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In this study, the role and importance of agriculture-based investments in sustainable development were investigated. For this purpose, a situation analysis of these matters was conducted for Yozgat province, which is from the 1st Degree Priority Regions in development. In the study, interviews were conducted with managers or expert personnel of institutions and organizations related to the subject. Data obtained via the interview were the primary data of the study. Papers and books published related to the subject, and data obtained from the database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) and the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) were also the secondary data of this study. According to the research findings, it is seen that significant investments based on agriculture have been made in the province. Among these investments, there are sugar factory (2 units), Kabalı Integrated Orchard (Turkey's largest integrated orchard), geothermal greenhouses, flour production (12 units), milk and milk products (12 units), meat and meat products (11 units). and fruit and vegetable processing-packaging facilities (4 units). With investment depended on agriculture, there have been positive developments in per capita gross domestic product, employment, labor force participation rate and unemployment rate in the province. While in 2004, gross domestic product per capita was USD 3,272, employment rate was 31.6%, the participation rate to labor force was 36.2% and unemployment rate was 12.8%, in 2021 these were, respectively, USD 4,869, 48.5%, 55.1% and 12%. In Kabalı Integrated Orchard, which is one of the largest orchards in Turkey, in addition to orcharding, there have been animal breeding activities such as goose, sheep and beekeeping. The cherry orchard located in the integrated facility is the third-largest cherry orchard in Europe. This study is important in terms of the sustainability of investments depending on agriculture and the formation of strong expectations for rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on examining how ecotourism can help rural development. Eco-tourism is an important type of tourism that provides economic and social benefits to the local community by exhibiting rural life, culture, and nature in rural areas. The study was conducted in Yozgat province of Turkey using primary and secondary data. In this context, interviews were had with the authorities of the Culture and Tourism Provincial Directorate, Yozgat Culture, Tourism and Development Association, and local administrations, plus it was observed in the field. Published publications and scientific studies on the subject were also used as secondary sources. According to the research findings, ecotourism was considered an effective and important model for the sustainable development of local communities. In the study, the eco-tourism potential of the province, strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) were revealed by SWOT analysis. Opportunities and strengths were considered significant for sustainable ecotourism potential. Focusing on local tourism and rural development as a leverage point, this paper puts forward proposals on management strategies and offers a different viewpoint on the need for rural innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study is to reorganize agricultural business management's owning small, fragmented, and dispersed lands according to modern agricultural business management thus ensures less usage of time, labour force and fund, take advantages of production factors and increase in productivity of agricultural business managements, increase agricultural production, and ameliorate life standards of inhabitants in the rural area. The paper is based on a large literature in the field and information from TVK about land consolidation. The results reflected that Turkey has implemented Land Consolidation activities for 1 million hectares per year to correct the unfavorable situation caused by inheritance traditions and other reasons. In the first years of the program, inheritance regulations were not perfectly organized, so applications encountered issues. In 2014, new regulations were implemented to prevent land division but did not have a beneficial effect on the development of enterprises. To ensure compensation for land value when they move away, Land Banking applications are needed. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock developed a GIS based web portal named "TVK" to track and monitor all the activities performed during the management of Land Consolidation Projects. TVK ensures following content to be executed: Contract Management, Project Management and Monitoring, Schedule Planning and Monitoring, Operation Management and Monitoring, Data Management (Textual and Geographical), Estimated Cost Calculation for a LCP by using unit price pool, Progress Payment Management and Monitoring, Final Account Calculation, Interim and Final Acceptance Procedures, Official Letters, Official Reports, Project Statistics, Geographical Data Marking, Correction, Comparison, Redlining, Mobile applications and E-government integration. TVK has instant and online access to governments Land Registry and Cadastre Information System, Central Population Information System, Address Registration System, Agricultural Information System and Agricultural Parcel Information System. TVK is developed with open-source technologies and compatible with OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and ISO standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts panel cointegration methods to estimate a gravity model of Turkish agricultural exports to 30 Euro-Mediterranean countries. Results show the conventional variables of economic size and distance to importing markets along with relative factor endowments are significant determinants of agricultural exports. Conversely, similarity of economic size, bilateral free trade agreements with Euro-Mediterranean countries, religious commonality, and the expatriate Turkish population in importing countries are found to be insignificant. Whilst a focus on exporting to large and near neighbouring countries is sensible, Turkey also needs to pay careful attention to the competing demands on its agricultural land from urbanisation and tourism. We speculate that recent changes in Turkey's domestic agricultural policy may impact adversely on exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the organizational awareness and marketing preferences of members of producer organizations in agriculture. The main material of this research consisted of surveys applied to 360 producers determined via the Proportional Sampling Method in Uşak province, Turkey. According to the research results, each of the producers was a member of at least one Producers' Organization (PO). 59.1% of producers were interested in the PO, and 33.6% of them think that crops should be marketed by the Agricultural Development Cooperative. The ratio of member producers marketing their products through the POs was 19.7%. Only 38.4% of members were satisfied with the selling price of products. The POs in the region were generally successful, and the most successful one was also the Agricultural Development Cooperative with 72.3%. In the study, marketing prices, satisfaction with being a member of the POs, and satisfaction with the organizational management variables were tested by the Chi-square, and it was viewed that there was no significant difference among them. The study is important in increasing the effectiveness of the POs in all areas of agriculture and improving the organizational awareness of their members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation has been conducted to determine the fluctuations in the real prices of melon, watermelon, and grapes cause volatility in their own and other markets in Turkey. Diagonal-Bekk Garch (1,1) model was used under the Full-rank constraint with 101 monthly data for the period 2010M01-2022M08. The results of the research have put out that the shock or uncertainty experienced in the melon and watermelon market has increased the uncertainty both in its own market and in the watermelon and grape markets. Shocks in the grape market have only increased the uncertainties in its own market. In addition, it has been determined that the shocks in the melon and watermelon markets are permanent in these markets in the short and long term, but the shocks in the grape market do not have a permanent effect in the short and long term. As a result, it may be necessary to reduce the negative effects of this situation on consumers and to regulate and renew policies that will minimize the risk for producers and consumers in the face of high price volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to examine the consumption preferences, trends, and purchasing behaviors of consumers residing in Izmir Province towards bee products before and after COVID-19. The main material of the study consists of online surveys conducted in March-April 2023 with consumers living in the seven districts of Izmir province with the highest population. The survey form comprises of three sections: consumption and purchasing behaviors of bee products, attitudes towards bee products, and questions on demographic characteristics of consumers. Since the first days when coronavirus cases began to emerge in our country, natural products that support the immune system such as bee products have been met with intense interest. The sustainability of bees and bee products in agriculture is always among the important issues. However, during the pandemic period, people's attention has been more focused on this issue. The value of honey and bee products, the miraculous food of nature, has been better understood, and this has been reflected in sales. If natural and economic conditions are favourable, this rise in the sector will continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse the seasonal movements in chicken egg prices in Türkiye. In this framework, the main material of the study consisted of data obtained from Afyonkarahisar Başmakçı Poultry Cooperative, TURKSTAT and FAO. In the study, real prices of eggs received by farmers reached its lowest value in June 2022. On the other hand, it was determined that it reached its highest value in January 1996. In the same period, on a monthly basis, it was determined that the prices received by egg producers showed a decreasing trend and price volatility continued (Y1994-2022 = -0.00001x + 0.33387; R² = 0.51568). Between 1994 and 2022, egg prices followed a highly fluctuating course. The reason for this fluctuation can be said to be the restrictions on imports and exports in some years in the egg poultry sector. The monthly price movements of Başmakçı cooperative were analysed as guide, broiler, pullets, new mother, old mother and double eggs. The average real price of pilot egg was the lowest in July with 40.89 TRY and the highest in December with 63.24 TRY. The average real price of "chicken eggs" was the lowest in July with 53.46 TRY and the highest in December with 76.33 TRY. The average real price of "Pullets" was the lowest in July with 66.36 TRY. With 88.47 TRY, it reached its highest value in December. The average real price of new mother egg was the lowest in May with 66.19 TRY and the highest in December with 92.87 TRY. The average real price of "old main egg" was the lowest in May with 69.66 TRY and the highest in December with 96.02 TRY. The average real price of double eggs was the lowest in May with 71.50 TRY and the highest in December with 97.86 TRY. Between 2003 and 2022, it was determined that the price of eggs on consumer basis increased against wheat flour, bread, apples, beef, poultry, fish and milk. As a result, in addition to the measures to be taken to ensure price stability, it was foreseen that increasing the production potential rather than import tendency in the supply of feed raw materials and a possible input subsidy to be provided to producers will contribute to price stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to analyze the cost and profitability of carnation production in Isparta province, Türkiye. The main material of the study was the data obtained by survey method from producers growing carnations in Isparta province. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with producers. 25 producers were interviewed according to the complete count method. Farms were examined by dividing them into two groups according to their size. According to the research results, total land assets, carnation production area and number of parcels per farms II it was found to be higher in the group. Carnation area accounted for 85.70% of all land assets. It was found that the farms under investigation grew the Standard and Spray carnation kinds. Production costs per decare were lower in Group I. Production costs per branch were lower in the farms in Group II due to higher productivity. Average gross and net profit per decare IIt was found to be higher in group farms. Profit margin per branch and the ratio of profit margin to sales price are similarly shown in the group II were higher in group farms. As a result, it can be said that large farms are more advantageous in terms of economic criteria. Therefore, it is important to support farmers in growing their carnation-producing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to conduct an economic analysis of the farms breeding rainbow trout in cages in Türkiye. The study was carried out at Karacaören-I Dam Lake in the Western Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. The primary material of the study was the data gathered using the survey approach from all 21 farms. The farms were divided into three groups according to their capacities. According to the results, it was determined that as the size of the farm increased, the production costs per tonne decreased, and the gross and net profits, as well as the relative return, increased. In Groups I, II, and III, production costs per tonne were determined as $1,975.57, $1,703.01, and $1,384.23, respectively, and net profit was $514.21, $724.60, and $1,388.31. It was found that the profit margin of 1 kg of trout and the ratio of profit margin to sales price increased as the farm groups grew. Accordingly, farms in Group III made a profit of 48.90% from each kg of trout they sold, while farms in Group I earned 18.33% and in Group II made a profit of 28.23%. With these results, it was established that large farms were more advantageous from an economic standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the trade relationship between Turkey and Uzbekistan, particularly in sesame exports, with the aim of strengthening Uzbekistan's competitiveness. Based on the theory of comparative advantage and using key indicators such as the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index, the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) Index, and the Normal Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) Index, this study highlights the robust competitiveness of Turkey in exporting agricultural machinery designed specifically for sesame production. Through a comprehensive analysis of these indices, the study highlights Turkey's particular strength in this sector, sheds light on its comparative advantage and emphasises the country's strategic position in the global market for sesame-related agricultural machinery. However, Uzbekistan currently lacks competitiveness in sesame exports. The study underlines the key role of effective technology transfer, especially in machinery exports from Turkey, in improving Uzbekistan's position. Econometric models show the significant impact of exchange rates and domestic demand on Uzbekistan's sesame exports. The study's findings highlight ways to improve the efficiency of agricultural machinery exports between the two countries. This provides policymakers with valuable insights to strengthen sustainable trade relations and increase the volume of agricultural exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the development of olive oil production and trade, analyze the competitiveness, and develop recommendations to increase competition. Although world olive oil production has followed a fluctuating course in the last two decades, it has been determined to be in an increasing trend. Approximately 3.3 million tons of olive oil are produced in the world every year. Türkiye ranks fifth in world olive oil production with a share of 7.12%. Although Türkiye's olive oil production has been increasing over the years, there are approximately 200-250 thousand tons of products every year. In 2021, world olive oil exports amounted to 8.58 billion dollars and imports to 8.75 billion dollars. Türkiye ranks sixth in the world regarding the amount and value of olive oil exports. Türkiye's olive oil export market is concentrated in the United States of America (USA) and European Union (EU) countries. In 2021, Türkiye's olive oil exports were 27.98% to the USA and 20.63% to EU countries. In the study, the competitiveness analysis of olive oil was calculated for the years 2010-2021, and Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), Vollrath's Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), and Laursen's Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index (RSCA) were used in the analysis. The average index values obtained for Türkiye are calculated as 2.06 for RCA, 2.09 for RXA, and 0.278 for RSCA. It was determined that although Türkiye's competitiveness in olive oil exports is at a low level, it has the potential to compete with rival countries. In the study, some suggestions were developed for Türkiye to increase its competitiveness. The main recommendations are to improve the quality of olive oil production by differentiating it through tools such as geographical indication registration and to liberalize trade by removing practices that restrict foreign trade (such as quotas and taxes) through agreements between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to examine the changes in the cost and profitability of rose (oil), wheat, barley and chickpea, which are important agricultural products in Isparta province. In this context, statistical data of Isparta Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and TURKSTAT were utilized. According to the findings of the research, in 2022, rose (oilseed) kg cost was 10.57 TL, relative profit 1.58; wheat kg production cost 6.11 TL, relative profit 1.51; barley kg production cost 4.54 TL, relative profit 1.31 and chickpea kg production cost 14.78 TL, relative profit 1.25. There was a general upward trend in the production costs of the products analyzed. The increase in factors such as diesel, fertilizer, pesticides and harvest labor costs cauzed the cost of the products to increase. In addition, due to the nature of agriculture, changes in yield with the effect of the climate factor also affected the income of farmers. This reduces the profit margin of producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the technical applications and future expectations of the apricot growing enterprises in Isparta within the framework of their socio-demographic characteristics. The main material of the research was the data obtained by the survey method from 138 apricot farms located in the villages where apricot cultivation is intense in Yalvaç and Senirkent districts in Isparta province. The data obtained belonged to the production season of 2021. The farms used 1.97 hours of machine power, 27.57 hours of family labour and 27.00 hours of foreign labour per decare in apricot production. They applied 8.86 kg nitrogen, 12.92 kg phosphorus and 4.33 kg potassium as pure substance per decare in apricot orchards. There is a tendency for farms to continue apricot cultivation in the research region. In the region, land fragmentation was high and small-scale enterprises were dominant. Therefore, the awareness that natural resources are not unlimited should be increased and measures should be taken to protect soil and water. In addition, producer organization culture should be developed and encouraged. In order to prevent unconscious/wrong choices and practices of the producers, it is considered important to increase and expand the consultancy services provided by the institutions and organizations related to the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open milk is subject to adulteration and threatens public health. Despite the health experts' warnings, many consumers in Turkey still prefer milk sold by street vendors. This study investigated families' open milk (street milk) and packaged milk consumption habits and the reasons for consuming open or packaged milk in Bursa, Turkey. The data were obtained through a face-to-face survey of 478 families. Research revealed that 34.6% of adults and 66% of children regularly consume milk. Participants who consumed milk consumed it for bone development (38.1%) and a rich protein source (22.7%). Half of those (45%) who did not drink milk were not accustomed to drinking milk. %13.8 did not like the taste, and %13.5 is allergic to dairy products. People primarily bought milk from markets (41.1%) and street vendors (21.1%). They preferred whole milk (29.7%) and semi-skimmed milk (29.%). Reasons for purchasing open milk were freshness (31.1%) and no additives (24.0%). Reasons for not buying open milk were unhygienic (40.7%) and not being subject to quality control (41.7%). Although its sales are decreasing, open milk purchases continue. Open milk sales should be restricted, and packaged milk options offered to consumers should be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the developments in global and Turkish vegetable production were examined during the period of 1980-2021, and the position and importance of Türkiye in vegetable production was emphasized. The study covers 22 vegetable species which were important in terms of production potential. Significant increases in vegetable production area and quantity have been observed globally and in Türkiye throughout the period. Increases in vegetable production have also been observed in Türkiye with the increase in productivity. In Türkiye, except for some species, the vegetable yield was above the global average. Türkiye is an important producer country in terms of vegetable production, particularly for vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers, beans, lettuce, cabbage, zucchini, leeks, spinach, onions, and garlic. Therefore, it is recommended to implement proposals to increase producer income and productivity in vegetable production in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the production costs and profitability of the farmers’ triticale production in Corum province. Because it is an important region in Turkey, Corum province was selected as the research area in triticale production. The study’s data were determined by the stratified random sampling method obtained by the questionnaire method from 53 farms producing triticale in the Sungurlu district of Corum province. The production data set includes data for the 2019 year. According to the research findings, the average production cost per decare was calculated to be 290.85 TRY. The share of variable costs was 58.55% within the production costs, and the share of fixed costs was 41.45%. It was determined that the unit sale price of triticale was 0.87 TRY. The gross production value (GPV) of triticale in the region was calculated as 356.44 TRY/da, gross profit 185.73 TRY/da, and net profit 65.16 TRY/da. The unit cost of triticale in the region was 0.84 TRY. The relative profit was determined as 1.22 unit. As a result of the research, as the triticale production areas increase, the fixed costs per decare increase, and the variable costs decrease. The profitability indicators per decare and kilogram sales price increased with the triticale groups’ with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, socio-economic structure and producing problems of triticale cultivation farms in Corum province were analysed. The study was carried out in Sungurlu district of Corum Province where the triticale cultivation is intensive in 2019 production period. According to the Neyman method, the sample farms were determined, and the data were obtained by face-to-face interviews with 53 triticale cultivate farmers. The farms were classified according to their size as Group I (≤ 15.00 decares; 18 farms), Group II (15.01-25.00 decares; 16 farms), and Group III (>25.01 decares; 19 farms). Average triticale land presence in farms was 27.26 da, and the share of triticale lands in total land presence was calculated as 9.58 %. It was determined that the average farmers’ age of 46.36 years, duration of education received 8.19 years, an average of 5.02 people per house, and 2.11 years of experience in the farmers’ triticale cultivation. It was determined that the most important problems of the farms having problems in triticale production; were high input costs, proper credit and fertiliser supply, low triticale sales price, cooperation and organisation between farmers, quality seed supply, water and irrigation problems. Triticale has become an important product for human and animal nutrition due to its ability to grow in marginal environments and its nutritional properties. It is thought that triticale production will increase in the coming years in the region if the triticale farmers’ problems are solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation is the rearrangement of small, fragmented, and scattered land owned by agricultural enterprises. The data of the research was collected from the lawsuit files related to the land consolidation works carried out in Yüreğir district of Adana province on 23/11/2012, records of the 6th Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) which carried out the consolidation and academic studies related to the subject. It is aimed to use less time, labour, and capital, increase agricultural production and productivity, and raise living standards. However, it is important to ensure satisfaction of farmers to provide these benefits. This study evaluated the problems caused by land consolidation from a legal point of view. This research found that the number of parcels of enterprises decreased, the size of the parcels increased, and the parcels received road, water, and drainage services. However, a significant number of producers were not satisfied with the land consolidation and filed lawsuits in the administrative courts. This study revealed that attentive consolidation and careful use of authority can increase satisfaction and prevent unnecessary busying of the courts, saving time and expense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine and analyse the socioeconomic impacts on agricultural production of the 2 earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.4 and 7.3 that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023, a research survey was conducted and the data obtained from the surveys were evaluated. The survey was carried out in 15 villages in total, in 3 villages selected to represent each of the 5 districts where the earthquake was intensely felt. According to the results, besides the loss of life and property in rural areas, the earthquake had a significant impact on production factors, especially the stock of warehouses, tractor capital, manpower, and caused disruptions in supply chains and delays in agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to ascertain changes in the performance of the Mohair (Ankara) goats farming system during the 2017-2018 production periods. In this study, we examined both production and technical efficiency of goat's farms in Ankara. The study adopted the stochastic frontier production function to estimate technical efficiency of the mohair goat establishments in the study area. The model utilized data from 45 Turkish mohair goat farmers. At the same time, technical inefficiency effect model also was calculated by the same method. The Cobb-Douglas production function was ascertained as a best fitted model. In addition, the technical inefficiency effects contained random element. The empirical results revealed statistically insignificant individual effects of some of the variables. However, all of the joint effects of these four explanatory variables on the levels of technical inefficiencies were statistically significant in the mohair goat farming system of Ankara in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's relations with the European Union (EU) financial assistance, which began in 1963, continue today. The IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development) program aims to increase the efficiency of enterprises and achieve Community quality and quality management standards to achieve rural development and sustainability. This research aimed to measure investors' perceptions of the quality (QA), after-sales quality (ASQ), and rural development for IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development) funds. Additional points are given for investor and company characteristics in some measures. This research reveals whether additional scores make a significant difference. 97 enterprises that received support from IPARD I and IPARD II in Bursa province, Turkey, were interviewed. Results showed that the participants' overall perception of RDS was higher than QA and ASQ. The quality perceptions were the lowest. 25 years old and younger investors had the highest QA and ASQ perceptions. An increase in educational level has led to a rise in the QA, ASQ, and RDS perceptions. No stable trend was observed between the increase in experience and the increase in QA and ASQ perceptions. The perception of RDS is higher among the investors who claim to follow rural development activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to analyse the technical applications of the farmers in the production of potatoes in Türkiye and to reveal the information sources that were affected. In this framework, the provinces of Niğde, Nevşehir, İzmir, Afyonkarahisar, Konya, Adana, Aksaray and Kayseri, which constitute more than half of Türkiye's potato production, were included in the scope of the research. Data were obtained from 533 farmers by face-to-face survey technique. The average of the interviewed farms was 14.07 hectares of potato cultivation area, 62.07% of which was for rent, 35.96% was property and 2.77% was lands held in partnership. As the scale of the farms' increases, the rate of rental land for potato cultivation increases. In the region average, almost half of the potato cultivation area was grown on rented land. In addition, the average parcel size of 2.72 hectares and the number of pieces of potato planted land cause an increase in pre- and post-production costs. 71.63% of the potatoes produced on the farms were table, 23.57% industrial type and 4.80% seed. Although 44 different kinds of potatoes were grown in the region, it was determined that the farmers gave weight to Melody, Madeleine, Jelly, Marabel, and Agria varieties. Seed diversity varies according to the characteristics of the regions. Seed use per hectare in the research area was determined as 4,076.6 kg in the average of the enterprises and 3,950.0 kg in the weighted average of the region. In the average of the farms interviewed, the labour force used per hectare was 1,419.4 hours, and the average of the region was 1,940.4 hours. In potato production, machinery was used for 37.7 hours on average and 56.5 hours on average for the region. The amount of nitrogen given per hectare in the potato cultivation areas was 416.6 kg, the weighted average of the region was 497.2 kg, the phosphorus 89.7 kg, the regional weighted average 108.2 kg, the potassium 75.2 kg, the regional weighted average 86.1 kg. The irrigation system was mainly in the form of sprinkler irrigation. Farmers in the selection of seeds; expressed the factors of yield level, price, ease of sale, germination power, and resistance to diseases and pests as very important criteria. The farmers were using traditional information sources in the selection of seeds. It was determined that modern information sources and traditional information sources were equally effective in agricultural control. The farms interviewed received high scores on the level of cultural practices in an agricultural struggle. It was determined that producers were more affected by modern information sources in potato cultivation in the region. The potato was a product that uses a high level of input. In this respect, more conscious use of inputs and policies that guide farmers to modern information sources were considered important in terms of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the changes on some performance of the Mohair (Ankara) goats farming system during 2017-2018. In this study, we examine production of the goats farms of Ankara province. Economic analysis is implemented by using data from 45 Turkish mohair goat farmers. The gross production value of the establishments is increased for the business groups according to the business groups, ranging from 495,148.74 Turkish Liras (TL) to 731,154.09 TL. According to the average of the establishments, the goat breeding activity is 58.28%, the vegetable production is 40.64% and the sheep breeding activity is 1.08%. In group 1, the share of the mohair in the value of animal production was 13.03%, while it was 14.37% in group 2. According to the establishment groups, the variable costs for vegetable production varying between 15,346.91 TL and 46,411.88 TL, while this value is 38,818.22 TL for the average of the establishments. According to the establishment groups, the variable costs in animal production vary between 91,127.86 TL and 263,160.36 TL. While the total gross profit per establishment in the examined establishments is between 398,915.15 TL and 560,170.95 TL. There was an employee problem with 30.00%, with feed prices with 26.67% and mohair prices with 25.00%, respectively, in the first group. 18.18% of the establishments in the first group and 12.50% of the establishments in the second group have been educated on herd management. Within the scope of the research, it was determined which supports were used by the establishments and it was determined that earrings and mohair support were used the most according to the results of the research. Within the scope of the research, 61.76% of the establishments in the 1st groups use agricultural loans and this rate is 81.82% in the 2nd group establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is one of the most important hazelnuts and pistachio producers in the world. In this study, it has been determined what kind of volatility and pass-through there is between the real prices of almonds, hazelnuts, and pistachios in Turkey. In addition, whether a shock in the markets creates uncertainty in its own market and other markets have been revealed. Diagonal-Bekk Garch (1,1) model was used under the Full-rank constraint with 192 monthly data sets between the period 2005M1-2020M12. The results of the research have put forth that the shocks that will occur in the almond market increase the uncertainty in its own market. Similarly, a shock in the hazelnut market increases the uncertainty both in its own market and in the pistachio market, while a shock in the pistachio market increases the uncertainty in its own market. Moreover, the shocks in the almond and hazelnut market are permanent in these markets in the short and long term, but the shocks in the pistachio market do not have a permanent effect in the short and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revealed the development of wheat production and trade in the world and Türkiye, and the level of international competitiveness in wheat flour was determined. Türkiye ranks second in world wheat imports in terms of quantity and fourth in terms of value, and first in wheat flour export. Imported wheat is converted into flour and bakery products, most of which are exported. Türkiye exported 19.04% of world wheat flour in value and 22.45% in quantity. The study calculated competitiveness analysis for 2010-2020, and Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and Trade Balance Index (TBI) were used in the analysis. The mean index values were calculated as 21.10 in RCA and 0.99 in TBI. As a result of these values, it was determined that Türkiye has a high competitive advantage in wheat flour export and was a net exporter in wheat flour foreign trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cost structure and profitability of tobacco production were examined in the sample of Uşak province. Esme and Ulubey districts in Uşak were the districts with the highest tobacco production. It was determined that 71 tobacco farmers, calculated according to the stratified sampling method, should be interviewed in the villages of these districts. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with farmers in the producer survey. Tobacco farming is an important income activity in the region where the family workforce is utilised. Labour force, land rent, and machinery rent were determined as the most significant cost factors in tobacco production. We found that large-scale enterprises are more profitably. In addition, it was determined that the organisation of tobacco farmers was insufficient. With the organisation, farmers will be able to provide the inputs used in tobacco production under more favourable conditions, and the development of marketing opportunities will make a positive contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural tourism provides an environment where rural people meet different cultures, prevents immigration to already crowded city centers, becomes an element of rural development, creates income diversity and protects the environment as well as natural, cultural and historical aspects of regions. The aim of this study is to examine effects of COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism-potential and rural planning using Cizre District, Turkey, which incorporates distinct geographical, cultural and historical elements in a rural environment. Data were collected using primary and secondary sources in the region. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis was used to analyze data which shows an increase in migration to rural causing environmental pollution. Positive effects include increase in commerce and housing demand strengthening the economy following normalization. Findings should help to review and improve sustainable planning and policy strategies supporting new economical environment in rural. The development strategies need to focus on rural and urban being partners rather than rivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the socio-economic structure of farms producing anise and analyse the cost and profitability of anise production. The marketing structure has also changed with the changing trade and agricultural policies. As a result of these changes, price instability has been experienced in the anise market. Anise is an essential source of income in the research region. The research area is Burdur province because Burdur province has an important position in Turkey's anise production. The data were obtained by survey method from 159 anise farms. The production cost in anise production was determined as 739.33 TRY per unit area (Gross Production Value (GPV) 1,224.27 TRY, gross profit 635.38 TRY, and relative profit were 1.66. The Total Cost/GPV ratio was calculated as 0.60. In recent years, significant reductions in anise production in the region and increased cultivation areas in other provinces; fluctuations and volatility in anise producer prices substantially impacted these decreases. It is essential to provide anise-specific support and carry out extension activities about anise to producers through relevant institutions. To prevent price instability, institutions such as TEKEL and the TMO, which had a decisive influence on the anise market in previous years, were significant. It seems very difficult for such institutions to operate again. It is recommended that anise producers establish organisations to act together to eliminate the problems of anise producers and eliminate price instabilities specific to anise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews the success status and organizational problems of Agricultural Producer Organizations (POs). The main material of the study consisted of the original data obtained from the surveys carried out with 360 producers determined by the proportional sampling method in the province of Uşak, Turkey. According to the research findings, members/partners found Agricultural Development Cooperatives more successful. Agricultural Development Cooperative, respectively, was followed by Agricultural Credit Cooperative, Stud Breeders Association, Producer Association, Sugar Beet Growers Cooperative, and Chamber of Agriculture. Irrigation Cooperative was the least successful producer organization. It was determined that the most important problem of the POs was the managerial problem, and it was followed by the financial, supervision, education, top organization, and legislation problems. The study is of primary importance in the success of the organization and in the effective use of production resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the cost and profitability analysis of farmers' greenhouse cut flower (carnation, gerbera and lisianthus) production in Antalya. In 2018, the cut flower production in Antalya province accounted for about 56.04% of Turkey's cut flower production. Snowball sampling methods were used to select the cut flower growers and the sample size was calculated as 53 farmers. The data obtained from the enterprises' cut flower production was obtained by face-to-face interviews with the farmers using the producer questionnaire developed by these researchers. The data for the study was obtained in 2018. According to the study's conclusions, the most important cost factor in the greenhouse cut flower production process in the enterprises interviewed was the variable cost. The variable cost share of the total production cost in carnation production was 56.96%, 59.44% in gerbera production, and 64.03 in lisianthus production. The fixed cost percentage was 43.04%, 40.56% and 35.97%, respectively. As for cost items, the most important elements were permanent labour, fertiliser, seedlings, pesticide and land rent. The relative profit value, which better measures the return of production activities, in greenhouse cut flower production was calculated as 1.47 in carnation enterprises, 1.60 in gerbera enterprises and 1.26 in lisianthus enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive cropping techniques, over-mechanized agricultural production, inefficient agricultural chemical use have negatively affected world valuable cropland, which is very important to the mankind. About 38% of Earth's land cover is occupied by agriculture. If unsustainable agricultural methods are pursued, they contribute to inefficient resource use. Organic farming is a good alternative in order to provide sustainability and efficient resource use. Yet, its production is not robust enough to play a significant role in feeding the world. Globally, 1.9 billion adults are overweight and, of those, 600 million are obese, while 793 million people are undernourished. Organic agriculture is discussed if it is the most appropriate option for sustainable agriculture. The current paper seeks to find organic wheat production and its positive impacts to the Turkish economy. In Turkey, there is no organic wheat production yet. We revealed the economic benefits when organic wheat production is partially preferred by examining the resource use efficiency. In other words, the nature of organic farming and conventional farming, what those methods demand from nature and restore to the environment, and their unit economic values constitute the subject of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the apricot market situation in the world and Turkey was examined. The study used the 1980-2020 period data of FAOSTAT and TURKSTAT institutions. It was determined that apricot production in the world and Turkey increased due to the enlargement of the planted areas in the examined period. Turkey, Uzbekistan, Italy, Algeria, and Iran have the highest apricot production. Turkey ranked first for apricot production and planting areas, and apricot yield was below the world average of 7,942 kg per hectare. Spain, Turkey, France, and Italy are the countries that export the freshest apricots. Of the 406 thousand tons of apricot exports globally, 54.84 percent belong to Spain, 21.69% to Greece, and 6.45% to Turkey. In the export of dried apricots, Turkey ranks first with a share of 67.6%. The essential dried apricot importing countries are the USA, Russia, England, and Kazakhstan. The important countries to which Turkey exports fresh apricots are Iraq (49.6%), the Russian Federation (29.8%), and Syria (5.2%). The important countries to which Turkey exports dried apricots are the USA (11.1%), France (7.7%), and Germany (7.4%). In the periods discussed, Turkey's apricot planted area increased by 185%, 368% in production, and a 64% increase in yield. Accordingly, the expansion in planted areas affected the production increase more. Apricot production in Turkey is concentrated in Malatya, Mersin, Elazığ, Iğdır, and Isparta provinces. Most of the apricots produced in Malatya are offered for consumption in dried form. As a result, world apricot production increased with significant improvements in planted area and yield. In Turkey, this situation mostly affected output because of the developments in the planted areas. The yield level of apricots, whose fruit and seeds are used in many fields such as food, medicine, and cosmetics in Turkey, should be brought to the average world level and prevent fluctuations in prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the change in the dry onion market in the world and Turkey. The study used data from FAO and TURKSTAT institutions from 1980-to 2021. Considering the developments in the production and foreign trade of dry onions in the world and Turkey, the world production of dry onions, which was 21.71 million tons compared to the average of 1980 at the beginning of the period, increased by 382% rose to 104.55 million tons in 2020. India occupies the first place in the world production of dry onions 8% of the onions produced in the world are exported. During the studied period, the amount of world dry onion exports increased by six times, and its value increased by 12.8 times. The Netherlands has the highest share of dry onion export values (22.10%). According to the period of 1980, the production of dry onions in Turkey has increased by 2.5 times. Compared to 1980, the production area increased by 3%. Therefore, productivity improvements have a primary impact on production growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine alfalfa's production costs and profitability in Aksaray Province. Clover producers were visited directly, and prepared forms related to the subject were applied to 70 clover producer enterprises. The surveyed enterprises were selected by chance. Data from clover-growing enterprises cover the 2019 production season. On average, the cost of clover per decare is 0.90 TL/kg, the sales price is 1.09 TL/kg, and the profit margin is 0.19 TL/kg for clover-producing enterprises. The relative profit in enterprises was calculated as 1.21. The average value of gross profit and absolute profit for enterprises was determined as TL 890.11 and TL 373.70, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the cooperative-partner relations in Agricultural Development Cooperatives (ADC) in Bursa/Turkey and identify the factors affecting this relationship. There are 313 active ADC in the province of Bursa, with 33,334 partners in total. Primary data was collected by survey. A face-to-face survey was conducted with 408 people determined by simple random sampling method. The data are analysed with SPSS 24 program, and crosstables are created. 69.1% of the respondents have read the Articles of Association. While 28.4% of their partners are involved in the Board of Directors.,77% have joined the General Assembly. Only 33.1% of the partners had other cooperative partnerships. Although fewer than one-third of the partners have reported increased (27.7%) income, 94.6% reported that they would continue their partnership. The most common activity made by cooperative was the supply of credit with 32%. The educational activities are ranked second (23%). Partners participated in 74.3% of the given education. 78% found the training useful. The research has shown that 46% of the partners did not know what risturn is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the economic analysis of chickpea production of farmers in Usak. In 2018, chickpea production of Usak province accounted for about 4.32% of Turkey's chickpea production. Based on the data obtained from the Farmer Registration System in Central, Banaz, and Ulubey district, it was determined that 77 farmers producing chickpea should be interviewed. The data obtained from the farms' chickpea production were obtained by face-to-face interviews with the farmers of the producer questionnaire developed by these researchers. The data of the study was obtained in 2018. According to the research findings, the average production cost per decare (da) was calculated to be 661.01 TRY. The share of variable costs was 80.98% within the production costs, and the share of fixed costs was 18.02%. It was determined that the kilogram sale price of chickpea was 4.65 TRY. The gross production value (GPV) of chickpea in the region was calculated as 952.33 TRY/da, gross profit 417.06 TRY/da, and net profit 291.32 TRY/da. The kilogram cost of chickpea in the region was 3.23 TRY. The relative profit was determined as 1.44 units. As a result of the research, as the chickpea production areas increase, the fixed costs per decare decrease, and the variable costs increase. In addition, it was determined that the relative profit value was low in enterprises with high production costs per kilogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different irrigation treatments and economic analysis on surface and subsurface methods in amaranth under the Mediterranean climate conditions at the experimental fields of the Alata Horticulture Research Institution during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons in Turkey. In the study, surface drip and subsurface drip methods and six irrigation strategies (Full irrigation, FI; conventional deficit irrigation, DI-50 and DI-75; DI-25; Partial Root-Zone Drying, PRD-50 of full irrigation treatments and Rainfed) also a rain-fed treatment (RF) were considered. There was significant differences (P<0.01) for yields both irrigation system and irrigation method. Maximum yield was obtained from the FI treatment as 3,790 and 3,950 kg ha-1; and the lowest yield was obtained from the rainfed treatment (RF) as 1,840 and 1,960 kg ha-1, in the experimental years, respectively. The experimental design was split plots with four replications. Net profit ranged between 9,143 to 18,047 $ha-1 in 2018 and 9,742 to 19,454 $ha-1 in 2019 according to the irrigation treatments. Full irrigation treatment (FI) under subsurface drip irrigation method generated the highest net profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the entrepreneurial behaviours of the farmers producing vegetables in the greenhouse in the Menderes district of Izmir province-Türkiye. The data were collected from 94 farmers using proportional sampling and face-to-face survey method. Five-point Likert scale was used in the analysis of the entrepreneurial behaviours of the farmers. Fuzzy Paired Comparison Method was used in the analysis of the criteria that the farmers give importance to when deciding on greenhouse vegetable growing. According to the results of the study, the average age of the farmers is 46.94 years, and the average education period is 9.30 years. The average greenhouse land size of the farmers is 5.78 decares. Farmers consider the profitability level and sustainability of the activity, financing opportunity and total cost as important factors in agricultural entrepreneurship. Farmers also consider water supply, marketing opportunities and seed-seedling supply as the most important factors in greenhouse vegetable entrepreneurship. The most important criterion in greenhouse vegetable growing is production costs, followed by marketing opportunities and price. The most important future goals of the farmers, who produce two vegetables: cucumbers and lettuce in the greenhouse per year are minimizing the hazards during production and marketing and sustaining greenhouse vegetable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasta is one of the most stable and popular foods in the daily diet for many consumers due to its good nutritional quality, low price, long shelf life, and versatility. Along with its beneficial effects on health with its low fat and available carbohydrates, pasta can also be enriched with various functional additives. According to the data for the last ten years, pasta production worldwide has increased by approximately 22%. Türkiye ranks third in world pasta production after Italy and the United States. In this study, the pasta sector was evaluated globally, and the competitiveness of major exporting countries was analyzed. Vollrath's Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA) was used to determine competitiveness. For this purpose, indices of major pasta exporting countries Türkiye, Italy, China, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, Iran, the United States, Indonesia, Belgium, and Germany were calculated. The results showed that these countries, except the USA, China, and Germany, have a comparative advantage in pasta trade. Increasing the production of high-quality durum wheat and searching for new markets are important in maintaining a comparative advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to inquire about potential consumer behavior of individuals to participate in domestic tourism activities in Turkey when the COVID-19 outbreak is over. In other words, it is aimed to anticipate the effects of the pandemic on consumer behaviors of local Turkish tourists in the upcoming periods. A survey was conducted over 426 local tourists accommodating in Antalya and previously involved in domestic tourism activities. The research data were analyzed via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The most important and fundamental finding concluded in the current study is that respondents will attach greater importance to the hygiene and safety of tourist attractions and public recreational areas after the COVID-19 outbreak. In addition, it is observed that people’s considerations about the dimensions of “general impact”, “attitude and preference”, “hygiene and safety” differ on the basis of demographical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its seas and water resources, Türkiye's aquaculture industry plays a significant role in both the nation's economy and society's ability to eat healthily. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the level of self-sufficiency in aquaculture production, assess the developments in the aquaculture sector in Türkiye, and estimate the production amount for the next ten years employing the ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) method using the aquaculture production amounts between 1950 and 2021. Making forecasts for the upcoming years is believed to be beneficial in terms of investment and production planning. The amount of aquaculture production was estimated with the Box-Jenkins ARIMA method. As a result of the analyses performed, the ARIMA (1, 2, 2) model was found to be the most suitable model for forecasting aquaculture production. According to the estimation, it is expected to increase by 17.29% between 2022 and 2031. It is believed that depending on this rise, actions should be taken to expand the aquaculture processing facilities associated with the aquaculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main method for providing water for irrigation purposes is the transmission of water between the water source and the field for irrigation. This movement of water requires an energy. Therefore, the effects of irrigation applications at different heights on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) in Kuzova region in Elazıg province of Turkey were evaluated in this study. While energy consumption for sugar beet irrigation is 3.46 GJ /ha at a height of 30 m, it reaches 10.26 GJ/ha for irrigation of more than 150 m. However, while fuel consumption for corn irrigation is 3.71 L GJ/ha at a height of 30 m, it reaches 12.73 GJ/ha for irrigation of more than 150 m. While the GHG emissions from sugar beet irrigation is 256.27 kgCO2-eq/ha at a height of 30 m, it reaches 759.66 kgCO2-eq/ha for irrigation of more than 150 m. However, while the GHG emissions from corn irrigation is 274.58 kgCO2-eq/ha at a height of 30 m, it reaches 942.71 kgCO2-eq/ha for irrigation of more than 150 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer use for corn, cotton and soybean production in Turkey. For corn and cotton cultivation 403.33 kg NPK is applied before planting per hectare, 238.33 kg AN and 238.33 kg urea after planting. For soybean production 201.66 kg DAP before planting per hectare, 135.83 kg AN and 135.83 kg urea after planting are applied. For corn cultivation, 11,991.65 MJ fertilizer energy is consumed per hectare in Turkey. However 8973.56 MJ and 6,452.94 MJ fertilizer energy is consumed per hectares in cotton and soybean production, respectively. The total GHG emissions from fertilizer application are 2,603.7 kg CO2-eq, 1,949.13 kg CO2-eq and 1,523.22 kg CO2-eq per hectares, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the Asartepe dam in Ankara province. Economic and social variables impact on agricultural irrigation were researched. Some variables were used as follows: usage of agricultural water, agricultural production, agricultural income, migration and etc. Primary data with related this research were taken from agricultural enterprises between 2015 and 2016 years. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) method was used to determine the selection of sample size. In this research, we had two different groups that one of them was preirrigation and the other was after irrigation group. After determining the sample size, this width of the size was 42. First strata was 31 and second strata was 11. SPSS Statistical package program was used during the data analysis environment. During the comparison between pre-irrigation group and after-irrigation group, Discriminant statistical analysis was used for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the world, viticulture has become primary agricultural importance throughout history. The main reason for this is that it is economically productive with an assessment of grapes as fresh wine, dried fruit, fruit juice and other manufactured products. The aim of this was to determine the resource utilisation success of vineyard in Denizli province, which has an important share in Turkeys grape production. The primary material of the study was the data obtained from the grape producers in selected villages in Çivril, Çal and Buldan Districts of Denizli Province. The sample size was calculated by using proportional sampling method. Sample volume was found 96 farmers in 95% confidence interval and the 10% margin of error. Data envelopment method (DEA) was used in the research to measure technical efficiency in grape production. Data Envelopment Method is used to evaluate the efficiency of a certain number of production units. The technical efficiency, scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency calculated according to input and the results were calculated and compared to irrigated and nonirrigated vineyards. Interviewed producers were 49 years old, educated seven years, and their agricultural experience was 26 years. According to the findings, respondents were asked how much they could reduce their input on the efficiency limit, and some suggestions were made for inefficient vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of the important agricultural products in the fight against malnutrition and poverty. It is also very important for the economy of countries with its contribution to employment and foreign exchange earnings in the production process. The use of certified seeds increases yield in potato production. Potato production costs are decreased due to increased yield. For this reason, certified potato seed use is encouraged by the government in Türkiye since 2005. This study, it was aimed to analyze the socio-economic determinants of government-subsidized certified seed use. To achieve this aim, the socioeconomic and technical characteristics of the farmers using certified seed and farm-saved seeds were compared. This study was conducted with 80 potato farmers. According to the research findings, it was determined that both the farm size, the potato production area and the potato yield of the farmers using certified seeds were higher than the farmers using farm-saved seeds. It is determined that the factors that farmers give importance to when purchasing potato seeds are the seed is cheap, resistant to diseases, and high yielding, respectively. The most common problem faced by farmers in the use of seeds is that the seed is expensive for farmers using certified seeds; It has been revealed that there are diseases and pests in farmers using farm-saved seeds. Considering that certified seeds use is one of the main factors that increase the potatoes yield supporting the use of certified seeds is important for the continuity of potato production and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry sector provides numerous benefits in the social, economic, and health domains, but is currently facing a major issue: information pollution. It is among the sectors most affected by information pollution globally, a phenomenon fueled by the rapid advancement of communication technologies. Information pollution has become a major challenge of our time, causing harm to the consumer market through its negative impact on consumer perceptions and behaviors. Turkey is an interesting case for studying the impact of information pollution on poultry consumers, as it is among the top 10 countries in poultry production and exports, and experiences intense information pollution in the sector. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of information pollution on Turkish poultry consumers and to explore potential solutions to this problem. The study surveyed 384 consumers from Ankara and İzmir and found that consumer perceptions and views of poultry differ significantly from those of the producer companies and the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. A significant proportion of respondents reported reducing their poultry consumption after hearing negative news. The groups most likely to reduce their consumption are women, housewives, and people over the age of 55. Given its significant and serious impact on consumers, efforts must be made to address this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the comparison between the cost of energy and the cost price of producing radishes in Osmaniye Province in Turkey, which is an important source of income in agriculture in Turkey. A questionnaire was used to collect data on radish production from the intended target population 149 radish farms in 2019. The sample was calculated using Neyman's method. Based on a sample size the error was defined as 5 percent for 95 percent reliability. The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers were used to present analysis and also secondary data were also used in the research to deepen our knowledge. The results showed that the input energy was 2,946.574 MJ da-1, of which the highest share was related to deep plowing, irrigation, first watering after transplanting, and second plowing with 21.60, 20.07, 19.84 and 12.08%, respectively. The lowest input was belong to Harvest and Packaging with 0.03%. Labor cost (70.75%), fuel cost (14.41%), and material used 14.84%.In addition, the production cost and sales price ( $/ ton) of radish are obtained at 21.69 and 40.21 respectively. We find that the rate of profit from agricultural income was 87.82% while that of energy was 61.38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red meat consumption is vital for a balanced diet. This research examines the factors that cause consumers to prefer red meat, determines the shopping channels from which red meat is purchased, and the frequency and consumption of red meat. A face-to-face survey was applied to 273 households selected by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. The decisive factor in the participants' red meat preferences in the study was taste (61.5%), followed by production date (60.2%) and freshness (58.5%). According to this result, consumers were more pleasure-oriented in choosing red meat products. Advertising was the least important factor. 58.2% of the purchased red meat was from butchers, 10.6% from discount markets and 9.5% from local markets. Participants bought red meat several times a month (26.4% of them.) and consumed it several times a week (44.7%.) Half of the total meat consumed in the households was red meat. The purchasing and consumption frequency of red meat in the families in Bursa was low. Decreasing red meat prices will increase households' purchasing and consumption frequency. Farmers need a subsidy to lower production costs and increase productivity, thus reducing retail meat prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]