions. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the extent education can reduce these differences and particularly, the online education contribution to the development of rural communities. Also, the economic and social factors relevant for rural development were studied. This study utilized a qualitative analysis of statistical publications, academic literature, and official data from the European Commission and Eurostat. The results showed that online learning technologies provide several benefits for rural development, such as: easy access to knowledge, build new skills, exchange information with peers with similar interests, raising individual awareness of the modern topics like smart agriculture. Additional to the key factors there are challenges posed to the development of the rural communities, from which the digital divide, limited broadband coverage and the ageing of rural population that makes the online education less effective in rural communities. Through this study, it is given a contribution on how to improve the understanding of the role of online learning technologies in a sustainable rural development and to provide insights to various stakeholders, including national and regional authorities, entrepreneurs, educators and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the assessment and enhancement of food sustainability, exploring the multifaceted factors that shape consumption patterns. In a world marked by growing concerns about food security and environmental sustainability, understanding the dynamics of food consumption becomes paramount. Through a comprehensive analysis, this research delves into various dimensions of food sustainability, encompassing environmental impact, social equity, and economic viability. The methodology involved evaluating primary food sustainability indicators and concluded with a social survey analysis. Forecasts for the average daily food consumption per capita were interpreted. The study examined the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) in Europe, reflecting food access levels and the population's ability to secure adequate, safe, and nutritious food. The aim was to identify the most precise and statistically valid forecast method. Romania ranks 23rd in the GFSI overall score, which is improving. It stands 25th in accessibility, 21st in food availability, and also 21st in quality and security. While the overall score, accessibility, and availability show positive trends, quality and safety exhibit a decline. The critical analysis led to recommendations for a unified strategy to boost food sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the complexities and opportunities of agricultural value chains from international, European, and Romanian perspectives. Highlighting the importance of efficient value chain management, the exploration examines first the situation at the global level in the countries with a high economic development: USA, China, Germany, Japan and India, as a reflection on how global and regional policies impact agricultural production and distribution. Market dynamics of raw materials and high tech products and services in terms of export, import and trade balance was analyzed in the EU in the interval 2012-2022, based on Eurostat data, emphasizing its role in shaping value chains. The European lens focuses on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its implications for member states. The Romanian context highlights local challenges and strategies for integrating into broader value chains. From a methodological point of view, there were used various methods and procedures among which the main ones have been: descriptive context of the literature, trend dynamics in raw materials and high tech-products and services in terms of regression equation and R square, fixed basis index for showing the growth rate on the studied period, comparison method, illustrations in tabulated results and suggestive graphics. By analyzing case studies and current trends, the current research provide insights for enhancing economic efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness in the agricultural sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm to Fork Strategy, which is the center of the green ambitions of the EU, presents indicators for organic farming development and sets ambitious targets. However, most EU Members lag behind, which is raising various questions about implementing the developed strategies and plans. The study aims to observe trends and changes in organic farming with a particular focus on Bulgaria and outline prospects post-2023. The analysis shows an increase in the share of organic UAA in almost all Member-States. In Bulgaria, there are variations, and the share is decreasing in 2021 compared to 2020. The EU emphasizes the importance of organic farming for the food system. Organic farms are eligible for support from several measures for 2023-2027 as a part of national strategic plans under the CAP. On the other hand, implementing the measures has to be efficient and well-targeted to achieve the EU's ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profitable and sustainable maize production is based on the use of stable and performing hybrids, suitable for contrasting environmental conditions. This paper presents the behaviour of three commercial maize hybrids at ARDS Șimnic-Craiova, Dolj County, in the period 2017-2020. The results of the ANOVA showed that the hybrid, year, and interaction H Y had significant effects on grain yield. The major variation of grain yields (80%) was caused by the year, the highest yields being obtained in 2018 and 2020, while the lower grain yields were obtained in 2017 and 2019. Average grain yields, variation coefficients (CV), regression coefficients (b), intercept values (a) and determination coefficient values (R²) of hybrids were examined as stability parameters. The yield stability analysis indicated that the Iezer hybrid has a good adaptability to unfavourable environmental conditions from the study area, the P 0216 hybrid has a good adaptability to favourable environmental conditions, and the P 9637 hybrid has a good adaptability to contrasting environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to address the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the development of rural areas in Galati County, after the application of the state of emergency in Romania. The article is based on the interpretation of the change of certain economic indicators in rural areas and their impact on the population, economic environment, industry, and agriculture. Supplementary research has been conducted by interpreting the changes triggered by the COVID-19 crisis on the decisions of local and regional authorities to develop certain strategies and projects before and after the end of the present crisis. At the same time, it is analyzed that rural areas were perceived as providing a defense wall against this pandemic, motivating the population in urban areas to seek shelter in rural areas, thus contributing to the development of the economic environment. However, in reality, rural areas have been the hardest hit, unable to provide the infrastructure needed for such a human wave. In the context of those presented, the paper is an analysis of economic and social factors but also of how the COVID-19 crisis has influenced the current situation in rural areas of Galati County. To reach the result of this analysis, research methods were used based on reports, studies, papers and specialized publications both online and offline. As a main result of this paper we can mention the identification at regional level of changes in social, demographic and economic factors with considerable impact on the rural economy in the coming years. Thus, agriculture will feel a decline due to this pandemic, after 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid Crisis - 19 meant for each of us an experience that we have never lived before and that we saw as a form of isolation from all that means socially, the negative impact on the economy being at the same time an undisputed one. And yet, can't it be the beginning of a new path? Can't it also have positive effects on our lives and on the entire planet? Doesn't it mean sustainability, doesn't it mean reinvention and the beginning of a new road, more modest, more relaxed, less aggressive with the environment? In this paper we aimed to analyze how the Covid - 19 crisis has influenced the tourism industry and how this could contribute to its reinvention, to the promotion of a sustainable tourism, to the finding of new ways to practice tourism. The study is based on the analysis of different bibliographic sources, on the analysis of statistical data, on the experience of some creators of sustainable forms of tourism that could be extended and that could contribute to the good of the planet and ours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving the rural identity by establishing communities that develop through intelligent use of local resources and technology, represent new challenges regarding the increase of the living standard in the rural environment. The development of smart villages supposes, first, economic and social development with a direct impact on the quality of life of the members of the rural community as well as on their expectations in relationship to the actions of the public authorities. In this sense, the ability to meet social, educational, economic and environmental challenges, using the strengths and opportunities of a community, but also the involvement of local authorities, are an integral part of the new concept of Smart Villages. Current paper concentrates on defining this novel concept for the Romanian rural area and highlights the implications of its implementation and oversees the structural availability of resources required for optimal fit. The applicability of the concept results from the fund absorption analysis and its implementation is structured in a multi-stage action proposal. Using the financial performance of past projects through various measures to observe the historical trends and indicate future opportunities and introducing the applicable plan as the main research methods, the smart village emergence in rural Romania could directly impact socio-economic development. As the main results present, the ICT infrastructure is tuned in and ready to support various encouraging projects therefore, the Romanian digital rural society is becoming closer to reality. For the Romanian rural communities to be compliant with the international standards, the smart village approach represents a viable action plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agri-food sector is critical for humanity because it has mutual links to all pillars of sustainable development. Circular economy is an emerging paradigm that aims to change human and organizational behaviour and practice patterns by taking a different approach to production and consumption. A shift to a circular model tries to put a stop to the imprudent use of natural resources and replace it with a philosophy of reusing, repurposing and regenerating. The supply chains of the agri-food system constitute a significant area of intervention in the transition of the sector towards sustainability. In this vein, one may find a growing literature on existing tools, techniques and methods (such as material flow analysis, water footprint, social life cycle analysis, etc.) which can be used for the sustainability assessment of (existing and planned) agri-food networks. This paper adopts a circular economy perspective and discusses the afore-mentioned methods with respect to their potential to depict the transformation of the current inefficient, wasteful, and linear production and consumption model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today the world faces a lot of problems: an unstable economy that leads to joblessness, population growth, but also to a poor population in some areas of the world, environmental degradation, political instability, etc. All these problems could be alleviated in some countries, and they could be further alleviated through the income generated by tourism development. One form of tourism that does not necessarily require high investments is adventure tourism, which must be practiced responsibly precisely because it is close to nature and because we do not want to destroy this nature that is already in imbalance. This requires responsible behavior and government policies that ensure sustainable tourism. In this paper we intend to analyze the place that adventure tourism occupies among developed countries and developing countries starting from the existing data for the period 2010-2018. We will analyze how this ranking has changed over time, but also the ways in which Romania could develop adventure tourism. The working methodology involved the revision of the specialized literature on the definition of adventure tourism and the way of calculating the Adventure Tourism Development Index, the collection of data from various international databases, their processing, so that based on the analysis we could draw conclusions regarding the development stage of adventure tourism in Romania and its development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the factors of smallholders' persistence in the rural area of Malaysia based on a case study of rice farming community in Parit 6 (East) village in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Information for this paper are derived from in-depth interviews with key informants and series of field observation conducted in July and August 2017. The findings from the fieldwork highlights four major factors for smallholders' persistence which are strongly associated with strong and influential internal and external support systems including; (1) strong engagement and supports from various government agencies which include systematic distribution of subsidy and development grants, and development of irrigation infrastructure, (2) legality of land ownership, (3) farmers' ability in utilizing capital to expand local economic and improve quality of life and, (4) diversification of economic activities through farming and non-farming projects. The paper could offer valuable insights particularly in understanding some of the underlying factors for smallholders' persistence and sustainability particularly in the case of rice farming community in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the influence of digitalization on managerial activity in agriculture and highlights how the use of farm management software has an impact on overall economic efficiency. Romania is at the level of the European Union the country with the largest number of agricultural holdings. Farm management is one of the factors of production that can favor a positive result of the activity carried out, and innovation in this field can bring added value to the activity both in terms of organizing production processes and forecasting and especially the control performed. The study highlights and proposes Geofolia software as an example of a useful tool in digitalizing agricultural activity and how to manage the farm indicating the advantages and the need for such a tool as part of the overall process of globalization. The statistical data used in the study is represented by the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat and Faostat, the methods used being diagnostic analysis, statistical data analysis and case study. The results of this study are indicating that farm management needs to adapt to the global trend of innovation in organizational and informational systems in order to ensure efficiency, the advantages of a farm management software being ways to increase competitive advantage in a global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome manipulation is one of the emerging fields with impressive implications for genetic modification and biotechnology. Targeted genome editing has the general objective of improving the quality and productivity in agriculture, which includes the creation of plants with improved value in terms of composition and nutritional properties and with characteristics that provide resistance to various biotic and abiotic stressors. On the other hand, the progress and development of biotechnology can be the most viable solution for a modern agriculture, favoring the development of sustainable production methods. In this context, the purpose of the paper was to provide a summary of the achievements of genomics and biotechnology with application in agriculture and especially the role of these modern technologies on food security, in the context of unprecedented population growth and climate change. The used methods included searching of the multiple databases and hand searching of the specialized literature with the latest publications in the field. As results, it can be appreciated that the genomics and biotechnology can be an alternative and sustainable management tools to such important sector like agriculture. Thus, the gene editing can make agricultural systems more efficient being involved in creating resistant crops to disease, pests, drought, or other climate change. Also, the biotechnology strategies lead to obtaining a higher yield, improving the quality and diversification of products, in conditions of reduced use of nitrates and other chemical fertilizers and the rational use of water. The development of genomic and biotechnological technologies is one of the few ways that can bring an extensive wave of innovation and really represents the key to effective solutions for solving of the main current global challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present a model of good practices in sustainable rural tourism in the mountain area of Romania, exemplifying a well known tourist village. from the Sibiu County. At the beginning, there were described the stage of development of rural tourism in the mountain commune named "Marginimea Sibiului", in terms of the structure of the tourist accommodation and public food units, touristic and anthropological objectives, the promotion of the tourist offer. Then, there were calculated and interpreted some indicators of the tourist circulation The second stage of the research analyzes the expectations of 360 tourists from a vacation spent in the tourist village of Gura Râului, the selected case study, as a model of good practices in sustainable rural tourism. The survey was carried out based on a structured questionnaire including 13 questions, which was utilized as a working tool. The respondents' answers were collected, summarized and then the data were statistically processed using Excel, v. 365 Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA. The results showed that Gura Râului becomes a more attractive destination for the rural tourism lovers and a real example of sustainable rural tourism to be followed by other mountain villages of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable development of agriculture in the context of innovative transformation of productive forces and structural changes is recognized as one of the directions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. Mechanisms for stimulating technological change and increasing efficiency should be aimed at achieving sustainable production criteria. The purpose of the study is to develop conceptual aspects of managing the sustainable development of agriculture using the example of livestock industries in conditions of structural transformation and technological changes. The article examines theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of problems of sustainable development of agriculture. An analysis was carried out and an assessment was made of the dynamics of crop yields and livestock production. Significant structural shifts and technological changes in the livestock subcomplex of Russia, caused by the processes of diffusion of innovations, have been identified. The authors have developed conceptual approaches to studying the problems of sustainable agricultural development in regional agricultural systems based on effective management. The main objectives of the proposed concepts are: expansion of production volumes of agricultural products, taking into account the needs of the region and export opportunities; technical and technological modernization of agricultural organizations and achieving an innovative balance of resources; compliance with the principles of rational environmental management and achieving environmental safety. The practical value of the results lies in the possibility of forming a strategy for the sustainable development of regional agricultural systems in the conditions of structural transformation and technological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article we have substantiated and conducted statistically assess the impact of the final results of economic activity on the current socio-demographic situation of rural areas in Ukraine. Based on the results of determining the influence of conditioned factors on the level of labour migration of the rural population in Ukraine, we have developed a regression equation. Also, based on the results of the study, we built two cartograms, comparison of which provides an opportunity to assess the dynamics of the formation of the total fertility rate in rural areas (per 1 woman) for 2016 - 2020. We built a cartogram that visualizes the results of grouping regions of Ukraine by natural increase, decrease population in rural areas of Ukraine. The results of our study provide an opportunity to confirm that in the context of Ukraine's official accession to the European Union and the serious challenges of today, the Ukrainian state should perform the functions of regulating the most important spheres of society in general and rural areas in particular. The task of increasing the employment of the rural population should be raised to the level of state priorities, which would provide an opportunity to create new jobs for the rural population in industries that can provide the maximum competitive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The support system for young farmers within the CAP, through the large volume of projects, has one of the strongest effects on the development of Romanian agriculture. In Romania, support for young farmers under the CAP has been introduced since 2007, with Romania's accession to the European Union. The scheme provides financial support to people under the age of forty who want to start an agricultural business. Moreover, the support measure for the establishment of young farmers was continued in the 2014-2020 programming period, the intensity of support being even higher. Other non-direct support measures for young farmers through National Rural Development Program (NRDP) funding have also served to change future generations of farmers. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a survey in Olt County that considered the link between the sustainable development of the county region through the actors that make it up: a new generation of young farmers. As a main tool of the analysis, a questionnaire was completed and applied to 170 beneficiaries of sub-measure 6.1. "The installation of the young farmer". The implementation of the questionnaires resulted in a series of benefits that young farmers obtained, but also the difficulties they encounter in their activity. We could see that the financial benefits obtained by young farmers through sub-measure 6.1. from the NRDP shows that this system contributes greatly to supporting the level of development of agricultural holdings they own, with positive long-term results on increasing their incomes, improving the quality of life. According to a significant percentage of the 170 farmers participating in the study, one problem they face is mainly related to finding new markets. Many of those interviewed do not have large quantities of agricultural products in order to enter the free market, to be able to negotiate a competitive price, being at the beginning of activity in this field. That is why some consider that a solution for capitalization through cooperatives or producer associations would be a beneficial solution in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over time, the LEADER Program has brought a number of positive changes to rural areas and has played an innovative role in addressing many of the problems facing the rural environment. Since its launch in 1991, the LEADER axis has sought to provide rural communities in the European Union with an effective method of involving local partners in guiding and managing the future development of the area covered by LAGs. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of Local Action Groups at regional level for the sustainable development of rural areas through its actors: local communities, existing economic agents in the LAG, local public administrations or constituent members of the LAG, public and private. A series of methods were used such as: comparative analysis, both in terms of quantity and quality, as well as the method of the questionnaire applied to a number of 340 inhabitants in the LAG area "Vedea - Găvanu - Burdea". The implementation of the questionnaires resulted in a series of conclusions and recommendations aimed at increasing the income of the inhabitants of the LAG territory, as well as improving the quality of life, stabilizing it, as well as ways to make better use of local agricultural products. In the opinion of local actors, the LAG must continue to maintain the current line of evolution and capitalize on the rural, natural and ethno-cultural potential of the area, by developing and increasing added value, by innovative approach to tourism, agriculture, food industry and diversification. rural economies. Public administrations in the region covered by the LAG are of the opinion that the directions in which investments should be directed are public utility infrastructure. Another recommendation is to simplify bureaucracy, for most respondents the main obstacle to accessing European funds is bureaucracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general well-being of small farms represents an important and actual issue for the Republic of Moldova. Taking into consideration that they are more likely to be exposed to hazards of different origin, it is becoming increasingly important to enhance their living and working conditions. The aim of the paper is to analyse the current situation of small farms in the Republic of Moldova in the context of sustainable development of the agricultural sector and emphasize their future possibilities of progress. For the purpose of the research, a survey has been carried out on a sample of 552 small farms from North, Centre and South regions of the Republic of Moldova. The main findings present prospects for development of small farms in the country under certain conditions, like: specialization in high added value production, efficientization of working time, modernization of farming activities, establishment of direct relations with the market, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the mechanisms by which the state and the entire economy will be geared towards identifying feasible solutions for creating a sustainable and lasting economy. This will require reforming the role of the state in the economy, depoliticizing actions and deeds that ensure the sustainability of the economy to eliminate corruptible actions and factors supporting corruption of the statistic system and those adjacent to them. Currently, the state economy is viewed piecemeal, based on the categories of economic agents who are being assisted or with whom they are developing partnership relations. The state also influences the social and economic conditions through the legal system, through promoted actions, generating systemic attitudes and behaviors at the entire societal community's level. The state is directly involved in ensuring the welfare of society, if we look at this aspect through the prism of promoting factors of welfare, respectively endowment with factors of production, access to education, legal system that encourages the right to employment, infrastructure investments to accelerate the process of compatibility of the economies, with the auxiliary objective of creating alternative jobs but also moving to a higher stage of development in line with the principles of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on two main aspects, each equally important for tourism actors. First, we analyzed the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the rural mountain tourism in Romania and whether the resilience and sustainability test was passed. The second aim of the research was to identify solutions for the relaunch and development of the rural mountain tourism in Romania. Several research methods have been used to meet our objectives, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, observation or documentary research. The quantitative research methodology used is limited to the questionnaire-based survey. The questionnaire contained 16 questions and was administered by telephone, between 15-30 March 2023 was addressed to a number of 100 respondents including owners or administrators of classified accommodation units in the mountain area. The analysis of the results shows that the pandemic had a neutral to positive effect for tourism in the mountain area and that, for the most part, the resilience and sustainability test was passed. We consider that this study is very useful for tourism entrepreneurs, for local and central public authorities and the conclusions and recommendations extracted from the questionnaires can suggest valuable ideas for the relaunch and development of the rural mountain tourism in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we think of tourism, one of the economic sectors with the greatest prospects for development, it is inevitable that we do not consider the multitude of risks related to this type of activity. This is why, in order to prevent the catastrophic effects that these risks could generate for both large operators and tourists, it is important to give special importance to risk management. Risk management in this field refers to a complex strategy, aimed at preventing and managing the causes and effects that could generate various crises or imbalances. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main elements that can generate crises or disasters, as well as their effects on the tourist destinations and provide information on the risk management processes for a tourism focused on quality and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analysis the relationship between the fertilizers use in agriculture and their effects on agricultural output and human health, in the global context of food security and safety and overpopulation. The research question is whether to use fertilizers to increase the agricultural output and ensure food security for a growing population or not, because chemical fertilizers are affecting food safety since they are transmitted through food to human body and they cause health problems. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects of the fertilizers use on human health, using the simple regression model. The main findings show that fertilizers use directly impacts human health. The relevance of the study lies in its capacity to inform people about the effects of the fertilizers use on human health, so they could make informed choices on the food they consume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging economies tend to be impacted most by fluctuations in the global economy, due to their relatively low degree of economic stability. The actors from within these economies must consider various parameters of the economy and tackle many different aspects regarding inputs, methodologies and economic strategies. Thus, besides the obvious target of economic development, these economies must consider the alignment with the external factors, the social movements regarding workforce and social welfare, as well as the efficient usage of resources for production branches of the economy. The economy can be characterized by both quantitative and qualitative indicators, linked to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but also to enterprise health status, thus related to the turnover, profitability and number of enterprises. The sustainability of a healthy economy is also shown by the concern related to the employment status, human development index (HDI) and the general consumption of the population at a national level. Last, but not least, the economy is durable related to resources issues, the impact of the economic branches on the environment (air, water, soil and biodiversity) being one of the major concerns in the context of a turbulent climate debate. In this paper, we will present the correlations between the economic development, the social climate and the economic environment impact in Romania. After using traditional statistic methods for presenting these correlations, we will create trend predictions using Machine Learning (ML) methods using the traditional ML methodology. The results will be then compared to the usual methods used for prediction in statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annually, the state allocates significant amounts of money for the carrying out of public procurement contracts concerned with the supply of food products. Rural areas, due to their natural potential, but also to their existing human resource, can further develop through the implementation of projects concerned with circular economy and a sustainable food chain. The implementation of Green Deal policies, the integration of appropriate sustainable development strategies will allow the economic growth of rural areas. In the making of this article, information published in the Electronic Public Procurement System (EPPS), during the 2018-2021 period was collected, concerning contracts for the supply of various food products. The novelty of this article consists in the analysis carried out on food related public procurement, by product categories and institutions. Based on the results of this research, there are suggestions for opportunities of development in rural areas, issues related to the sustainability of the food chain which should be integrated in sustainable public procurement procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the current trends regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the protection of the environment and the need to ensure food security, as well as the role that biofuels have in achieving these objectives, in this paper we proposed to analyze the evolution of the biofuels market in the period 2010-2022, but also its prospects for the next period. The research methodology assumed both the bibliographic study of the specialized literature, as well as the collection, processing and interpretation of existing statistical data in the internal (INSSE) and international databases (Eurostat, FAO), which were the basis for formulating the conclusions regarding the future evolution of the biofuels market. At the same time, community documents were presented and analyzed that regulate the use or reduction of the consumption of biofuels, in the perspective of achieving some objectives of a neutral continent. Thus, it can be seen that both at the world level and at the community level, in the period 2010-2022 there were increases in both production and consumption of biofuels, with the exception of the period 2020-2021, when due to the Covid-19 pandemic decreases were recorded. Worldwide production increased by 223% in 2022 compared to 2010, and consumption increased by 119%. At the community level, production increased by 125%, and consumption by 117%. These increases in turn influenced price increases. Regarding the estimates for 2027, at the European level, the directives related to environmental protection and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will have the effect of reducing production and consumption. At the level of other developing countries, the production and consumption of biofuels will continue to be supported through financial aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]