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The lack of systematic mapping of water quality in the water areas of Croatian marinas hinders visualization and understanding of potential cumulative impact of marinas on the environment. The main goal of the research subject of this paper is forming an atlas of environmental risks and water area quality in Croatian marinas by implementing model of Marina Environmental Risk Assessment - MERA. Within the implemented model, input data are concrete and current data obtained through the questionnaire submitted to the management structures of Croatian marinas, which is an additional practical value of model and reasearch results. The implemented methodology and risk model of the impact of Croatian marinas on the environment in this paper provides an insight into the current situation and represents a significant basis for managing environmental risks and the quality of water areas in Croatian marinas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio waves, the spectrum of the electromagnetic waves, are all around us and in most cases have only one purpose. The maritime Automatic Identification System (AIS) uses Very High Frequency (VHF) radio waves for the purpose of data exchange between ships and shore stations. These data exchanges take place during certain time intervals, resulting in intermittent emission of electromagnetic waves. In the research presented in this paper, the objective was to add a new purpose for the AIS electromagnetic waves, i.e. to act as a power source for the RF energy harvester. After collecting the electromagnetic waves of the AIS system, the signals' voltage is rectified, amplified and delivered to the load. In this paper, the process of radio wave energy harvesting is simulated in the Multisim software and analyzed in detail. The results of the analysis showed a multiple increase in the voltage value at the output of the RF energy harvester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review explores the concept of unconscious gender bias within the maritime industry, focusing specifically on seafarers. Unconscious bias refers to implicit stereotypes and attitudes that influence decision-making processes without conscious awareness. In the context of seafaring, where diverse crews operate in confined spaces for extended periods, understanding and addressing unconscious bias becomes crucial for fostering inclusive and harmonious shipboard environments and mitigating gender bias. The review begins by examining theoretical frameworks related to unconscious bias, drawing from psychological, organizational behavior, and maritime literature. Various models, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and social cognitive theories, are explored to provide a foundation for understanding how biases develop and manifest among seafaring populations. The maritime industry's unique characteristics, including hierarchical structures, cultural diversity, and isolation during voyages, are analyzed to identify specific factors that may contribute to the emergence of unconscious biases. Additionally, the review delves into studies addressing the impact of biases on decision-making, communication, and overall team dynamics within the maritime context. Furthermore, the review explores interventions and best practices proposed in the literature to mitigate unconscious bias among seafarers. Training programs, diversity initiatives, and cultural awareness campaigns are examined for their effectiveness in promoting a more inclusive and equitable maritime workplace. Based on this review, we conceptualize unconscious gender bias as a socio-technical problem and propose a theoretical framework that offers a combination of technological, organizational, and societal approaches as well as three main propositions to possibly mitigate the biased effects. Lastly, this paper considers future research on the management of unconscious gender bias in the organizational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the propeller affects the hydrodynamics of the rudder in the same way that the ship's hull interferes with the function of the propeller behind and vice versa. Therefore, the arrangement of the propeller and rudder is very important in determining the overall ship propulsion performance. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the KCS propulsion system at various longitudinal clearances with respect to the rudder position. The analysis was performed in a full ship configuration using the KCS hull, propeller, and rudder. The propeller clearance was varied on the basis of the existing KCS design, design adjustments, and recommendations from DNV by 0.124, 0.129, and 0.100 D. Propeller performance was analysed based on individual variations, interactions between the propeller and rudder, and variations in the number of meshes of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mil. The flow distribution around the propeller and the pressure distribution of the rudder inflow onto the rudder surface are also discussed. Numerical examination revealed that DNV's recommended clearance of 0.100 D provided the best results and improved KCS propulsion performance compared with the existing design. The mesh sensitivity analysis revealed that the recommended clearance showed excellent performance in all mesh variations. In response to these findings, modification of the KCS propeller clearance following DNV recommendations would be beneficial to improve overall ship performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the intensity of marina activities and global climate change, marinas are facing the challenge of sustainability. Therefore, the concept of "green port" has now become a requirement. In practice, the term "green port" describes the activities of all stakeholders involved in the port business towards a sustainable development of the port. This paper aims to provide an insight into the current application of sustainability principles and the concept of "green port" in Croatian marinas. Therefore, the concept of "green port" is described. Furthermore, the framework (regulations, policies, international and national certificates and programs) for sustainable activities in Croatian marinas are analyzed. The main part of the paper is the analysis of sustainable activities, i.e. practices in Croatian marinas related to eco-spatial design, standardization and awarding system, energy transition, sustainable waste, water and air systems. Therefore, positive sustainable practices in selected Croatian marinas and aspects that need improvement are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital business models are reshaping tourism landscape, causing disruptive shifts within its entire ecosystem - including in the provision of services, employment modalities, value networks and more. In the light of such developments, there is a growing body of scholarly literature studying various aspects of digital business models in tourism. Yet, papers dealing with tourism's digital business models maturity and factors influencing it are still scarce. The objective of this study is to address the identified research gap and contribute to the growing literature base by empirically testing the relationship between digital business models maturity and factors such as company location, size, age and business model history. Methodologically, the paper is based on an extensive empirical research constructed upon a valid framework and administered internationally through a structured online questionnaire. The final sample included 162 companies active in yachting tourism sector, headquartered in 42 countries and 5 continents, thus reflecting the study's global scope. The findings imply that there is a statistically significant impact of company's size on its digital business model maturity, while there is no significant impact when it comes to company's age and business model history. Finally, the effects of the company location are specific - although there is no general statistical correlation between location and digital business model maturity, other layers of analysis do indicate the companies with highly mature digital business models do tend to originate from highly developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects upon the concept of social innovation and its role in islands' energy transition. As isolated energy systems, islands typically depend on energy imports from the mainland and mostly use fossil fuels for electricity, heating, and transport, which are significant sources of carbon emissions. At the same time, islands have an abundance of locally available renewable energy sources (RES) at their disposal, which makes them ideal test-beds for energy transition, or the technologybased switch of the energy system, from fossil-based to renewable energy. However, new RES technologies must be incorporated into society and, thus, to enable successful decarbonisation, technological innovations must be coupled with social innovations. Different authors stress that energy transitions are not strictly technical but socio-technical since they are also comprised of policies, politics and other artefacts, not just technological. Nevertheless, the role of social innovation in local energy transitions is still under-studied, and this paper aimed to contribute to this lack of literature, focusing on the local energy transitions of islands. By combining theoretical and empirical research, this paper aims to explore the role of social innovation in energy transition and analyse whether social innovation can be considered a success factor in the energy transition process of the case-study island, the small Croatian island of Unije. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baltic Dry Index is used as a strategic tool by shipping companies to monitor the daily movement of freight rates for the transportation of bulk cargoes on predetermined routes for the different types of bulk carriers. Therefore, the management of shipping companies pays great attention to the factors that can contribute to the prediction of the price movement of the Baltic Dry Index. Main goal of this paper is to explore if stock market indices of United States of America (S&P 500 stock index) and China (Shanghai stock exchange Composite index), 10 Year bond yield, CRB index, WTI Crude oil and Gold as global market factors, but also as leading macroeconomic global indicators, have impact on movement of BDI. We explored period from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2021, with monthly data for which the multiple linear regression method was used to analyse mentioned global market factors impact on BDI. The research found that the movement of S&P 500 and SSECI stock indices and CRB index had a positive impact on the movement of BDI, while the movement of Gold and WTI crude oil had negative impact on BDI for the observed period. The scientific contribution of this paper is manifested through observation and exploring relationship of mentioned global market factors with BDI, previous papers observed shorter time period and included macroeconomic indicators which are lagging, together with some global market factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Croatian coastline, as well as various natural and man-made attractions in the Croatian hinterland, provide for a fairly well-developed tourism sector. Nacional marine ports play an increasingly important role in promoting and develoing the tourism sector. Zadar is the second largest domestic and international passenger port in the country and the third largest cruise port. In addition, the port serves several anchor clients in the dry bulk, liquid bulk and general cargo sectors. After analyzing Croatian ports of international economic interest in general, trends and developments in the port sector, and the destination states of Croatian ports, the authors in this paper focus on the segments of the Port of Zadar that are important for the development of tourism. The paper provides an overview of the current state, recommended targets and status of the Port of Zadar. Further, the paper predicts targets for passenger traffic (domestic, international and cruise) by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents and processes data on inspections of the individual Memoranda (regions) and compares the overall number of ship detention cases. Also, the paper identifies the differences in various regions in the same period as well as their causes and consequences. Container traffic plays a key role in the international trade. Therefore, the research is based on a comparison of the inspection statistics (in general) and the ship detentions share with the total number of inspections and detentions of the container vessels for each region and the same period. The data have been collected from the annual reports of the individual Memoranda (regions), covering a five-year period, from 2015 to 2019. The results of the research have pointed to partially successful attempts to harmonize and standardize the inspection procedures, as well as to the problem of the non-existent uniformed inspection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drop shipping represents a delivery business model based on e-commerce logistics, which is very relevant in the global pandemic crisis. In this model, buyers order products and services directly from the manufacturer over the Internet through the intermediary of a drop shipper who ensures the easiest and fastest delivery. Drop shipper is a type of e-commerce entrepreneur that offers goods using online logistics infrastructure to ensure direct physical delivery from the manufacturer to the retailer or customer. This includes drop shipping as a business model to Industry 4.0 (i.e. the digital economy). This paper elaborates how a particular e-commerce model affects the development and improvement of global supply chains. Aim of this paper is to research how entrepreneur can lower its costs along drop shipping supply chain by managing inventory ratios or cost of stock. This enables drop shipping to greatly facilitate market access for cash-strapped entrepreneurs. We also conducted a simulation of optimized drop shipping process to show that there is a constant adaptability for entrepreneurs using drop shipping, especially among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The timeliness of drop shipping is that it has facilitated as a global delivery solution in relation to the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Moreover, drop shipping is based on a Activity-Based Costing (ABC model) whose quantitative efficiency has been proven by scientific analysis and research results. Finally, the legal aspects of drop shipping are given importance in the situation of COVID-19 which had a crucial impact on international trade in 2020, especially in predicting shortterm trade trends. Due to this within this paper we also examined the effects of the "coronavirus" on global e-commerce. Global drop shipping data ensures qualitative predictions considering pandemic environment, social distancing issues and internet trade curves which are more than useful in today's changing business conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohesion policy is one of the European Union’s policies, which provides Member States with the possibility of financial support under the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds) as well as with the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), to reduce disparities and encourage the development of less developed Member States. By funding through Cohesion policy funds, the European Union seeks to accomplish a prosperous economy by achieving appropriate European standards in the individual Member States. Cohesion policy emphasizes the development of transport and mobility, and in particular, the investment in key transport links and sections of international importance through the revitalization of railway infrastructure in line with European Union standards. The railway system of the Republic of Croatia has been under-invested for many years, which is why it has not followed the requirements and needs of the development of the transport market. Membership in the European Union has provided the Republic of Croatia with co-financing for the development of the railway system. This paper will analyse the current investments in the railway system and the development potentials that are planned to be achieved in the next programming period. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the importance of the Cohesion Policy of the European Union for the development of the railway system of the Republic of Croatia in the Programming period 2021-2027. The analysis aims to identify opportunities for further development of the railway system as the ‘cleanest’ transport industry, guided by the need to reduce harmful emissions following the European Green Deal by using funds from the European Structural and Investment Funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade plays an important role in economic growth. Thence, a smooth cross-border transaction between Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore provides a significant implication in international trade. Currently, cross-border transactions face several issues during the crossing of borders between countries and, specifically, happens during the transactions of cargo. A very rigid documentation process within the custom clearance and theresulting severe congestion will affect the trade flow in this particular zone. Inconsistency of freight transaction documents at the cross-border also makes the transaction procedure more complicated and affects the performance of the manufacturer’s competitiveness. Thus, this paper explores the current issues at the borders involving Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore. This paper also initiates to figure out the challenges and some key success factors in modelling efficiency for crossborder transactions amongst these countries. A qualitative approach has been adapted to answer the proposed research questions. The initial results stressed that congestion, thorough and repetitious documentation procedures, involvement of many documents, as well as the time-consuming clearance of documents are key issues encountered during cross-border freight movement. This situation has caused several issues such as delays in freight delivery, losses in tax collection due to delays, reluctance to share information, and effects on the competitiveness of the freight supply chain. Development in infrastructure, information sharing, regulations, logistics performance, and customs clearance procedure can overcome the problems during cross-border Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore activities. The model outcome is expected to be smoother for the administrative process during customs clearance and it is expected to be able to efficiently reduce costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marina and charter industry represent the two basic segments of nautical tourism sector, one of the key elements of tourism development in the countries of the Mediterranean circle. With the advent of ever more ambiguous business environment driven by global health hazards, the emergence of next technological revolution and global competition, insight into the antecedents of competitiveness of companies in the nautical tourism sector in an important topic for organizations who want to survive and grow. The goal of this paper is comparison of the fundamental features of these two interconnected industries. The marina industry, observed through the financial indicators, shows attractiveness and stability. Regardless of the marina category, the success of its operations proved to be stable even in crisis market conditions. On the other hand, the charter industry, that complements the value proposition of the marina industry, shows lower level of robustness in times of crisis. The contribution of the paper is twofold. Firstly, for the purpose of the comparison of these two industries we present their basic indicators, and argue that the dynamic connection of the charter and marina industries opens possibilities to achieve higher level of competitiveness in both businesses. Also, since the available data on both industries is scarce, the paper introduces a system of data estimates, as well as system of experiential forecasting which can be used in different markets where similar limitations can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common way of measuring heavy fuel oil consumption on board a vessel is to use volumetric fuel flow meters installed at fuel systems inlets for each of the major fuel consumers. At each stage of the fuel processing cycle, certain mass fuel losses or deviations and calculation errors occur that are not counted accurately into fuel consumption figures. The goal of this paper is to identify those fuel mass losses and measuring/calculating errors and perform their quantitative numerical analysis based on actual data. Fuel mass losses defined as deviations identified during the fuel preparation process are evaporation of volatile organic compounds, water drainage, fuel separation, and leakages while errors identified are flow meter accuracy and volumetric/mass flow conversion accuracy. By utilizing statistical analysis of obtained data from engine logbook extracts from three different ships numerical models were generated for each fuel mass loss point. Measuring errors and volumetric/mass conversion errors are numerically analyzed based on actual equipment and models used onboard example vessels. By computational analysis of the obtained models, approximate percentage losses and errors are presented as a fraction of fuel quantity on board or as a fraction of fuel consumed. Those losses and errors present between 0,001% and 5% of fuel stock or fuel consumption figures for each identified loss/error point. This paper presents a contribution for more accurate heavy fuel oil consumption calculation and consequently accurate declaration of remaining fuel stock onboard. It also presents a base for possible further research on the possible influence of fuel grade, fuel water content on the accuracy of consumption calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines an extensive analysis of the case of Montenegro’s maritime surveillance system becoming integrated within the European Common Information Sharing Environment (CISE). Threats to secure maritime borders across Europe are ever-present and regularly demand coordinated efforts between the member states to tackle and prevent them, e.g. illegal immigration across the Mediterranean. Administration for Maritime Safety and Port Management (AMSPM) in Montenegro is a member of the ANDROMEDA EU project that seeks to facilitate deployments and demonstrations of CISE trials across the European regions, towards their endorsement readiness. AMSPM is now at the forefront of assessing and deploying the CISE components in Montenegro. It thus appropriately evaluates the operational aspects, observes the CISE implementations in some European states, formulates the impact for other national stakeholders, as well as the very prospect of the resulting augmented maritime surveillance in the country. This substantiates the content of this paper as the feasibility of the CISE deployment in Montenegro, supported by a snapshot of the cost-benefit analysis. We aspire to offer novel perspectives and insights that could be a universally useful experience to different CISE implementation initiatives, especially for countries or regions of similar smaller sizes and coastal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses statutory foundations applicable to ships requiring to be exempted from the mandatory installation of the ballast water management system. In particular, it deals with ships sailing on regular international lines but within the semi-closed seas, such as the Adriatic Sea. The legal framework is set out in the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM, 2004), the IMO Guidelines for Risk Assessment A-4 (G7), and the Croatian Ordinance on Ballast Water Control and Management, 2012 [Pravilnik o upravljanju i nadzoru balastnih voda]. The paper presents the model procedure to be followed by main stakeholders, mainly national maritime administrations and shipping companies. The paper outlines the main advantages and disadvantages of the whole process and analyses several cases of good practice. Furthermore, the main stakeholders in the approval procedure and their responsibilities are described, available risk assessment models are analysed, with the particular emphasis on the species-specific risk assessment method as the most preferred method. Finally, the need for cooperation between the involved states and their maritime administrations is considered. It is concluded that bilateral and regional cooperations are an essential element in preserving the marine environment of any sea area. In that respect, the proposed model of the BWM system exemption approval in closed and semi-closed seas, such as the Adriatic Sea, is essential for shipping companies connecting ports in different countries on regular routes. Although demanding in respect of efforts and time, a procedure is viable and may be carried out in due time and with satisfactory outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity to preserve economic efficiency of cruise ships operation stipulates fleet modernization in order to avoid expenses on ordering and construction of new ships. In this paper an approach based on hull length increase in the process of ship modernization is discussed. The method of evaluation of changes in maneuvering characteristics of ship after modernization is developed taking into account the operational parameters of propulsive electric power plants. The calculations are based on the analysis of transient modes of propulsive power plants operation during the corresponding maneuvers. The parameters influencing the characteristics of ship motion during turning circle are revealed; their significance is estimated, comparative analysis of the effect of ship hull length on maneuvering parameters before and after modernization is carried out. It was shown that in some cases the characteristics of the ship's controllability and operating parameters of the ship power plant after modernization remain within the permissible limits. The comparative results show that the increase in hull length leads to insignificant deterioration of the main maneuverability characteristics while the electric power plant indicators practically do not deteriorate, which confirms the expediency of such modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early in the spring of 2020, the COVID-19 disease pandemic occurred, and European Union members made the decision to restrict their borders to protect the public's health. Demand for travel and transportation services has decreased as a result of the epidemiological scenario brought on by the movement restriction. The research focuses on how mobility affects traffic safety in the Republic of Croatia, considering the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the aim of limiting human movement and contact in order to safeguard human health. In this paper, relevant traffic indicators and their effects on road traffic safety are analysed with the aim of analysing the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on mobility and traffic safety. The study compares safety indicators during different time periods, including before, during, and after the removal of restrictions prompted by a pandemic. The research aims to assess the impact of the pandemic on traffic safety and mobility patterns, providing valuable insights for future planning practices that incorporate emerging knowledge. The research aims to promote pedestrian and bicycle traffic, reduce air pollution, and contribute to global initiatives aimed at achieving road safety goals. Moreover, it offers a potential solution to help achieve the European policy targets for road mobility and safety by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses prevalent topics found in narratives of the maritime discourse community in the past seven years, from 2016 to 2022. For this purpose, we compiled a corpus of eighty speeches given by the respected Mr. Kitack Lim, secretary-general of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The texts are found on the official IMO website and were delivered on the occasion of significant maritime events. The analysis section combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The sophisticated language program Wordstat was used to determine frequencies, dominant phrases, collocations and prevalent topics. In addition, critical discourse analysis was used to interpret linguistic facts through the lenses of an actual maritime setting. The results reveal how dynamic changes in the maritime discourse community are reflected in narratives. We note how traditional issues in seafaring have been complemented with new perspectives impacted by globalisation, digitalisation, automatisation, issues of social and human rights which have been raised, women's empowerment, questions of environmental protection and many more. We conclude that the established concepts cannot be demarcated: they are increasingly interdependent and have the seafarer in their focus. We also point to the possibility of future research in the domain of comparative analysis on a sample of larger corpora that could make use of research articles or academic narratives about the maritime discourse community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal line maritime passenger transport in the Republic of Croatia, as well as in other EU member states, is regulated through various regulations and legislation, which in turn result in numerous national laws and regulations that affect its development, all of which is legally binding for shippers. Scheduled maritime passenger transport is an extremely important form of transport for the Republic of Croatia since it is the only form of connection with the mainland for many islands. This paper analyses economic policy measures that affect the organization and implementation of coastal line maritime passenger transport. The paper also investigates the demand fluctuation for maritime passenger transport services. The aid measures provided by the state to individual sectors is also analysed, as well as aid for the provision of services of general economic interest. The aim of this paper is to assess the amount of aid granted to maritime transport and its importance, especially in coastal line maritime passenger transport. The paper also explains the importance of establishing the Coastal Liner Services Agency as a regulatory body of the Republic of Croatia, and it further analyses the subsidy amounts granted to shippers in the period from 2014 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper estimates the exhaust emissions of marine traffic in the Port of Rijeka based on the ship’s data obtained from the pilot company. The Port of Rijeka is the largest port in Croatia that includes several berthing locations with different terminals. The estimation is made for each of them respecting carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM) as well as for the amount of total emissions for the area. The aim is to prepare basic records for estimation and further monitoring with respect to changes in the ongoing environmental regulation and restrictions. This paper will contribute to the overall national strategy of preparing shipping emission inventories for the Republic of Croatia. The estimation method is based on the bottom– up approach widely used in such research that starts with ship characteristics and activities when approaching the port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the analyses of hydrogen vehicles within urban centres, which have been gaining increasing importance lately. In fact, due to the negative impact of conventional vehicles on human health and environment, the need is imposed for implementation of eco-powered vehicles that also tend to be sustainable in transport. Gradual removal of fossil fuels and the use of alternative road transport technologies are among the primary objectives of most countries. This paper aims to examine the impact of hydrogen technology in urban transport, ie to point out how hydrogen vehicles have affected the satisfaction of customers and users through individual projects. Furthermore, the paper analyses the current situation in the application of hydrogen vehicles in the world, as well as future investments in infrastructure through strategies aimed at boosting higher demand for clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Ordinance on handling dangerous goods, the conditions and method of transport in maritime traffic, loading and unloading of dangerous goods, bulk and other cargo in ports and the method of preventing the spreading of oil spills in ports especially in the segment of the definition of dangerous goods, the supporting documents accompanying the handling of dangerous goods as well as supervision of the application of protective and safety measures. The author also discusses the terminological inconsistencies of important conceptual definitions while highlighting possible solutions. The paper also researches the role of the professional service, i.e., the qualified person who supervises handling dangerous goods in ports and who as such, is considered as the responsible person. The possible duality of the legal regulation of handling dangerous goods with regard to the Act on Transport of Dangerous Goods is also being researched. The last part highlights the contribution of the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) and the achievements of the Republic of Croatia in establishing a system for the exchange of data on dangerous goods. In conclusion, the author gives an assessment of the compliance of the Croatian legal norm on the handling dangerous goods with international and EU solutions and makes appropriate proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piracy is traditionally one of the oldest forms of violation of international law and a global threat to maritime traffic. It is a serious international offense against which criminal protection is ensured in the domestic legal system, relying on the postulates of international maritime law, and in particular the Convention on the Law of the Sea. In this paper, the authors deal with the legal analysis of the incrimination of piracy at the international and national levels. In relation to the Republic of Croatia, the authors present recent regulations regarding this international criminal offense in the domestic legal system. This paper aims to point out the fundamental problems caused by the existing regulations regarding this international crime, especially when it comes to jurisdiction over piracy, universal jurisdiction, taking over criminal prosecution, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic navigation using navigational paper charts is being replaced with ECDIS systems, and starting as from 2018, a complete transition to the PLECDIS system as the primary navigational system (eng. Paper - Less Electronic Chart and Display Information System - possessing information system and the display of electronic charts without the obligation of possessing paper charts) is planned. One of the difficulties arising during this transition period is the professional training of a large number of operators/marine officers for a proper utilization of different types of the ECDIS system and their accompanying tools offered on the market. Furthermore, a problem emerges concerning the professional training of certified ECDIS instructors for further candidate training for operating on various ECDIS system types. Aimed at solving the mentioned problems, this paper provides the existing standards of the ECDIS education, as well as suggestions for improving the ECDIS training with the emphasis on the Type Specific Training and ECDIS Instructor Training. Only a proper utilization of these systems can increase the level of safety of navigation and marine environment protection. The primary prerequisite for this purpose is high ECDIS instructors training quality and acquired knowledge and experience to transfer training to marine officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety and security became a crucial component of an integral tourist product. Ability to offer tourists a safe stay during their holiday contributes to the attractiveness of a destination and its tourist product. Safety and security represent a pre-condition and a motive which many tourists consider crucial when choosing their destination for a holiday. Due to this, tourist destinations need to focus on improving the level of safety and security which will contribute to the satisfaction of tourists, and they will be more interested in visiting and revisiting a destination. Aim of this paper is to determine whether tourists consider safety and riskiness, as well as destination image as relevant factors in their decision-making process when choosing Opatija Riviera for their holiday. An analysis of the relevant scientific literature, and empirical research were conducted to determine if how tourists perceive safety and riskiness as well as the destination image when choosing to visit Opatija Riviera for a holiday. Based on the findings a discussion was developed to provide future activities of safety and security improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient transportation connectivity between ports and the hinterland is essential for the functioning of the port, especially for container terminals that predominantly rely on road transport. The integration of port and urban traffic flows, particularly in terminals located near cities, has a double impact on the level of service of urban traffic and the efficiency of the port. This paper examines the effects of a newly built container terminal, with a capacity of less than 1 million TEU per year, on urban traffic in Rijeka, Croatia. A microscopic-level simulation method is used together with traffic network modeling design. The research identifies potential bottlenecks or critical elements in the network with lower performance for the current traffic demand and the future growth scenarios of the container traffic. The study's findings contribute to understanding the dynamic characteristics of port and urban traffic flow correlation, crucial for efficient transportation management and sustainable urban development in port cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel consumption onboard is influenced on several factors but most crucial is ship operation mode and fuel type in use. Conventual fuel preparation process onboard consists of several stages. One of the most essential processes is centrifugal separation treatment operation onboard, which consists of introducing fuel into the field of high centrifugal field, where impurities and sediments are separated from fuels. The quantity of separated sediments and impurities from the fuel is essential for accurate calculating the remaining fuel quantity on board (ROB). The purpose of this paper is to determine and verify the influence of potential factors that can affect the quantity of fuel consumption and separated sediments quantity from the fuel based on actual data from real product/chemical tanker powered by conventional fuels. By means of statistical analysis the average values, minimums, maximums, standard deviations, and variations, median and modes, standard errors for separated sludge from fuel, heavy fuel consumption (HSHFO) and diesel fuel consumption (LSMGO) during entire observed period and during specific operations modes are obtained. Furthermore, regression formulas between separated sediments from fuel vs fuel consumption during each ship operation mode are generated. Finally, by means of single and multifactorial analysis significant influence of ship operations mode on fuel consumption and separated quantity has been confirmed. This research contributed to find relations more accurately between separated sediments quantity to fuel consumption that might be used for more accurate emission calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic literature review is to identify the Port Attractiveness Determinants (PADs) and their attributes. These attributes have been extracted from 87 references published between 1970 and 2022. In addition to the conceptual contribution, this review has added value at the methodological and empirical levels. Split in two parts, Part I of this paper presents the findings about the nine PADs identified in the sample screened, which stem from both bibliometric and content analyses performed using software programs and an in-depth screening performed by four reviewers. Part II of this review details the 116 items measuring the PADs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis and comparison of four steam turbines and their cylinders from four different power plants (marine, conventional, ultra-supercritical and nuclear power plants). The main goal was to find which steam turbine and their cylinders show the best performances, the highest efficiencies, the lowest specific steam consumption and which turbine is the lowest influenced by the ambient temperature change. The highest efficiencies, both isentropic and exergy, are observed in the steam turbine and their cylinders from the ultra-supercritical power plant (whole turbine from ultrasupercritical power plant has an isentropic efficiency equal to 88.36% and exergy efficiency equal to 91.05%). Also, this turbine has the lowest specific steam consumption (7.32 kg/kWh) and exergy parameters of this turbine are the lowest influenced by the ambient temperature change. The worst performance (the lowest efficiencies, high specific steam consumption and the highest sensitivity to the ambient temperature change) show the cylinders and whole turbine from marine propulsion power plant. The same analysis and comparison are also performed for several other steam turbines from four mentioned power plants, so the presented relations and dominant conclusions have general validity. It can be concluded that steam turbines in ultra-supercritical power plants show the best performances in comparison to steam turbines from any other power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Navigation safety issues are of common interest to all maritime countries due to their actions in a complex and risky environment. The world's most serious ship accidents can cause major economic losses, loss of life, and severe environmental pollution in the sea. The data included in trust and security databases are usually collected from different sources. The accuracy of the collected data may vary from source to source due to a greater number of external and internal factors such as different manufacturers, and working and environmental conditions. The quality of the data may vary due to the incompleteness of the details, subjectivity, and experience of the data collector. Databases on the frequency of failures, the estimation of which can be based on recorded failure events, are difficult to access. Therefore, the aim of the research, based on the available statistical indicators of maritime risks and safety, is to indicate the application of mathematical statistics, analysis and assessment of unwanted events. The statistical methods proposed in the paper aim to point out the importance of prediction and the possibility of improving safety. In this sense, the polynomial function was applied. To visualize the results obtained during the research, the Excel program is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cruise tourism as a propulsive branch of tourism is being increasingly affirmed in the field of river transport. Accordingly, the main research problem in this paper is the analysis of the possibility of further affirmation and growth of passenger flows on river cruises on the Danube as the backbone of river traffic in the European Union. In the context of the defined research problem, the paper analyzes: relevant geo–traffic and socio–economic characteristics of the Danube, relevant indicators of passenger flows on cruises on the Danube – intensity, structure, dynamics and distribution of passenger traffic flows. Based on the aforementioned content, the further dynamics of passenger flows on cruises is concluded and forecasted, and the guidelines and factors of valorization of cruise tourism along the Danube Corridor are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of digitalization i.e. implementation of digital technologies is widely present in the seaports. Digitalization encourages seaports to adjust and implement digital technologies in providing their services, while constantly striving to stay efficient, profitable and competitive. The implementation of digital technologies results in altered perspective of seaport service quality. Since seaport service quality is not prescribed and strictly defined, the importance of digitalization should be taken into consideration, which includes redefining the seaport service quality factors. Worlds’ leading seaports, especially leading European seaports, recognized the possibilities of digital technologies in providing quality seaport services and are investing in their implementation. In this paper, seaport service quality is analysed in the context of digitalization i.e. the implementation of digital technologies. The purpose of this paper is to define the quality factors and opportunities for improving seaport service quality based on the analysis of digital technologies implemented in seaports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an overview of the legal regulations on reporting formalities for ships arriving in and/or departing from ports, both on international and EU level, as well as about the solutions in the Republic of Croatia. In particular, there are analyzed the achievements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which represent the base for further action. The European Union has recognized the importance of an efficient and harmonized procedure for ships arriving in and/or departing from ports by adopting a range of legal instruments aimed at reducing administrative barriers for ships arriving in and/or departing from European ports. This paper especially analyzes the solutions of Directive 2010/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the official application procedure on reporting formalities for ships arriving in and/or departing from the Member States ports and repealing Directive 2002/6/EC. It also analyses Regulation (EU) 2019/1239 of the European Parliament and of the Council on establishing a European Maritime Single Window environment and repealing Directive 2010/65/EU. The reasons for the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2019/1239 shall be specifically explained. In the last part of the paper, the authors review the achievements of the Republic of Croatia in implementing measures for establishing a single national Window. By comparing the solutions contained in EU regulations and Croatian by-laws, the authors point to the existence of non-compliance and to the need for further action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to find alternative method of executing reimbursement loan, as a form of documentary loan, that is, to investigate new digital technology methods (fintech) to improve the efficiency of the international exchange. Reimbursement loans are often used to credit the trade of overseas goods. The reason of such case is that the shipment of goods by the maritime transport requires a significant amount of time and those trades are often associated with high financial amounts. Since international trade (exchange) is a kind of a generator of society’s progress, it is necessary to explore the possibilities for making international payment cheaper, more efficient and more secure. In this case, we based our research on the implementation of modern technologies, more precisely “blockchain”/DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) and “smart contracts”. The new reimbursement loan model presented in the paper is based on the aforementioned technologies. It could potentially change not only the documentary lending techniques, but also, eventually, overall financial paradigm. The effectiveness of the application of modern technologies is proven comparing the results of the so called conventional and unconventional reimbursement credit model on a real case involving two companies in Indonesia and Singapore. The paper also tackles on the further implementation of “smart contract” technology and “blockchain”/DLT, thus considering the potential impact of these technologies on overseas trade, credit markets and financial institutions. Finally, the paper argues on the limitations in implementing this new technique (e.g. legal, political and technical challenges). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Port of Split is one of the busiest marine traffic regions in the Adriatic Sea and the third largest passenger port in the Mediterranean. A significant number of the ships is going in and out of the Port, creating a major impact to the environment in the area. That impact is created mostly by emissions from ships, which can be divided into greenhouse gases (predominantly Carbon dioxide – CO2 ) and the pollutants (Nitrogen oxides – NOX, Sulphur oxides – SOX, Particulate matter – PM and Volatile organic compounds – VOC). This paper is presenting emission inventory of international marine traffic in the Port of Split for the year 2017, which amounts to 19065.8 tons of CO2, 12 tons of SOX, 11.7 tons of PM, 14.6 tons of VOC and 338.7 tons of NOX. Emissions are presented in groups according to type of ships, thus enabling comparison of emissions coming from cargo and passenger traffic. Cruise ships activity in the Port of Split during 2018 is added to the paper to highlight the increase of the traffic and consequently emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime industry is one of the most globally connected industries that include transportation of numerous types of goods and documents across the world. With that said, it is safe to say that abundance of financial and paper-trail transactions are made every day in order for goods to be transported from one place to another. The scope of this paper is to show that by implementing blockchain technology savings in time and money could be generated. This paper presents costs of container freights and rates in the last few years and assumes possible future costs of container freights and rates if blockchain based technology is implemented. Additionally, by using comparative method economical and time value of “traditional” bill of lading is compared with a blockchain bill of lading solution. It is also important to mention the potential impact of the blockchain technology on the world environment and ecology by reducing global paper consumption and emissions from vehicles that are used in the transportation process. This paper also gives a descriptive and comprehensive overview of current and future applications of blockchain technology in maritime industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the legislation related to concessions on maritime domains and indicates the need to adjust certain legal provisions to improve the quality of the concession granting procedure. The object of this paper is to indicate the issues in determining the real value of a concession fee in the process of preparing a feasibility study for granting the concession, and to give a scientific contribution by proposing procedures and measures, which can enable setting more precise concession fee values. Using the methods of comparison, analysis, and synthesis, authors prove that in the process of preparing a feasibility study for granting the concession it is not possible to assess the real value of the concession and concession fee with certainty, as it is necessary to estimate economic sizes in the long term. Each concession contract, lasting longer than five years, should be subject to a peer review owing to changes in economic, political, demographic, and other indicators, and if necessary, the value of concession fee should be adjusted accordingly. The authors explain the stated imprecision in the estimate of economic indicators by the index of uncertainty of economic policies, and with the inability of long-term forecasting of potential economic crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives an overview of the real system as a multiphase single server queuing problem, which is a rare case in papers dealing with the application of the queueing theory. The methodological and scientific contribution of this paper is primarily in setting up the model of the real problem applying the multiphase queueing theory. The research of service system at Rijeka Airport may allow the airport to be more competitive by increasing service quality. The existing performance measures have been evaluated in order to improve Rijeka Airport queueing system, as a record number of passengers is to be expected in the next few years. Performance indicators have pointed out how the system handles congestion. The research is also focused on defining potential bottlenecks and comparing the results with IATA guidelines in terms of maximum waiting times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary studies of economic inequality and poverty emphasise that their key causes are in the area of tax policy, labour force policy, and employment, and the causes that are being pointed out lately are education and educational attainment level of the population. The aim of the paper is to confirm the theoretically defined link between education and income inequality reduction and to point out that economic policy makers cannot solve the problem of inequality in society without a significant influence on public education, primarily through increased availability and quality of public education. In the second part of the paper, the Gini coefficient, the education index, and the coefficient of human inequality are used on the example of 130 countries to establish a correlation between education and income inequality reduction. The model shows a strong link between income inequality reduction (measured by the Gini coefficient) and increase in the educational attainment level of the population, increase in income, but also improvement of the health care system. It was found that, for each unit reduction of the coefficient of human inequality (IHDI), the Gini coefficient decreases by 9.7 points. In addition to research limitations and the proposal of future research, the conclusion proposes the opportunities and measures for increasing the educational attainment level of the population in order to reduce income inequality. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of tertiary maritime education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing an efficient information sharing network among national agencies in maritime domain is of essential importance in enhancing the operational performance, increasing the situational awareness and enabling interoperability among all involved maritime surveillance assets. Based on various data-driven technologies and sources, the EU initiative of Common Information Sharing Environment (CISE), enables the networked participants to timely exchange information concerning vessel traffic, joint SAR & operational missions, emergency situations and other events at sea. In order to host and process vast amounts of vessels and related maritime data consumed from heterogeneous sources (e.g. SAT-AIS, UAV, radar, METOC), the deployment of big data repositories in the form of Data Lakes is of great added value. The different layers in the Data Lakes with capabilities for aggregating, fusing, routing and harmonizing data are assisted by decision support tools with combined reasoning modules with semantics aiming at providing a more accurate Common Operational Picture (COP) among maritime agencies. Based on these technologies, the aim of this paper is to present an end-to-end interoperability framework for maritime situational awareness in strategic and tactical operations at sea, developed in EFFECTOR EU-funded project, focusing on the multilayered Data Lake capabilities. Specifically, a case study presents the important sources and processing blocks, such as the SAT-AIS, CMEMS, UAV components, enabling maritime information exchange in CISE format and communication patterns. Finally, the technical solution is validated in the project's recently implemented maritime operational trials and the respective results are documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea Pilotage in Croatia is regulated by the Croatian Maritime Code and the Ordinance on Sea pilotage. The Croatian Maritime Code contains general provisions on pilotage and defines non-compulsory pilotage, while the Ordinance on Sea pilotage determines what should be considered compulsory pilotage but also comprises provisions on pilotage company, pilots and Pilotage Exemption Certificate. Both of these legislations have been amended lately in order to align policies among themselves and with international and/or EU requirements. This paper gives an overview of contemporary legal framework of maritime pilotage in Croatia with a special reference to 2021 Amendments to the Ordinance. By using descriptive, comparative and compiling research method, the author analyzes the most important changes introduced by these amendments with the purpose to establish the level of alignment of relevant regulations as well as to assess if current provisions represent appropriate legal solutions of this important maritime institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marina Business, or Marina in&with Business is a new term in the terminology of nautical tourism, introduced in Croatia in the conditions of COVID-19. In other words, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the old, disorganized relationships of entities operating in and with marinas. The damaged relations during the pandemic showed all the illogic in their existing relations as well as the damage to the better results of Croatian charters and ports of nautical tourism, especially marinas. The fact that the state distanced itself from the economy and the development of entrepreneurship was reflected in the development of nautical tourism in Croatia, which developed independently in all its sub-forms after the Homeland War. Favourable post-war opportunities on the market of nautical tourism offer, i.e. lagging in the development of nautical tourism capacities and high dynamics of tourism demand, favoured nautical tourism enterprises that achieved positive business results until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. If the problem of cruising is excluded, both large world cruises and small domestic cruises, nautical tourism ports, especially marinas and charters, developed dynamically, but with the intention of doing profitable business, the problems gradually deepened. At the same time, the relationship problem could not be solved due to the good mutual business results. The emergence of the pandemic in 2020 showed the other side of the cooperative relationship between charterers and marinas, which for both subjects led to the distancing of the state in aid programs that should have been specific and not general for subjects of all types of businesses. In addition to the problems of charters and marinas, it is also necessary to consider the activity of skippers, who are of great importance for Croatian charter, which is considered the largest in the world. The services of skippers are used by about 40% of sailors, and they are an important segment for the success of the Croatian charter business. It should be noted here that in the further paragraphs of this paper the terms nautical tourism ports and marinas will be used, and this is because charter is mainly located in marinas and only to a lesser extent in other forms of nautical tourism ports, so it is also mentioned in nautical tourism ports. Thus, the relationship "marina-charterskippers" represents a working symbiosis that links it to the intention of all successful businesses. The goal of the research is to valorise the factors of the quality of business cooperation and good business relationships that ensure profitable business for everyone. The research hypothesis states that the necessary good business cooperation can be achieved through a higher level of cooperation than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A side effect of economic globalisation and new information and communication technologies is the increasing fragmentation of the production process across different countries and continents, contributing to the rise of trade in intermediate goods, which has increased to almost 2/3 of total world trade. Most of this trade, i.e., intermediate goods, are transported by sea. Maritime trade is one of the most economical but also complex ways of trading and transporting goods, requiring good coordination, various stops and controls, transhipments, storage, ICT technology to track the cargo, etc. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of trade facilitation on trade in intermediate goods on the sample of EU28 countries, using biennial data for the period 2010-2018. We estimate augmented gravity model on bilateral trade data using a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator. Our results suggest that, as expected, logistics, and in particular ICT development, has a significant and positive effect on trade in intermediate inputs, when controlling for other variables in the gravity model such as GDP of trading partners, distance, contiguity, existence of a free trade agreement, exchange rate, and common cultural proxies. Our results support the global trend of development and investment in logistics, and, in particular, new ICT technologies, which can not only contribute to the continued growth of trade in intermediates, but also help mitigate the negative effects of recent global economic shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping containers are known as a crucial equipment for global trade. Most of their lifespan containers are spending empty, being in process of repositioning or sitting in a yard. Increasing trade imbalances globally set up empty container logistics as one of the main concerns in container shipping industry. In line with that issue, this paper will analyse the roots of empty container imbalance and port congestion, emphasizing the importance of proper empty container management and challanges which appear along the way. Results of the research show that there is room for improvement while dealing with management of empty containers which primarly implies a cognition of the imbalance problem and long-term predictions as well as mutual cooperation of all parties involved. Furthermore, new solutions and higher level of digitalization will be required to succesully and efficiently handle today's challanging situations. Reducing empty container transport to a minimum is the key point, where foldable containers and container interchange between carriers can greatly contribute. Efficiency of empty container management must be reflected in increased environmental sustainability throughout the shipping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the construction of road infrastructure facilities, there is no doubt that the construction of new roads leads to an increase in the quality of transport services. A new road fosters the development of settlements through which it passes, and indirect benefits are achieved through new investments. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a method involves consideration of a project's financial returns, and most data on project costs and benefits are obtained through a relatively detailed financial analysis. Any independent variable reflected in the change results in a set share in project analysis; it is a critical variable and must be evaluated as reliably as possible. The implementation of a historical capital project in the Republic of Croatia has been highlighted in this paper - the construction of the Pelješac Bridge. Based on the transport criterion, the research has shown significant advantages achieved by bridge construction in the surrounding and wider area. The positive effects of demographic, economic, and social parameters are multiplying. The economic effects of bridge construction are highly favourable since, on the one hand, they are expressed as benefits in terms of savings on the costs of all activities from primary to quintary. On the other hand, they represent multiplications regarding the use and revitalisation of employment and natural resources. In accordance with the expected faster economic growth, the offer structure will cause a change in the relations within service activities in the direction of strengthening investments, intellectual services, tourism with all of its accompanying activities, etc. In the case considered, nonmeasurable benefits have not been quantified, although, independently from the CBA, their feasibility is fundamental. Nota bene, this primarily refers to the political component in strategic decisionmaking, such as the integration of regions, i.e., the achievement of the state territory integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the environmental footprint within a designated area is determined by an inventory of air pollutants (including toxic and greenhouse gases) emissions generated. The designated area of concern is the port of Dubrovnik, a well-known cruise ship destination, where a major source of pollutant emissions is the diesel engines of the ships operating in the port. This research was undertaken for the port of Dubrovnik in connection with the development of the national strategy and the need for determining the inventory of air pollutants. It was conducted for the last pre - COVID-19 year, 2019. In this paper, after a short introduction, the basic data of the port of Dubrovnik and the marine traffic (predominantly cruisers) in 2019 are provided, obtained from publicly available data. Next, the emission estimate methodology based on a bottom-up approach is described. The inventory analysis was undertaken from the port boundary to the PWD (pier/wharf/dock) and back. The basic equations for evaluation during cruising, maneuvering, and hoteling are given along with the corresponding data. The aggregated results are presented in the form of tables and column charts. These results show that the generation of CO2 highly dominates. Regarding the pollution analyzed NOx dominates. The results of this study could be of interest for later studies on environmental pollution in the region of Dubrovnik-Neretva County and the Croatian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk assessment links the likelihood of adverse events occurring to their consequences. Such assessment is used in labour management and trade-off determination to identify the safety and impacts associated with a particular interest. In the maritime sector, it is mainly used to raise safety standards, prevent pollution, and maintain a healthy marine ecosystem. Risk control itself is traditionally focused on the relationships between individual actions and consequences, which are later considered in groups to assess their acceptability in accordance with safety requirements. Therefore, the risk assessment for the extraordinary pollution of the Adriatic Sea as an economically important area for the Republic of Croatia are described in this paper. First, the area of analysis is defined, and a meteorological description of the eastern Adriatic coast is provided. The risk assessment is carried out in three steps. The first step is a description of waterways, and the analysis of traffic density, regulations, and types of vessels in individual areas. The second step is a detailed analysis of statistical data on accidents in the Adriatic Sea. Finally, the most probable and the most undesirable extraordinary pollution events and their impact on the Croatian economy are analysed. In addition, examples and procedures for determining risk acceptability and its control in a part of the Croatian coast are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hazards that particularly affect local coastal communities require education that is conducive to the development within planetary boundaries. The paper analyses the features of education for resilience and sustainability based on good practice and the principles stipulated in strategic documents on sustainable development issued by international organizations and professional associations. In developing the curricula for strengthening resilience, focus should be placed on deeper learning about local knowledge, on stimulating local sustainability, systems thinking, integrating teaching about the environment and responsible citizenship into all school subjects. To achieve the objectives proposed it is necessary to enhance whole-institution approach and bridge the divide between the subjects in humanities and STEM areas by providing courses which afford insights into connections between various disciplines required for perceiving local and global issues and the solutions thereto, and to implement citizen science. Resilience thinking should be embedded in planning and strategic environmental assessment procedures for a wide range of themes and activities affecting coastal area environment and its communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]