1,371 results on '"Relative humidity"'
Search Results
2. Gas-particle partitioning of low-molecular-weight organic acids in suburban Shanghai: Insight into measured Henry's law constants dependent on relative humidity
- Author
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Yao, Yinghui, Ye, Xingnan, Chen, Yanan, Zhou, Yuanqiao, Lv, Zhixiao, Wang, Ruoyan, Zheng, Hongguo, and Chen, Jianmin
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Multiple effects of relative humidity on heterogeneous ozonolysis of cooking organic aerosol proxies from heated peanut oil emissions
- Author
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Ji, Xiaojie, Chen, Fengxia, Chen, Jianhua, Zhang, Yufan, Zhu, Yifan, Huang, Di, Li, Jikun, Lei, Yu, Chen, Chuncheng, and Zhao, Jincai
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The influence of activity patterns and relative humidity on particle resuspension in classrooms
- Author
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Yuan, Feng, Yao, Runming, Sadrizadeh, Sasan, Awbi, Hazim, Luo, Hao, and Li, Baizhan
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- 2024
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5. Significant impact of water-soluble organic matter on hygroscopicity of fine particles under low relative humidity condition
- Author
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Tao, Jun, Zhang, Zhisheng, Zhang, Leiming, Wu, Yunfei, Wu, Zhijun, Nie, Fuli, Chen, Laiguo, and Wang, Boguang
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- 2024
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6. Short-term impact of extreme temperatures, relative humidity and air pollution on emergency hospital admissions due to kidney disease and kidney-related conditions in the Greater Madrid area (Spain)
- Author
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López-Bueno, J.A., Díaz, J., Padrón-Monedero, A., Martín, M.A. Navas, and Linares, C.
- Published
- 2023
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7. Dynamics of pollen-generating environment producing impact on society based on the relative humidity of the previous year and flowering synchrony
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Miki, Kenji
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
8. Aerosols in an arid environment: The role of aerosol water content, particulate acidity, precursors, and relative humidity on secondary inorganic aerosols
- Author
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Wang, Haiting, Ding, Jing, Xu, Jiao, Wen, Jie, Han, Jianhong, Wang, Keling, Shi, Guoliang, Feng, Yinchang, Ivey, Cesunica E, Wang, Yuhang, Nenes, Athanasios, Zhao, Qianyu, and Russell, Armistead G
- Subjects
CE-CERT - Published
- 2019
9. Quantifying the Impacts of PM2.5 Constituents and Relative Humidity on Visibility Impairment in a Suburban Area of Eastern Asia Using Long-Term In-Situ Measurements.
- Author
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Yu-Chieh Ting, Li-Hao Young, Tang-Huang Lin, Si-chee Tsay, Kuo-En Chang, and Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Subjects
Geosciences (General) - Abstract
The deterioration of visibility due to air pollutants and relative humidity has been a serious environmental problem in eastern Asia. In most previous studies, chemical compositions of atmospheric particles were provided using filter-based offline analyses, which were unable to provide long-term and in-situ measurements that resolve sufficient temporal variations of air pollution and meteorology, hindering the resolution of the relationship between air quality and visibility. Here, we present a year-long continuously measured data from a comprehensive suite of online instruments to investigate diurnal and seasonal impacts of the aerosol chemical compositions in PM2.5 on visibility seasonally and diurnally. The measured dry aerosol extinction at λ = 550 nm reached a closure with that predicted by aerosol compositions within 12%. However, the hygroscopic growth of particles under ambient RH could enhance the aerosol extinction by a factor of 2 – 6, matching the perceptive visibility of the public. Particulate ammonium nitrate was most sensitive to reducing visibility, while ammonium sulfate contributed the most to the light extinction. In spring and winter, the monsoon and stagnant air masses reduced the visibility and increased PM2.5 (> 35 μg m-3).The moisture was found to substantially enhance the light extinction under RH = 60 – 90%,reducing visibility by approximately 15 km, largely attributed to hygroscopic inorganic salts.This study serves as a metric to highlight the need to consider the influence of RH, and aqueous reactions in producing secondary inorganic aerosols on atmospheric visibility, underpinning the more accurate mitigation strategies of air pollution.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Ambient relative humidity-dependent obstructive sleep apnea severity in cold season: A case-control study.
- Author
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Bai KJ, Liu WT, Lin YC, He Y, Lee YL, Wu D, Chang TY, Chang LT, Lai CY, Tsai CY, Chung KF, Ho KF, Chuang KJ, and Chuang HC
- Subjects
- Humans, Seasons, Case-Control Studies, Retrospective Studies, Humidity, Particulate Matter, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to examine associations of daily averages and daily variations in ambient relative humidity (RH), temperature, and PM
2.5 on the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity., Methods: A case-control study was conducted to retrospectively recruit 8628 subjects in a sleep center between January 2015 and December 2021, including 1307 control (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 5 events/h), 3661 mild-to-moderate OSA (AHI of 5-30 events/h), and 3597 severe OSA subjects (AHI > 30 events/h). A logistic regression was used to examine the odds ratio (OR) of outcome variables (daily mean or difference in RH, temperature, and PM2.5 for 1, 7, and 30 days) with OSA severity (by the groups). Two-factor logistic regression models were conducted to examine the OR of RH with the daily mean or difference in temperature or PM2.5 with OSA severity. An exposure-response relationship analysis was conducted to examine the outcome variables with OSA severity in all, cold and warm seasons., Results: We observed associations of mean PM2.5 and RH with respective increases of 0.04-0.08 and 0.01-0.03 events/h for the AHI in OSA patients. An increase in the daily difference of 1 % RH increased the AHI by 0.02-0.03 events/h in OSA patients. A daily PM2.5 decrease of 1 μg/m3 reduced the AHI by 0.03 events/h, whereas a daily decrease in the RH of 1 % reduced the AHI by 0.03-0.04 events/h. The two-factor model confirmed the most robust associations of ambient RH with AHI in OSA patients. The exposure-response relationship in temperature and RH showed obviously seasonal patterns with OSA severity., Conclusion: Short-term ambient variations in RH and PM2.5 were associated with changes in the AHI in OSA patients, especially RH in cold season. Reducing exposure to high ambient RH and PM2.5 levels may have protective effects on the AHI in OSA patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Contributions of ambient temperature and relative humidity to the risk of tuberculosis admissions: A multicity study in Central China.
- Author
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Huang K, Hu CY, Yang XY, Zhang Y, Wang XQ, Zhang KD, Li YQ, Wang J, Yu WJ, Cheng X, Cao JY, Zhang T, Kan XH, and Zhang XJ
- Subjects
- China epidemiology, Hospitalization, Humans, Humidity, Temperature, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Tuberculosis epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: As a communicable disease and major public health issue, many studies have quantified the associations between tuberculosis (TB) and meteorological factors with inconsistent results. The purpose of this multicenter study was to characterize the associations between ambient temperature, humidity and the risk of TB hospitalizations and to investigate potential heterogeneity., Method: Data on daily hospitalizations for TB, meteorological factors and ambient air pollutants for 16 cities in Anhui Province were collected from 2015 to 2020. A distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was performed to obtain the estimates of meteorological-TB relationships by cities. Then, we used the multivariate meta-regression model to pool the city-specific estimates with air pollution, demographic indicators, medical resource and latitude as potential modifiers to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Finally, we divided the whole province into three regions to validate the meteorological-TB relationships by regions., Results: The overall pooled temperature-TB association presented an approximate S-shaped curve, with relative risk (RR) peaking at 5 °C (RR = 1.536, 95% CI: 1.303-1.811) compared to the reference temperature (27 °C). Lag-response curve suggested that low temperature exposure increased the risk of TB hospitalizations at lag 0 and 1 day (lag0 day: RR = 1.136, 95% CI: 1.048-1.231, lag1 day: RR = 1.052, 95% CI: 1.023-1.082). However, the overall exposure-response curve between relative humidity and TB showed almost horizontal line with reference relative humidity to 78%. The residual heterogeneity ranged from 27.1% to 36.9%, with air pollution, latitude and medical resource explained the largest proportion., Conclusion: We found that low temperature exposure is associated with an acute increased risk of TB hospitalizations in Anhui Province. The association between temperature and TB admission varies depending on air pollution, latitude, and medical resources. Since the effect of short-term exposure to humidity is not significant, further studies are supposed to focus on the long-term effect of humidity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Association between air pollution and outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis: Effect modification by ambient temperature and relative humidity.
- Author
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Wu R, Guo Q, Fan J, Guo C, Wang G, Wu W, and Xu J
- Subjects
- China, Female, Humans, Humidity, Male, Outpatients, Particulate Matter analysis, Temperature, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Rhinitis, Allergic epidemiology
- Abstract
Mounting evidence indicated the associations between air pollution and outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis (AR), while few studies assessed the effect modification of these associations by ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH). In this study, dataset of AR outpatients was obtained from Chinese People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center in Beijing during 2014 to 2019, and the average concentrations of air pollutants including particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM
2.5 ) and ≤10 μm (PM10 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), and meteorological factors (temperature and RH) at the same period were collected from one nearby air monitoring station. We performed a time-series study with Poisson regression model to examine the effects of air pollutants on AR outpatients after adjustment for potential confounders. And the effects modification analysis was further conducted by stratifying temperature and RH by tertiles into three groups of low, middle and high. In total of 33,599 outpatient visits for AR were recorded during the study period. Results found that a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 , PM10 , NO2 and SO2 was associated with significant increases in AR outpatients of 1.24% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69%, 1.78%), 0.79% (95% CI: 0.43%, 1.15%), 3.05% (95% CI: 1.72%, 4.40%) and 5.01% (95% CI: 1.18%, 8.96%), respectively. Stronger associations were observed in males than those in females, as well as in young adults (18-44 years) than those in other age groups. Air pollution effects on AR outpatients increased markedly at low temperature (<33.3th percentile) and high RH (>66.7th percentile). Findings in this study indicate that air pollution is associated with increased risk of AR outpatients, and the effects of air pollution on AR could be enhanced at low temperature and high RH., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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13. Quantifying the impacts of PM 2.5 constituents and relative humidity on visibility impairment in a suburban area of eastern Asia using long-term in-situ measurements.
- Author
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Ting YC, Young LH, Lin TH, Tsay SC, Chang KE, and Hsiao TC
- Subjects
- Aerosols analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Asia, Eastern, Humidity, Particulate Matter analysis, Seasons, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
The deterioration of visibility due to air pollutants and relative humidity has been a serious environmental problem in eastern Asia. In most previous studies, chemical compositions of atmospheric particles were provided using filter-based offline analyses, which were unable to provide long-term and in-situ measurements that resolve sufficient temporal variations of air pollution and meteorology, hindering the resolution of the relationship between air quality and visibility. Here, we present a year-long continuously measured data from a comprehensive suite of online instruments to investigate diurnal and seasonal impacts of the aerosol chemical compositions in PM
2.5 on visibility seasonally and diurnally. The measured dry aerosol extinction at λ = 550 nm reached a closure with that predicted by aerosol compositions within 12%. However, the hygroscopic growth of particles under ambient RH could enhance the aerosol extinction by a factor of 2-6, matching the perceptive visibility of the public. Particulate ammonium nitrate was most sensitive to reducing visibility, while ammonium sulfate contributed the most to the light extinction. In spring and winter, the monsoon and stagnant air masses reduced the visibility and increased PM2.5 (>35 μg m-3 ). The moisture was found to substantially enhance the light extinction under RH = 60-90%, reducing visibility by approximately 15 km, largely attributed to hygroscopic inorganic salts. This study serves as a metric to highlight the need to consider the influence of RH, and aqueous reactions in producing secondary inorganic aerosols on atmospheric visibility, underpinning the more accurate mitigation strategies of air pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Reducing indoor relative humidity can improve the circulation and cardiorespiratory health of older people in a cold environment: A field trial conducted in Chongqing, China.
- Author
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Guo M, Zhou M, Li B, Du C, Yao R, Wang L, Yang X, and Yu W
- Subjects
- Aged, China, Cities, Humans, Humidity, Respiratory Function Tests, Temperature, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor prevention & control
- Abstract
The changing climate is one of the most important factors affecting public health. Older people are particularly threatened due to their less efficient immune systems. To evaluate the potential benefits of short-term indoor dehumidification on their circulation and cardiopulmonary health, we conducted a random, cross-over experiment with 36 healthy residents of an aged-care center in Chongqing, China in 2020. Vapor compression dehumidifiers were used over two 48-h periods. At the end of each 48 h, we immediately measured sixteen circulatory system biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and oxidative stress; lung function; blood pressure; and heart rate. Indoor temperature and relative humidity were monitored throughout the study period. Linear, mixed-effect models were used to associate health endpoints with indoor relative humidity. This intervention study showed that when the indoor relative humidity decreased from 75% to 45%: (1) the coagulation indicators, sCD40l, and PAI-1, decreased significantly, by 58.82% and 23.50%, respectively; (2) the inflammatory indicators, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased significantly, by 4.09%, 25.78%, and 10.60%, respectively; (3) PEF, FEV
1 and FVC were increased significantly by 20.08%, 14.54%, and 15.75% respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of short-term dehumidification on clinical and biochemical measures of cardiorespiratory health in humid areas, and our study suggests that RH in the dehumidified rooms (46.9 ± 8.7%) may be healthier than that in humid rooms (75.2 ± 7.9%). Humidity may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis by activating oxidative stress and mediating the secretion of inflammatory indicators. At the same time, platelet activation induced by oxidative stress stimulates thrombosis to increase cardiovascular risk in older people. Conclusion: This intervention study shows that in a Chinese city like Chongqing with serious indoor environmental humidity, indoor short-term dehumidification has obvious cardiopulmonary benefits for the healthy elderly., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Combined effects of high relative humidity and ultraviolet irradiation: Enhancing the production of gaseous NO 2 from the photolysis of NH 4 NO 3 .
- Author
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Jin S, Kong L, Yang K, Wang C, Xia L, Wang Y, Tan J, and Wang L
- Subjects
- Aerosols, Halogens, Humidity, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Photolysis, Ultraviolet Rays, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitrous Acid
- Abstract
Free radicals and nitrogen-containing species produced by nitrate photolysis can affect various atmospheric chemical processes, and thereby the photochemical behavior of atmospheric nitrate aerosols has been attracting much attention. However, the photolysis mechanism of NH
4 NO3 and its products under different atmospheric conditions remain unclear. In this study, the effects of relative humidity (RH), pH, NH3 , ultraviolet (UV) light intensity and halogen ions (Cl- , Br- and I- ) on the photolysis of particulate NH4 NO3 have been investigated through a flow tube reactor. The results show that RH can significantly enhance the production of gaseous NO2 from the photolysis of NH4 NO3 when RH is higher than its deliquescence RH, but almost no NO2 is generated under dry conditions. Under high RH and UV light, the main product of NH4 NO3 photolysis is NO2 , rather than NO and HONO, and another main species HNO3 which mainly comes from the hydrolysis of product NO2 in the gas path was detected. Almost no NO2 and HNO3 are produced under high RH without UV light or low RH with UV light, showing the combined effect of high RH and UV irradiation on the photolysis of NH4 NO3 . In addition, under high RH, the lower the pH and the stronger the light intensity, the higher the NO2 production. Furthermore, surprising yields of NO and HONO are detected in the presence of halogen ions, especially in the presence of I- , indicating the important role of halogen ion in the nitrate photolysis. These results provide new insights into the photolysis of atmospheric nitrate aerosols, and may contribute to elucidating the formation and migration of atmospheric nitrate aerosols and the potential mechanisms of the occurrence and evolution of atmospheric pollution and ozone pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Quantifying the impacts of PM2.5 constituents and relative humidity on visibility impairment in a suburban area of eastern Asia using long-term in-situ measurements
- Author
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Si-Chee Tsay, Tang-Huang Lin, Yu-Chieh Ting, Kuo-En Chang, Li-Hao Young, and Ta Chih Hsiao
- Subjects
Ammonium sulfate ,Environmental Engineering ,Moisture ,Visibility (geometry) ,Air pollution ,Particulates ,medicine.disease_cause ,Atmospheric sciences ,Pollution ,Aerosol ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Relative humidity ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Air quality index - Abstract
The deterioration of visibility due to air pollutants and relative humidity has been a serious environmental problem in eastern Asia. In most previous studies, chemical compositions of atmospheric particles were provided using filter-based offline analyses, which were unable to provide long-term and in-situ measurements that resolve sufficient temporal variations of air pollution and meteorology, hindering the resolution of the relationship between air quality and visibility. Here, we present a year-long continuously measured data from a comprehensive suite of online instruments to investigate diurnal and seasonal impacts of the aerosol chemical compositions in PM2.5 on visibility seasonally and diurnally. The measured dry aerosol extinction at λ = 550 nm reached a closure with that predicted by aerosol compositions within 12%. However, the hygroscopic growth of particles under ambient RH could enhance the aerosol extinction by a factor of 2–6, matching the perceptive visibility of the public. Particulate ammonium nitrate was most sensitive to reducing visibility, while ammonium sulfate contributed the most to the light extinction. In spring and winter, the monsoon and stagnant air masses reduced the visibility and increased PM2.5 (>35 μg m−3). The moisture was found to substantially enhance the light extinction under RH = 60–90%, reducing visibility by approximately 15 km, largely attributed to hygroscopic inorganic salts. This study serves as a metric to highlight the need to consider the influence of RH, and aqueous reactions in producing secondary inorganic aerosols on atmospheric visibility, underpinning the more accurate mitigation strategies of air pollution.
- Published
- 2022
17. Physical and chemical properties of sea salt deliquescent brines as a function of temperature and relative humidity.
- Author
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Bryan CR, Knight AW, Katona RM, Sanchez AC, Schindelholz EJ, and Schaller RF
- Subjects
- Aerosols, Humidity, Temperature, Salts
- Abstract
Thermodynamic modeling has been used to predict chemical compositions of brines formed by the deliquescence of sea salt aerosols. Representative brines have been mixed, and physical and chemical properties have been measured over a range of temperatures. Brine properties are discussed in terms of atmospheric corrosion of austenitic stainless steel, using spent nuclear fuel dry storage canisters as an example. After initial loading with spent fuel, during dry storage, the canisters cool over time, leading to increased surface relative humidities and evolving brine chemistries and properties. These parameters affect corrosion kinetics and damage distributions, and may offer important constraints on the expected timing, rate, and long-term impacts of canister corrosion., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Smog chamber simulation on heterogeneous reaction of O 3 and NO 2 on black carbon under various relative humidity conditions.
- Author
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Zhang S, Xu X, Lei Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu S, Wu C, Ge S, and Wang G
- Subjects
- Carbon, Humidity, Soot, Nitrogen Dioxide chemistry, Smog
- Abstract
In this study, heterogeneous formation of nitrate from O
3 reaction with NO2 on black carbon (BC) and KCl-treated BC surface in the presence of NH3 was simulated under 30-90% RH conditions by using a laboratory smog chamber. We found that O3 and NO2 in the chamber quickly reacted into N2 O5 in the gas phase, which subsequently hydrolyzed into HNO3 and further neutralized with NH3 into NH4 NO3 on the BC surface, along with a small amount of N2 O5 decomposed into NO and NO2 through a reaction with the BC surface active site. Meanwhile, the fractal BC aggregates restructured and condensed to spherical particles during the NH4 NO3 coating process. Compared to that during the exposure to NO2 or O3 alone, the presence of strong signals of CH2 O+ , CH2 O2 + and CH4 NO+ during the simultaneous exposure to both NO2 and O3 suggested a synergetic oxidizing effect of NO2 and O3 , which significantly activated the BC surface by forming carbonyl, carboxylic and nitro groups, promoted the adsorption of water vapor onto the BC surface and enhanced the NH4 NO3 formation. Under <75 ± 2% RH conditions the coating process of NH4 NO3 on the BC surface consisted of a diffusion of N2 O5 onto the surface and a subsequent hydrolysis, due to the limited number of water molecules adsorbed. However, under 90 ± 2% RH conditions N2 O5 directly hydrolyzed on the aqueous phase of the BC surface due to the multilayer water molecules adsorbed, which caused an instant NH4 NO3 formation on the surface without any delay. The coating rate of NH4 NO3 on KCl-treated BC particles was 3-4 times faster than that on the pure BC particles at the initial stage, indicating an increasing formation of NH4 NO3 , mainly due to an enhanced hygroscopicity of BC by KCl salts., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Effects of relative humidity on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease reinfection in Hefei, China
- Author
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Chunxiao Jiang, Fen Huang, Jinju Wu, Wenyan Zhang, Jin Jin, Mengmeng Zhou, Enqing You, and Yuwei Yang
- Subjects
Male ,China ,Veterinary medicine ,Environmental Engineering ,Meteorological Concepts ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Hand-foot-and-mouth disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,stomatognathic system ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Medicine ,Relative humidity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,business.industry ,Confounding ,Temperature ,food and beverages ,Humidity ,Environmental Exposure ,medicine.disease ,Pollution ,humanities ,Child, Preschool ,Nonlinear model ,Female ,Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ,business ,Foot (unit) - Abstract
In recent years, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become a major public health issue in China, and its reinfection rate has been high. Numerous studies have examined the effects of meteorological factors involved in HFMD infection. However, no study has investigated the effects on HFMD reinfection. The present study analyzed the relationship between relative humidity and HFMD reinfection.We employed a distributed lag nonlinear model to evaluate the relationship between relative humidity and childhood HFMD reinfection in Hefei, China during 2011-2016. This model controlled confounding factors, including seasonality, long-term trend, day of the week, precipitation, and mean temperature.Childhood HFMD reinfection cases occurred mainly from April to July, and the second peak occurred from October to December. A statistically significant association was observed between relative humidity and HFMD reinfection with delayed effects. The adverse effect of high relative humidity (75%) appeared later than those of low relative humidity (75%). Moreover, the highest relative risk (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.13) occurred when the relative humidity was 100% and had an 8-day lag. Given the differences between gender and age groups, the effects of extremely high relative humidity on females and those aged ≥4years were higher than those of other groups and caused the highest cumulative relative risks at lag 0-9 or 0-10days (Female: RR 2.00, 95% CI 1.23-3.26; Male: RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.30; Aged ≥4years: RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.27-4.18; Aged4years: RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.20).High and low relative humidity were found to cause the elevated risks of HFMD reinfection, and the highest risk was observed at extremely high relative humidity. Early warning systems should be built for the protection of susceptible populations, particularly females and children aged ≥4years.
- Published
- 2018
20. Mapping relative humidity, average and extreme temperature in hot summer over China
- Author
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Long Li and Yong Zha
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Land cover ,Vegetation ,Enhanced vegetation index ,010501 environmental sciences ,Spatial distribution ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Latitude ,Spatial heterogeneity ,Climatology ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Relative humidity ,Urban heat island ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Air temperature and relative humidity are the key variables in environmental health research. Both of them are difficult to map especially at national scale because of spatial heterogeneity. This paper presents a methodology for mapping relative humidity, average and extreme temperature in hot summer (June to August) over China. Several data as explanatory variables were applied to random forest regression models to predict relative humidity and temperatures, including surface reflectance, land cover, digital elevation model (DEM), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), latitude, nighttime lights (NLs), as well as buffer zones of road, railroad, river system and administration center. Results based on cross-validation reflect acceptable prediction errors in estimating relative humidity (RMSE=7.4%), average temperature (RMSE=2.4°C), average maximum temperature (RMSE=2.5°C), and extreme maximum temperature (RMSE=2.6°C). Despite the strong correlation between average and extreme temperatures, significant differences exist in their spatial distribution along the latitude direction, especially in the areas such as Hebei, Szechwan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia. Specifically, social economic activity, relative humidity and vegetation tend to affect extreme heat events, and both latitude and DEM (i.e., geographical position) determine the average level of temperature. Compared with interpolation technology and statistical methods, the proposed methodology demonstrates the ability to generate relative humidity and temperature maps with finer gradients in hot summer over China.
- Published
- 2018
21. Evidence that high temperatures and intermediate relative humidity might favor the spread of COVID-19 in tropical climate: A case study for the most affected Brazilian cities
- Author
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André Carlos Auler, F.A.M. Cássaro, V.O. da Silva, and Luiz F. Pires
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Humidity ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,law.invention ,Contamination rate ,Transmission (mechanics) ,law ,Air temperature ,Tropical climate ,Environmental science ,Environmental Chemistry ,Relative humidity ,Socioeconomics ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This study aimed to analyze how meteorological conditions such as temperature, humidity and rainfall can affect the spread of COVID-19 in five Brazilian (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, Manaus and Fortaleza) cities. The cities selected were those with the largest number of confirmed cases considering data of April 13. Variables such as number of cumulative cases, new daily cases and contamination rate were employed for this study. Our results showed that higher mean temperatures and average relative humidity favored the COVID-19 transmission, differently from reports from coldest countries or periods of time under cool temperatures. Thus, considering the results obtained, intersectoral policies and actions are necessary, mainly in cities where the contamination rate is increasing rapidly. Thus, prevention and protection measures should be adopted in these cities aiming to reduce transmission and the possible collapse of the health system.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Quantifying the impacts of PM2.5 constituents and relative humidity on visibility impairment in a suburban area of eastern Asia using long-term in-situ measurements
- Author
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Ting, Yu-Chieh, primary, Young, Li-Hao, additional, Lin, Tang-Huang, additional, Tsay, Si-Chee, additional, Chang, Kuo-En, additional, and Hsiao, Ta-Chih, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Effect of relative humidity on SOA formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: Implications from the evolution of gas- and particle-phase species.
- Author
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Chen T, Chu B, Ma Q, Zhang P, Liu J, and He H
- Abstract
Relative humidity (RH) plays a significant role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but the mechanisms remain uncertain. Using a 30 m
3 indoor smog chamber, the influences of RH on SOA formation from two conventional anthropogenic aromatics (toluene and m-xylene) were investigated from the perspective of both the gas- and particle- phases based on the analysis of multi-generation gas-phase products and the chemical composition of SOA, which clearly distinguishes from many previous works mainly focused on the particle-phase. Compared to experiments with RH of 2.0%, SOA yields increased by 11.1%-133.4% and 4.0%-64.5% with higher RH (30.0%-90.0%) for toluene and m-xylene, respectively. The maximum SOA concentration always appeared at 50.0% RH, which is consistent with the change trend of SOA concentration with RH in the summertime field observation. The most plausible reason is that the highest gas-phase OH concentration was observed at 50.0% RH, when the increases in gas-phase OH formation and OH uptake to aerosols and chamber walls with increasing RH reached a balance. The maximum OH concentration was accompanied by a notable decay of second-generation products and formation of third-generation products at 50.0% RH. With further increasing RH, more second-generation products with insufficient oxidation degree will be partitioned into the aerosol phase, and the aqueous-phase oxidation process will also be promoted due to the enhanced uptake of OH. These processes concurrently caused the O/C and oxidation state of carbon (OSc) to first increase and then slightly decrease. This work revealed the complex influence of RH on SOA formation from aromatic VOCs through affecting the OH concentration, partitioning of advanced gas-phase oxidation products as well as aqueous-phase oxidation processes. Quantitative studies to elucidate the role of RH in the partitioning of oxidation products should be conducted to further clarify the mechanism of the influence of RH on SOA formation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Ambient relative humidity-dependent obstructive sleep apnea severity in cold season: A case-control study
- Author
-
Kuan-Jen, Bai, Wen-Te, Liu, Yuan-Chien, Lin, Yansu, He, Yueh-Lun, Lee, Dean, Wu, Ta-Yuan, Chang, Li-Te, Chang, Chun-Yeh, Lai, Cheng-Yu, Tsai, Kian Fan, Chung, Kin-Fai, Ho, Kai-Jen, Chuang, and Hsiao-Chi, Chuang
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine associations of daily averages and daily variations in ambient relative humidity (RH), temperature, and PMA case-control study was conducted to retrospectively recruit 8628 subjects in a sleep center between January 2015 and December 2021, including 1307 control (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)5 events/h), 3661 mild-to-moderate OSA (AHI of 5-30 events/h), and 3597 severe OSA subjects (AHI30 events/h). A logistic regression was used to examine the odds ratio (OR) of outcome variables (daily mean or difference in RH, temperature, and PMWe observed associations of mean PMShort-term ambient variations in RH and PM
- Published
- 2023
25. High relative humidity might trigger the occurrence of the second seasonal peak of dengue in the Philippines
- Author
-
Zhiwei Xu, Laith Yakob, Ryan Bonsato, Wenbiao Hu, Ferdinand V. Salazar, Gregor J. Devine, Francesca D. Frentiu, and Hilary Bambrick
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Philippines ,Seasonal decomposition ,National capital region ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,Logistic regression ,01 natural sciences ,Dengue fever ,Dengue ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Relative humidity ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Incidence ,Generalized additive model ,Temperature ,Humidity ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Pollution ,Confidence interval ,Seasons - Abstract
Background : Dengue in some regions has a bimodal seasonal pattern, with a first big seasonal peak followed by a second small seasonal peak. The factors associated with the second small seasonal peak remain unclear. Methods : Monthly data on dengue cases in the Philippines and its 17 regions from 2008 to 2017 were collected and underwent a time series seasonal decomposition analysis. The associations of monthly average mean temperature, average relative humidity, and total rainfall with dengue in 19 provinces were assessed with a generalized additive model. Logistic regression and a classification and regression tree (CART) model were used to identify the factors associated with the second seasonal peak of dengue. Results : Dengue incidence rate in the Philippines increased substantially in the period 2013–2017, particularly for the regions in south Philippines. Dengue peaks in south Philippines predominantly occurred in August, with the peak in the national capital region (NCR) (i.e., Metropolitan Manila) occurring in September. The association between mean temperature and dengue appeared J-shaped or upside-down-V-shaped, and the association between relative humidity (or rainfall) and dengue was heterogeneous across different provinces (e.g., J shape, reverse J shape, or upside-down V shape, etc). Relative humidity was the only factor associated with the second seasonal peak of dengue (odds ratio: 1.144; 95% confidence interval: 1.023–1.279; threshold: 77%). Conclusions : Dengue control and prevention resources are increasingly required in regions beyond the NCR, and relative humidity can be used as a predictor of the second seasonal peak of dengue in the Philippines.
- Published
- 2020
26. High relative humidity might trigger the occurrence of the second seasonal peak of dengue in the Philippines.
- Author
-
Xu Z, Bambrick H, Yakob L, Devine G, Frentiu FD, Villanueva Salazar F, Bonsato R, and Hu W
- Subjects
- Humans, Humidity, Incidence, Philippines, Seasons, Temperature, Dengue
- Abstract
Background: Dengue in some regions has a bimodal seasonal pattern, with a first big seasonal peak followed by a second small seasonal peak. The factors associated with the second small seasonal peak remain unclear., Methods: Monthly data on dengue cases in the Philippines and its 17 regions from 2008 to 2017 were collected and underwent a time series seasonal decomposition analysis. The associations of monthly average mean temperature, average relative humidity, and total rainfall with dengue in 19 provinces were assessed with a generalized additive model. Logistic regression and a classification and regression tree (CART) model were used to identify the factors associated with the second seasonal peak of dengue., Results: Dengue incidence rate in the Philippines increased substantially in the period 2013-2017, particularly for the regions in south Philippines. Dengue peaks in south Philippines predominantly occurred in August, with the peak in the national capital region (NCR) (i.e., Metropolitan Manila) occurring in September. The association between mean temperature and dengue appeared J-shaped or upside-down-V-shaped, and the association between relative humidity (or rainfall) and dengue was heterogeneous across different provinces (e.g., J shape, reverse J shape, or upside-down V shape, etc). Relative humidity was the only factor associated with the second seasonal peak of dengue (odds ratio: 1.144; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-1.279; threshold: 77%)., Conclusions: Dengue control and prevention resources are increasingly required in regions beyond the NCR, and relative humidity can be used as a predictor of the second seasonal peak of dengue in the Philippines., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Influence of temperature, relative humidity, and water saturation on airborne emissions from cigarette butts
- Author
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Vu Pham, Dustin G. Poppendieck, and Mengyan Gong
- Subjects
Limonene ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,Furfural ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Ethylbenzene ,Article ,Styrene ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Litter ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Relative humidity ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Triacetin ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Naphthalene - Abstract
With five trillion generated per year, cigarette butts are some of the most common litter worldwide. However, despite the potential environmental and human health risks from cigarette butts, little effort has been made to understand airborne emissions from cigarette butts. This study examined the influence of temperature, relative humidity and water saturation on airborne chemical emissions from cigarette butts. Experiments were conducted to measure the emitted chemical masses from butts using headspace analysis after the butts were conditioned in a controlled chamber under four conditions (30 °C and 25 % RH, 30 °C and 50 % RH, 40 °C and 25 % RH, 40 °C and 50 % RH) and in an outdoor environment (two sets of experiments in both summer and winter). The measured target chemicals included furfural, styrene, ethylbenzene, 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, limonene, naphthalene, triacetin, and nicotine. Results indicate that increased temperature increased the emission rates of all target chemicals from the butts conditioned in both chambers and outdoors. In addition, water has considerable influence on the emission rates from the butts. Seven of the eight chemicals were emitted faster from butts at 50 % RH compared to 25 % RH. During water saturation, chemicals with high water solubility and partition coefficient between water and air (K(wa)), e.g., triacetin and nicotine, mainly migrate into the surrounding environment via aqueous rather than airborne routes. This highlights the importance of rainfall events on airborne emission variability for triacetin and nicotine. Other less soluble chemicals are more likely to be emitted from saturated butts into air as K(wa) increases. For these chemicals, the ratios of initial emitted mass for both wet butts to dry butts and wet filters to dry filters increase with increasing K(wa). Water saturation increased the decay rate (decreased the decay time) of emitted mass measured in headspace analysis for the two carbonyl chemicals: furfural and 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, while it decreased the decay rate (increased the decay time) for the three hydrocarbons (styrene, limonene, and naphthalene).
- Published
- 2020
28. The spatial heterogeneity of the associations between relative humidity and pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease: Evidence from a nation-wide multicity study from mainland China
- Author
-
Xiaowei Yi, Zhenyan Bo, Zhongjie Li, Yue Ma, Lu Long, Xiong Xiao, Tao Zhang, Xing Zhao, Fengfeng Liu, and Zhaorui Chang
- Subjects
Distributed lag ,Mainland China ,China ,Multivariate statistics ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Hand-foot-and-mouth disease ,stomatognathic system ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Relative humidity ,Cities ,Time series ,Child ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Incidence ,Temperature ,Humidity ,medicine.disease ,Pollution ,Spatial heterogeneity ,Geography ,Child, Preschool ,Relative risk ,Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ,Demography - Abstract
Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a serious health threat to young children in East and Southeast Asia. The humidity is crucial for the survival of enterovirus, but the evidence of the humidity-HFMD association is inconsistent. In this study we investigated the spatial heterogeneity of humidity-HFMD associations and related effect modifiers. Methods We retrieved the daily surveillance data of childhood HFMD counts and meteorological variables from 143 cities in mainland China between 2009 and 2014 and then adopted a three-stage time series analysis. We first fitted a common distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) for each of the 143 cities separately to obtain the city-specific estimates of humidity-HFMD association. Then, we pooled the city-specific estimates through multivariate meta-regression with city-level characteristics as potential effect modifiers to study the reasons for heterogeneity. Finally, we applied a region-specific analysis to verify our findings and to better visualize our results. Results We found that the overall pooled humidity-HFMD relationship was shown as an approximately U-shaped curve with substantial spatial heterogeneity (I2 = 77.8%). Taking the reference relative humidity as 70%, the minimum relative risk (RR) was obtained at 45% with a value of 0.83 (0.79, 0.87), while the maximum RR was found to be at both 20% and over 85% separately with a value of 1.10 (1.05, 1.15). The spatial heterogeneity can be well explained by the climatic, social characteristics and terrains among cities. The modification effects can be roughly classified into two types, including change in the overall slope and the shape of the curve. Conclusions Due to substantial spatial heterogeneity, caution should be taken when interpreting the weather-HFMD association in a single-site study and to avoid generalizing its findings to another site. Our study also implied the existence of interactions among meteorological factors given that climatic factors can modify the weather-HFMD association.
- Published
- 2020
29. Wintertime hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of accumulation mode particles and their linkage to chemical composition in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Kanpur at the Centre of IGP, India: Impact of ambient relative humidity
- Author
-
Anil Kumar Mandariya, Tarun Gupta, Sachchida Nand Tripathi, and Gaurav Mishra
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Chemistry ,Context (language use) ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Aerosol ,Environmental chemistry ,Differential mobility analyzer ,Environmental Chemistry ,Particle ,Relative humidity ,Particle size ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Chemical composition ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Morning - Abstract
This study reported results of the wintertime simultaneous measurements of hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) and particle-phase chemical composition of accumulation mode particles using a self-assembled Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) and an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively at a heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Kanpur, situated in the center of IGP in India. HGFs at 85% relative humidity (RH) and the size-resolved composition of ambient aerosol particles (dry electrical mobility diameters of 100 and 150 nm) were investigated. HGF_85% was found to increase with particle size. The relative mass fraction of organic aerosol (OA) and NH4NO3 are probably the major contributors to the fluctuation of the HGF_85% for both particle sizes. The HGF_85% of accumulation mode particles were observed to increase from the minimum value observed during the morning until its maximum afternoon value. This study reported two maximum (early morning and afternoon time) and two minimum values (morning and evening time) of HGF_85%s. As a consequence, the main reasons for this incremental behavior were, increase in the ratio of inorganic to OA and oxidation level, f44 (m/z44/OA) of the OA within the particle phase. In context to the effect of ambient RH, this study reported two distinct variations of mean HGF_85% as the function of ambient RH. The positive linear relationship at low RH (LRH, RH ≤ 50%) was clearly associated with low OA loading, relatively higher substantial temperature, and wind speed. We also observed increment in f44, and effective density indicating aging of aerosol. However, HGF_85% was found to inversely decline as a function of RH at higher RH (HRH, RH > 50%) conditions, which clearly reflect the more significant contribution of primary OA and lower oxidation level of OA. Our results show the declining trend in size-resolved effective density at HRH conditions, confirming the above conclusions.
- Published
- 2020
30. An alternative comprehensive index to quantify the interactive effect of temperature and relative humidity on hand, foot and mouth disease: A two-stage time series study including 143 cities in mainland China.
- Author
-
Fan C, Liu F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Yang F, Chang Z, and Xiao X
- Subjects
- China, Cities, Humans, Humidity, Incidence, Infant, Temperature, Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
- Abstract
Background: Comprehensive indices have been used to quantify the interactive effect of temperature and humidity on hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The majority of them reflect how weather feels to humans. In this study, we propose an alternative index aiming to reflect the impacts of weather on HFMD and compare its performance with that of previous indices., Methods: We proposed an index defined as the product of temperature and a weight parameter raised to the rescaled relative humidity, denoted by THIa. We then compared its model fit and heterogeneity with those of previous indices (including the humidex, heat index and temperature) by a multicity two-stage time series analysis. We first built a common distributed lag nonlinear model to estimate the associations between different indices and HFMD for each city separately. We then pooled the city-specific estimates and compared the average model fit (measured by the QAIC) and heterogeneity (measured by I2) among the different indices., Results: We included the time series of HFMD and meteorological variables from 143 cities in mainland China from 2009 to 2014. By varying the weight parameter of THIa, the results suggested that 100% relative humidity can amplify the effects of temperature on HFMD 1.6-fold compared to 50% relative humidity. By comparing different candidate indices, THIa performed the best in terms of the average of the model fits (QAIC = 9449.37), followed by humidex, heat index and temperature. In addition, the estimated exposure-response curves between THIa and HFMD were consistent across climate regions with minimum heterogeneity (I2 = 65.90), whereas the others varied across climate regions., Conclusions: This study proposed an alternative comprehensive index to characterize the interactive effects of temperature and humidity on HFMD. In addition, the results also imply that previous human-based indices might not be sufficient to reflect the complicated associations between weather and HFMD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Combined effects of high relative humidity and ultraviolet irradiation: Enhancing the production of gaseous NO2 from the photolysis of NH4NO3
- Author
-
Shengyan Jin, Lingdong Kong, Kejing Yang, Chao Wang, Lianghai Xia, Yuwen Wang, Jie Tan, and Lin Wang
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal - Published
- 2022
32. Evidence that high temperatures and intermediate relative humidity might favor the spread of COVID-19 in tropical climate: A case study for the most affected Brazilian cities.
- Author
-
Auler AC, Cássaro FAM, da Silva VO, and Pires LF
- Subjects
- Brazil, COVID-19, Cities, Humans, Humidity, SARS-CoV-2, Temperature, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Tropical Climate
- Abstract
This study aimed to analyze how meteorological conditions such as temperature, humidity and rainfall can affect the spread of COVID-19 in five Brazilian (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Manaus and Fortaleza) cities. The cities selected were those with the largest number of confirmed cases considering data of April 13. Variables such as number of cumulative cases, new daily cases and contamination rate were employed for this study. Our results showed that higher mean temperatures and average relative humidity favored the COVID-19 transmission, differently from reports from coldest countries or periods of time under cool temperatures. Thus, considering the results obtained, intersectoral policies and actions are necessary, mainly in cities where the contamination rate is increasing rapidly. Thus, prevention and protection measures should be adopted in these cities aiming to reduce transmission and the possible collapse of the health system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Influence of temperature, relative humidity, and water saturation on airborne emissions from cigarette butts.
- Author
-
Poppendieck D, Gong M, and Pham V
- Abstract
With five trillion generated per year, cigarette butts are some of the most common litter worldwide. However, despite the potential environmental and human health risks from cigarette butts, little effort has been made to understand airborne emissions from cigarette butts. This study examined the influence of temperature, relative humidity and water saturation on airborne chemical emissions from cigarette butts. Experiments were conducted to measure the emitted chemical masses from butts using headspace analysis after the butts were conditioned in a controlled chamber under four conditions (30 °C and 25% relative humidity (RH), 30 °C and 50% RH, 40 °C and 25% RH, 40 °C and 50% RH) and in an outdoor environment (two sets of experiments in both summer and winter). The measured target chemicals included furfural, styrene, ethylbenzene, 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, limonene, naphthalene, triacetin, and nicotine. Results indicate that increased temperature increased the emission rates of all target chemicals from the butts conditioned in both chambers and outdoors. In addition, water has considerable influence on the emission rates from the butts. Seven of the eight chemicals were emitted faster from butts at 50% RH compared to 25% RH. During water saturation, chemicals with high water solubility and partition coefficient between water and air, e.g., triacetin and nicotine, mainly migrate into the surrounding environment via aqueous rather than airborne routes. This highlights the importance of rainfall events on airborne emission variability for triacetin and nicotine. Water saturation increased the decay rate (decreased the decay time) of emitted mass measured in headspace analysis for the two carbonyl chemicals: furfural and 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, while it decreased the decay rate (increased the decay time) for the three hydrocarbons (styrene, limonene, and naphthalene)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The spatial heterogeneity of the associations between relative humidity and pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease: Evidence from a nation-wide multicity study from mainland China.
- Author
-
Bo Z, Ma Y, Chang Z, Zhang T, Liu F, Zhao X, Long L, Yi X, Xiao X, and Li Z
- Subjects
- Child, Child, Preschool, China, Cities, Humans, Humidity, Incidence, Temperature, Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
- Abstract
Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a serious health threat to young children in East and Southeast Asia. The humidity is crucial for the survival of enterovirus, but the evidence of the humidity-HFMD association is inconsistent. In this study we investigated the spatial heterogeneity of humidity-HFMD associations and related effect modifiers., Methods: We retrieved the daily surveillance data of childhood HFMD counts and meteorological variables from 143 cities in mainland China between 2009 and 2014 and then adopted a three-stage time series analysis. We first fitted a common distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) for each of the 143 cities separately to obtain the city-specific estimates of humidity-HFMD association. Then, we pooled the city-specific estimates through multivariate meta-regression with city-level characteristics as potential effect modifiers to study the reasons for heterogeneity. Finally, we applied a region-specific analysis to verify our findings and to better visualize our results., Results: We found that the overall pooled humidity-HFMD relationship was shown as an approximately U-shaped curve with substantial spatial heterogeneity (I2 = 77.8%). Taking the reference relative humidity as 70%, the minimum relative risk (RR) was obtained at 45% with a value of 0.83 (0.79, 0.87), while the maximum RR was found to be at both 20% and over 85% separately with a value of 1.10 (1.05, 1.15). The spatial heterogeneity can be well explained by the climatic, social characteristics and terrains among cities. The modification effects can be roughly classified into two types, including change in the overall slope and the shape of the curve., Conclusions: Due to substantial spatial heterogeneity, caution should be taken when interpreting the weather-HFMD association in a single-site study and to avoid generalizing its findings to another site. Our study also implied the existence of interactions among meteorological factors given that climatic factors can modify the weather-HFMD association., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Wintertime hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of accumulation mode particles and their linkage to chemical composition in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Kanpur at the Centre of IGP, India: Impact of ambient relative humidity.
- Author
-
Mandariya AK, Tripathi SN, Gupta T, and Mishra G
- Abstract
This study reported results of the wintertime simultaneous measurements of hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) and particle-phase chemical composition of accumulation mode particles using a self-assembled Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) and an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively at a heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Kanpur, situated in the center of IGP in India. HGFs at 85% relative humidity (RH) and the size-resolved composition of ambient aerosol particles (dry electrical mobility diameters of 100 and 150 nm) were investigated. HGF_85% was found to increase with particle size. The relative mass fraction of organic aerosol (OA) and NH
4 NO3 are probably the major contributors to the fluctuation of the HGF_85% for both particle sizes. The HGF_85% of accumulation mode particles were observed to increase from the minimum value observed during the morning until its maximum afternoon value. This study reported two maximum (early morning and afternoon time) and two minimum values (morning and evening time) of HGF_85%s. As a consequence, the main reasons for this incremental behavior were, increase in the ratio of inorganic to OA and oxidation level, f44 (m/z44/OA) of the OA within the particle phase. In context to the effect of ambient RH, this study reported two distinct variations of mean HGF_85% as the function of ambient RH. The positive linear relationship at low RH (LRH, RH ≤ 50%) was clearly associated with low OA loading, relatively higher substantial temperature, and wind speed. We also observed increment in f44, and effective density indicating aging of aerosol. However, HGF_85% was found to inversely decline as a function of RH at higher RH (HRH, RH > 50%) conditions, which clearly reflect the more significant contribution of primary OA and lower oxidation level of OA. Our results show the declining trend in size-resolved effective density at HRH conditions, confirming the above conclusions., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Association between air pollution and outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis: Effect modification by ambient temperature and relative humidity
- Author
-
Rongshan Wu, Qun Guo, Jingpu Fan, Changsheng Guo, Gang Wang, Wei Wu, and Jian Xu
- Subjects
Male ,Air Pollutants ,China ,Environmental Engineering ,Temperature ,Humidity ,Rhinitis, Allergic ,Pollution ,Air Pollution ,Outpatients ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Female ,Particulate Matter ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
Mounting evidence indicated the associations between air pollution and outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis (AR), while few studies assessed the effect modification of these associations by ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH). In this study, dataset of AR outpatients was obtained from Chinese People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center in Beijing during 2014 to 2019, and the average concentrations of air pollutants including particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM
- Published
- 2022
37. Effect of wind speed and relative humidity on atmospheric dust concentrations in semi-arid climates
- Author
-
Janae Csavina, Omar Felix, A. Eduardo Sáez, Jason P. Field, Alba Yadira Corral-Avitia, and Eric A. Betterton
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Wind ,Atmospheric sciences ,complex mixtures ,Article ,Wind speed ,Dust storm ,Environmental Chemistry ,Relative humidity ,Mexico ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Air Pollutants ,Atmosphere ,Elevation ,food and beverages ,Dust ,Humidity ,Particulates ,Pollution ,Arid ,humanities ,respiratory tract diseases ,Aerosol ,Apparent temperature ,Models, Chemical ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Desert Climate ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Atmospheric particulate have deleterious impacts on human health. Predicting dust and aerosol emission and transport would be helpful to reduce harmful impacts but, despite numerous studies, prediction of dust events and contaminant transport in dust remains challenging. In this work, we show that relative humidity and wind speed are both determinants in atmospheric dust concentration. Observations of atmospheric dust concentrations in Green Valley, AZ, USA, and Juárez, Chihuahua, México, show that PM10 concentrations are not directly correlated with wind speed or relative humidity separately. However, selecting the data for high wind speeds (> 4 m/s at 10 m elevation), a definite trend is observed between dust concentration and relative humidity: dust concentration increases with relative humidity, reaching a maximum around 25% and it subsequently decreases with relative humidity. Models for dust storm forecasting may be improved by utilizing atmospheric humidity and wind speed as main drivers for dust generation and transport.
- Published
- 2014
38. Smog chamber simulation on heterogeneous reaction of O3 and NO2 on black carbon under various relative humidity conditions
- Author
-
Si Zhang, Xinbei Xu, Yali Lei, Dapeng Li, Yiqian Wang, Shijie Liu, Can Wu, Shuangshuang Ge, and Gehui Wang
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal - Published
- 2022
39. A monsoon-related 174-year relative humidity record from tree-ring δ18O in the Yaoshan region, eastern central China.
- Author
-
Liu, Yu, Liu, Han, Song, Huiming, Li, Qiang, Burr, George S., Wang, Lu, and Hu, Sile
- Subjects
- *
HUMIDITY , *MONSOONS , *OXYGEN isotopes , *OCEAN temperature , *METEOROLOGICAL precipitation ,YAO Mound (China) - Abstract
The authors present a time series of tree-ring cellulose stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ 18 O) constructed using a numerical mixing method, from five Pinus tabulaeformis from Yaoshan, eastern central China. The time series is synchronous with the observed April-to-September precipitation δ 18 O time series records from surrounding stations, implying that the tree-ring δ 18 O signals reflect Asian summer monsoon-related precipitation. Moreover, significant correlations were detected between the tree-ring δ 18 O records and central-eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SSTs)/Asian summer monsoon indices. This suggests that the Yaoshan tree-ring δ 18 O time series offers a promising means to study past Asian summer monsoons and ENSO variability. The time series is significantly correlated with the mean relative humidity from April to September ( RH AS ) ( r = − 0.638, n = 52, p < 0.0001) over the Yaoshan region. The authors assign a transfer function to the reconstruct the RH AS time series from 1835 to 2008. The mean value of RH AS over the period 1870–1890 is the lowest observed value during the past 174 years, implying severe drought at that time. From 1930 to 2008, an obvious drying trend in the Yaoshan region is observed. Particularly from 1985 to 2008, frequent, extremely dry years occurred, with few extremely wet years. The drying trend is consistent with decreasing Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the Loess Plateau over the past 60 years. The acidification implied by this data extends well beyond the vicinity of Yaoshan and may be expected to impact the entire monsoonal region in northern China. A multi-taper spectral analysis and an ensemble empirical mode decomposition EEMD of the time series indicate 14.6–12.4 and 6.4–2.3 year cycles in the reconstructed RH AS time series during the past 174 years, which correspond with solar cycles and ENSO cycles, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Non-linear effects of mean temperature and relative humidity on dengue incidence in Guangzhou, China.
- Author
-
Wu, Xiaocheng, Lang, Lingling, Ma, Wenjun, Song, Tie, Kang, Min, He, Jianfeng, Zhang, Yonghui, Lu, Liang, Lin, Hualiang, and Ling, Li
- Subjects
- *
DENGUE , *HUMIDITY , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *RAINFALL , *ARBOVIRUS diseases - Abstract
Background Dengue fever is an important infectious disease in Guangzhou, China; previous studies on the effects of weather factors on the incidence of dengue fever did not consider the linearity of the associations. Methods This study evaluated the effects of daily mean temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on the incidence of dengue fever. A generalized additive model with splines smoothing function was performed to examine the effects of daily mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall on incidence of dengue fever during 2006–2014. Results Our analysis detected a non-linear effect of mean, minimum and maximum temperatures and relative humidity on dengue fever with the thresholds at 28 °C, 23 °C and 32 °C for daily mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, 76% for relative humidity, respectively. Below the thresholds, there was a significant positive effect, the excess risk in dengue fever for each 1 °C in the mean temperature at lag7–14 days was 10.21%, (95% CI: 6.62% to 13.92%), 7.10% (95% CI: 4.99%, 9.26%) for 1 °C increase in daily minimum temperature in lag 11 days, and 2.27% (95% CI: 0.84%, 3.72%) for 1 °C increase in daily maximum temperature in lag 10 days; and each 1% increase in relative humidity of lag7–14 days was associated with 1.95% (95% CI: 1.21% to 2.69%) in risk of dengue fever. Conclusions Future prevention and control measures and epidemiology studies on dengue fever should consider these weather factors based on their exposure-response relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Mapping relative humidity, average and extreme temperature in hot summer over China.
- Author
-
Li, Long and Zha, Yong
- Subjects
- *
HUMIDITY , *ENVIRONMENTAL health , *ECOLOGICAL heterogeneity , *RANDOM forest algorithms , *REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Air temperature and relative humidity are the key variables in environmental health research. Both of them are difficult to map especially at national scale because of spatial heterogeneity. This paper presents a methodology for mapping relative humidity, average and extreme temperature in hot summer (June to August) over China. Several data as explanatory variables were applied to random forest regression models to predict relative humidity and temperatures, including surface reflectance, land cover, digital elevation model (DEM), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), latitude, nighttime lights (NLs), as well as buffer zones of road, railroad, river system and administration center. Results based on cross-validation reflect acceptable prediction errors in estimating relative humidity (RMSE = 7.4%), average temperature (RMSE = 2.4 °C), average maximum temperature (RMSE = 2.5 °C), and extreme maximum temperature (RMSE = 2.6 °C). Despite the strong correlation between average and extreme temperatures, significant differences exist in their spatial distribution along the latitude direction, especially in the areas such as Hebei, Szechwan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia. Specifically, social economic activity, relative humidity and vegetation tend to affect extreme heat events, and both latitude and DEM (i.e., geographical position) determine the average level of temperature. Compared with interpolation technology and statistical methods, the proposed methodology demonstrates the ability to generate relative humidity and temperature maps with finer gradients in hot summer over China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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42. A time-series study of the association of rainfall, relative humidity and ambient temperature with hospitalizations for rotavirus and norovirus infection among children in Hong Kong.
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Wang, Pin, Goggins, William B., and Chan, Emily Y.Y.
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RAINFALL , *HUMIDITY , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature , *ROTAVIRUS diseases , *NOROVIRUS diseases , *CHILDREN , *HOSPITAL care , *TIME series analysis - Abstract
Abstract Background Rotavirus and norovirus are infectious pathogens primarily affecting children under 5 years old. The impact of rainfall on diarrheal diseases remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the association between short-term variation in rainfall, temperature and humidity, and rotavirus and norovirus hospitalizations among young children in Hong Kong. Methods Generalized additive negative binomial regression models with distributed lag non-linear terms, were fit with daily counts of hospital admissions due to rotavirus and norovirus infection as the outcomes and daily total rainfall and other meteorological variables as predictors, adjusting for seasonality and trend. Results Generally, greater rainfall was associated with fewer rotavirus, but more norovirus hospitalizations. Extreme precipitation (99.5 mm, 99th percentile) was found to be associated with 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.79) and 1.93 (95% CI 1.21–3.09) times the risk of hospitalization due to rotavirus and norovirus infection respectively, relative to trace rainfall. Stronger associations were observed in winter for rotavirus and in summer for norovirus. The duration of association with rotavirus was notably longer than norovirus. Higher temperatures were found to be associated with fewer hospitalizations for both rotavirus and norovirus infection, while higher relative humidity was generally associated with more norovirus, but fewer rotavirus, hospitalizations. Conclusions Both rotavirus and norovirus hospitalizations were strongly associated with recent precipitation variation but in opposite directions. With the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine norovirus is likely to become a greater threat than rotavirus and thus greater precipitation may become more clearly associated with more childhood diarrhea. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Diarrheal diseases can be attributable to various environmental factors. • A ten-year time-series with GAMs and DLNMs was used to assess the association. • Greater rainfall was associated with fewer rotavirus but more norovirus admissions. • Stronger associations were seen in winter for rotavirus and in summer for norovirus. • The duration of association with rotavirus was notably longer than norovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
43. Heterogeneous atmospheric degradation of pesticides by ozone: Influence of relative humidity and particle type.
- Author
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Mattei C, Wortham H, and Quivet E
- Abstract
In the atmosphere pesticides can be adsorbed on the surface of particles, depending on their physico-chemical properties. They can react with atmospheric oxidants such as ozone but parameters influencing the degradation kinetics are not clear enough. In this study the heterogeneous ozonolysis of eight commonly used pesticides (i.e., difenoconazole, tetraconazole, cyprodinil, fipronil, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) adsorbed on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silicas, and Arizona dust at relative humidity ranging from 0% to 80% was investigated. Under experimental conditions, only cyprodinil, deltamethrin, permethrin and pendimethalin were degraded by ozone. Second-order kinetic constants calculated for the pesticides degraded by ozone ranged from (4.7 ± 0.4) × 10
-20 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (pendimethalin, hydrophobic silica, 55% RH) to (2.3 ± 0.4) × 10-17 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (cyprodinil, Arizona dust, 0% RH). Results obtained can contribute to a better understanding of the atmospheric fate of pesticides in the particulate phase and show the importance of taking humidity and particle type into account for the determination of pesticides atmospheric half-lives., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2018
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44. A monsoon-related 174-year relative humidity record from tree-ring δ18O in the Yaoshan region, eastern central China
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George S. Burr, Qiang Li, Yu Liu, Lu Wang, Sile Hu, Huiming Song, and Han Liu
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Wet season ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,δ18O ,Humidity ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Monsoon ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Sea surface temperature ,Climatology ,Loess ,Dendrochronology ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The authors present a time series of tree-ring cellulose stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) constructed using a numerical mixing method, from five Pinus tabulaeformis from Yaoshan, eastern central China. The time series is synchronous with the observed April-to-September precipitation δ18O time series records from surrounding stations, implying that the tree-ring δ18O signals reflect Asian summer monsoon-related precipitation. Moreover, significant correlations were detected between the tree-ring δ18O records and central-eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SSTs)/Asian summer monsoon indices. This suggests that the Yaoshan tree-ring δ18O time series offers a promising means to study past Asian summer monsoons and ENSO variability. The time series is significantly correlated with the mean relative humidity from April to September (RHAS) (r=-0.638, n=52, p
- Published
- 2017
45. Effects of relative humidity on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease reinfection in Hefei, China.
- Author
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Yang, Yuwei, You, Enqing, Wu, Jinju, Zhang, Wenyan, Jin, Jin, Zhou, Mengmeng, Jiang, Chunxiao, and Huang, Fen
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HUMIDITY , *FOOT & mouth disease , *PUBLIC health , *COMMUNICABLE diseases , *DISEASE progression , *EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
Background In recent years, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become a major public health issue in China, and its reinfection rate has been high. Numerous studies have examined the effects of meteorological factors involved in HFMD infection. However, no study has investigated the effects on HFMD reinfection. The present study analyzed the relationship between relative humidity and HFMD reinfection. Methods We employed a distributed lag nonlinear model to evaluate the relationship between relative humidity and childhood HFMD reinfection in Hefei, China during 2011–2016. This model controlled confounding factors, including seasonality, long-term trend, day of the week, precipitation, and mean temperature. Results Childhood HFMD reinfection cases occurred mainly from April to July, and the second peak occurred from October to December. A statistically significant association was observed between relative humidity and HFMD reinfection with delayed effects. The adverse effect of high relative humidity (>75%) appeared later than those of low relative humidity (<75%). Moreover, the highest relative risk (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04–1.13) occurred when the relative humidity was 100% and had an 8-day lag. Given the differences between gender and age groups, the effects of extremely high relative humidity on females and those aged ≥4 years were higher than those of other groups and caused the highest cumulative relative risks at lag 0–9 or 0–10 days (Female: RR 2.00, 95% CI 1.23–3.26; Male: RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04–2.30; Aged ≥4 years: RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.27–4.18; Aged <4 years: RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04–2.20). Conclusion High and low relative humidity were found to cause the elevated risks of HFMD reinfection, and the highest risk was observed at extremely high relative humidity. Early warning systems should be built for the protection of susceptible populations, particularly females and children aged ≥4 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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46. The influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on calcium carbonate particles.
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Zhang, Ying, Tong, Shengrui, Ge, Maofa, Jing, Bo, Hou, Siqi, Tan, Fang, Chen, Yi, Guo, Yucong, and Wu, Lingyan
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HUMIDITY , *SULFUR dioxide & the environment , *CALCIUM carbonate , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,OZONE & the environment - Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of SO 2 and O 3 with CaCO 3 particles were investigated at a series of relative humidity (RH, 1% to 90%) and 298 K using a diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The uptake coefficients of SO 2 on CaCO 3 at different RHs were obtained for the first time. Our results proved that high RH could substantially promote the formation of sulfate, for which the highest concentration (80% RH and reaction time of 200 min) and highest formation rate in stable stage (85% RH) were 14 times and 43 times that at 1% RH, respectively. The surface products, increment of concentration and formation rate of sulfate changed with RH which were due to the surface adsorbed water (SAW) on the particles. SAW could increase the reactive sites on the particles and thus accelerate the conversion of SO 2 into sulfite, and sulfite could be oxidized rapidly. Liquid-like water layers formed on the particle surface could enhance the ion mobility and promote the aggregation of CaSO 4 hydrates, which could expose more reactive sites and result in additional adsorption of SO 2 . Piecewise equations of uptake coefficient with RH were given and could be referred by model simulation. The results are of importance in understanding the explosive growth of sulfate during severe haze episodes accompanied with high RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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47. Impact of relative humidity on visibility degradation during a haze event: A case study.
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Deng, Hua, Tan, Haobo, Li, Fei, Cai, Mingfu, Chan, P.W., Xu, Hanbing, Huang, Xiaoying, and Wu, Dui
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HUMIDITY , *BIODEGRADATION , *ATMOSPHERIC aerosols , *LIGHT scattering , *WATER analysis , *NEPHELOMETRY - Abstract
Light scattering of aerosols depends on ambient relative humidity (RH) since hygroscopic particles absorb significant water at high RH, and this results in low visibility. This paper used custom-made parallel nephelometers (PNEPs) to measure aerosol light scattering enhancement factor ƒ(RH), and utilized data including visibility, PM 2.5 , black carbon, water-soluble ions mass concentrations and surface meteorological parameters, in conjunction with background weather conditions, to analyze a haze event in Guangzhou during 8th–15th Dec. 2013. Unfavorable weather conditions, such as high RH and low wind speed, were observed during the haze event. The hourly average mass concentration of PM 2.5 was 127 μg/m 3 , with concentration of 192.4 μg/m 3 on 9th and 196 μg/m 3 on 13th. The ƒ(RH) did not exhibit significant changes during this haze process, with value of ƒ(80%) = 1.58 ± 0.07. Although the mass fraction of water-soluble ions to PM 2.5 decreased after 12th Dec., the aerosol hygroscopicity might not have changed significantly since the mass fraction of nitrate became more dominant, which has stronger ability to take up water. The best-fitted parameterized function for ƒ(RH) is ƒ(RH) = 0.731 + 0.1375 ∗ (1 – RH / 100) − 1 + 0.00719 ∗ (1 – RH / 100) − 2 . Combining the fixed parameterization of ƒ(RH) above, the visibility was calculated with the measured light scattering and absorption coefficient of particles and gas under dry condition, as well as ambient RH. The predicted visibility range agrees well with the measurements without precipitation. Using ISORROPIA II model, the calculated aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) at ambient RH varied consistently with the PM 2.5 under lower RH, while it was more influenced by high RH. This work also show that high RH accompanied with precipitation will enhance aerosol hygroscopic growth effect, leading to further visibility degradation, even if PM 2.5 mass decreased due to precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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48. Effect of wind speed and relative humidity on atmospheric dust concentrations in semi-arid climates.
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Csavina, Janae, Field, Jason, Félix, Omar, Corral-Avitia, Alba Y., Sáez, A. Eduardo, and Betterton, Eric A.
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WIND speed , *HUMIDITY , *DUST , *ARID regions , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *DUST storms - Abstract
Abstract: Atmospheric particulate have deleterious impacts on human health. Predicting dust and aerosol emission and transport would be helpful to reduce harmful impacts but, despite numerous studies, prediction of dust events and contaminant transport in dust remains challenging. In this work, we show that relative humidity and wind speed are both determinants in atmospheric dust concentration. Observations of atmospheric dust concentrations in Green Valley, AZ, USA, and Juárez, Chihuahua, México, show that PM10 concentrations are not directly correlated with wind speed or relative humidity separately. However, selecting the data for high wind speeds (>4m/s at 10m elevation), a definite trend is observed between dust concentration and relative humidity: dust concentration increases with relative humidity, reaching a maximum around 25% and it subsequently decreases with relative humidity. Models for dust storm forecasting may be improved by utilizing atmospheric humidity and wind speed as main drivers for dust generation and transport. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
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49. Photocatalytic oxidation of indoor toluene: Process risk analysis and influence of relative humidity, photocatalysts, and VUV irradiation
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Zhao, Weirong, Dai, Jiusong, Liu, Feifei, Bao, Jiaze, Wang, Yan, Yang, Yong, Yang, Yanan, and Zhao, Dongye
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PHOTOCATALYTIC oxidation , *TOLUENE , *HUMIDITY , *INTERMEDIATES (Chemistry) , *INDOOR air quality , *PROTON transfer reactions - Abstract
Abstract: Concentrations of 13 gaseous intermediates in photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of toluene in indoor air were determined in real-time by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and desorption intensities of 7 adsorbed intermediates on the surface of photocatalysts were detected by temperature‐programmed desorption‐mass spectrometry. Effects of relative humidity (RH), photocatalysts, and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation on the distribution and category of the intermediates and health risk influence index (η) were investigated. RH enhances the formation rate of hydroxide radicals, leading to more intermediates with higher oxidation states in gas phase. N doping promotes the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes and enhances PCO activity accordingly. VUV irradiation results in higher mineralization rate and more intermediates with higher oxidation states and lower toxicity e.g. carboxylic acids. Health risk analysis indicates that higher RH, N doping of TiO2, and VUV lead to “greener” intermediates and smaller η. Finally, a conceptual diagram was proposed to exhibit the scenario of η varied with extent of mineralization for various toxicities of inlet pollutants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
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50. A novel array of double dielectric barrier discharge combined with Ti Co catalyst to remove high-flow-rate toluene: Performance evaluation and mechanism analysis
- Author
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Dionysios D. Dionysiou, Jianming Yu, Dongzhi Chen, Zhuowei Cheng, Chao Li, Shihan Zhang, Jiexu Ye, and Jianmeng Chen
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Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Inorganic chemistry ,Mechanism analysis ,Dielectric barrier discharge ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biodegradation ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,High flow rate ,Toluene ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Relative humidity ,Selectivity ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A novel array double dielectric barrier discharge (ADDBD) combined with a TiO2/Al2O3-Co3O4/AC (Ti Co) catalyst was applied to remove toluene. The effects of catalyst setting distance, catalyst combination mode, and process factors (including specific input energy, initial toluene concentration, and relative humidity) were investigated in terms of the toluene degradation efficiency (ηtoluene) and the selectivity of CO2 (SCO2). When the specific input energy was 65 J·L−1, the initial toluene concentration was 100 mg·m−3, and the relative humidity was 30%, the highest ηtoluene of 72% and SCO2 of 44% could be achieved with TiO2/Al2O3 10 cm and Co3O4/AC 20 cm downstream of the ADDBD. Based on the determination of active substances (e.g., O3, OH) and the catalyst activation mode, a synergistic effect of active substances and photon between the ADDBD and the Ti Co catalyst was proposed for the removal of toluene. Finally, the biodegradability and toxicity of the outlet gas were evaluated, and the results showed that the outlet gas was more convenient for subsequent biopurification and less toxic to the surroundings after the treatment by the ADDBD combined with the Ti Co catalyst.
- Published
- 2019
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