19 results on '"Oxybenzone"'
Search Results
2. Long-term effects of embryonic exposure to benzophenone-3 on neurotoxicity and behavior of adult zebrafish.
- Author
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Moreira, Ana Luisa Pires, Souza, Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro, de Souza, Jéssica Ferreira, Mamede, João Paulo Medeiros, Farias, Davi, and Luchiari, Ana Carolina
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Fine-scale geographic risk assessment of oxybenzone sunscreen pollution within Hanauma Bay using hydrodynamic characterization and modeling.
- Author
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Doust, Shadan Nasseri, Haghshenas, S. Abbas, Bishop, Elizabeth E., Risk, Michael J., and Downs, C.A.
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Occurrence and distribution of UV-filters and other anthropogenic contaminants in coastal surface water, sediment, and coral tissue from Hawaii.
- Author
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Mitchelmore, Carys L., He, Ke, Gonsior, Michael, Hain, Ethan, Heyes, Andrew, Clark, Cheryl, Younger, Rick, Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe, Feerick, Anna, Conway, Annaleise, and Blaney, Lee
- Abstract
Abstract The occurrence of UV-filters in the environment has raised concerns over potentially adverse impacts on corals. In this study, the concentrations of 13 UV-filters and 11 hormones were measured in surface seawater, sediment, and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii. At least eight UV-filters were detected in seawater, sediment, and coral tissue and total mass concentrations of all UV-filters were <750 ng L−1, <70 ng g−1 dry weight (dw), and <995 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Four UV-filters were detected in water, sediment, and coral tissue at detection frequencies of 63–100%, 56–91%, and 82–100%, respectively. These UV-filter concentrations generally varied as follows: water, homosalate (HMS) > octisalate (OS) > benzophenone-3 (BP-3, also known as oxybenzone) > octocrylene (OC); sediment, HMS > OS > OC > BP-3; coral, OS ≈ HMS > OC ≈ BP-3. BP-3 concentrations in surface seawater were <10 ng L−1 at 12 of 19 sites and highest at Waikiki beach (e.g. , 10.9–136 ng L−1). While BP-3 levels were minimal in sediment (e.g. , <1 ng g−1 dw at 18 of 19 sites), and ranged from 6.6 to 241 ng g−1 dw in coral tissue. No quantifiable levels of 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (also known as octinoxate) were recorded in surface seawater or coral tissues, but 5–12.7 ng g−1 dw was measured for sediment at 5 of 19 sites. No hormones were detected in seawater or sediment, but 17α-ethinylestradiol was present in three corals from Kaneohe Bay. Surfactant degradation products were present in seawater, especially at Waikiki beach. These results demonstrate ubiquitous parts-per-trillion concentrations of UV-filters in surface seawater and is the first report of UV-filters in coral tissue from U.S.A. coastal waters. These data inform the range of environmentally-relevant concentrations for future risk assessments on the potential impacts of UV-filters on coral reefs in Oahu, Hawaii. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • First report of UV-filters in coral tissue from a USA coral reef. • At least 8 UV-filters 8detected in matched surface seawater, sediment and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii. • 8UV-filter concentrations in the parts per trillion (ng L-1) 8in surface seawater and in ng g-1 dw. in sediment and corals. • Octinoxate, 11 hormones and sucralose were not detected in surface seawater but surfactant degradation products were. • Overall highest UV-filter concentrations in all matrices were for homoslate and octisalate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A combined proteomics and metabolomics analysis reveals the invisible regulation of plant root responses to oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) stress.
- Author
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Li, Shuhao, Ran, Shengxiang, Downs, Craig A., Xu, Ru, Li, Qingming, Zhong, Xin, and Zhong, Fenglin
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone.
- Author
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Scheele, Alexis, Sutter, Kimberly, Karatum, Osman, Danley-Thomson, Ashley A., and Redfern, Lauren K.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Occurrence and distribution of UV-filters and other anthropogenic contaminants in coastal surface water, sediment, and coral tissue from Hawaii
- Author
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Michael Gonsior, Carys L. Mitchelmore, Cheryl Clark, Ethan Hain, Annaleise Conway, Lee Blaney, Anna Feerick, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Andrew Heyes, Rick Younger, and Ke He
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Coral ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Hawaii ,Benzophenones ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Seawater ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Coral Reefs ,Sediment ,Contamination ,Anthozoa ,Pollution ,Salicylates ,Acrylates ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Oxybenzone ,Sunscreening Agents ,Surface water ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The occurrence of UV-filters in the environment has raised concerns over potentially adverse impacts on corals. In this study, the concentrations of 13 UV-filters and 11 hormones were measured in surface seawater, sediment, and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii. At least eight UV-filters were detected in seawater, sediment, and coral tissue and total mass concentrations of all UV-filters were octisalate (OS) > benzophenone-3 (BP-3, also known as oxybenzone) > octocrylene (OC); sediment, HMS > OS > OC > BP-3; coral, OS ≈ HMS > OC ≈ BP-3. BP-3 concentrations in surface seawater were
- Published
- 2019
8. Comparative toxicities of four benzophenone ultraviolet filters to two life stages of two coral species
- Author
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Chih Jui Tan, Te Hao Chen, Ka Yan Ng, Margaret B. Murphy, Fu Wen Guo, Mirabelle M.P. Tsui, Tangtian He, Tung-Yung Fan, Li-Hsueh Wang, and Paul K.S. Lam
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Parks, Recreational ,Taiwan ,Scleractinia ,Seriatopora caliendrum ,Pocillopora damicornis ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Benzophenones ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Dioxybenzone ,Larva ,biology ,Anthozoa ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,chemistry ,Bioaccumulation ,Environmental chemistry ,Hong Kong ,Seawater ,Oxybenzone ,Sunscreening Agents ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The benzophenone (BP) organic ultraviolet (UV) filters have been measured in seawater at ng/L to μg/L levels, but more data on their effects in non-target marine organisms are needed. Corals can be exposed to BPs due to wastewater discharges and coastal recreational activities. In this study, toxicities and bioaccumulation of BP-1 (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone), BP-3 (oxybenzone), BP-4 (sulisobenzone) and BP-8 (dioxybenzone) to larvae and adults of two coral species, Pocillopora damicornis and Seriatopora caliendrum, were assessed at concentrations ranging from 0.1–1000 μg/L. BP-1 and BP-8 exposure caused significant settlement failure, bleaching and mortality of S. caliendrum larvae [lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC): ≥10 μg/L] compared to the other BPs, while none of the tested compounds and concentrations affected P. damicornis larvae. Nubbins were more sensitive to BP-3, BP-1 and BP-8 than larvae. Overall, BP-1 and BP-8 were more toxic to the two tested species than BP-3 and BP-4, which matches the relative bioaccumulation potential of the four BPs (BP-8 > BP-1 ≈ BP-3 > BP-4). A conservative risk assessment using the effect concentrations derived from this study showed that BP-3, BP-1 and BP-8 pose high or medium risk to the health of corals in popular recreational areas of Taiwan and Hong Kong. Our study suggests that future ecotoxicological studies of corals should take their sensitivities, life stages and metabolic capacities into consideration.
- Published
- 2019
9. Systematic screening and identification of the chlorinated transformation products of aromatic pharmaceuticals and personal care products using high-resolution mass spectrometry
- Author
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Xiao-Qian Lin, Wen-Ling Chen, and Jiun-Yi Cheng
- Subjects
Bisphenol A ,Environmental Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Cosmetics ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products ,Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,polycyclic compounds ,Chlorine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Water ,Pollution ,0104 chemical sciences ,Triclosan ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Oxybenzone ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Disinfectants ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are an emerging concern because of the large amount of PPCPs that is discharged and its potential ecological effects on the aquatic environment. Chlorination has proven efficient for removing some aromatic PPCPs from wastewater, but the formation of by-products has not been thoroughly investigated partly because of analytical difficulties. This study developed a method for systematically screening and identifying the transformation products (TPs) of multiple aromatic PPCPs through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). We spiked an environmentally relevant concentration (5000 ng/L) of three anti-inflammatory drugs, four parabens, bisphenol A, oxybenzone, and triclosan in the Milli-Q water and water containing natural organic matter (NOM). Low-dose chlorination (0.2–0.7 mg/L) was performed. We compared the chemical profiles of the chlorinated and untreated water and selected the ions to be identified based on the results of t-test and the ratio of signal intensities. Compound matching and isotopic pattern comparison were applied to characterising the molecular formulae of TPs. The fragmentation of the PPCPs and TPs was used in elucidating the structures of the TPs. The confirmation of TPs was achieved by comparing the retention time and fragment patterns of TPs with the isomer standards. In the chlorinated water, the aromatic PPCPs were substantially removed, except for the anti-inflammatory drugs (removal rates −5.2%–26%). Even with moderate chlorine dosages, all of the aromatic PPCPs, except for acetylsalicylic acid, were transformed into chlorinated derivatives in the Milli-Q water, and so were some PPCPs in the NOM-added water. The results of structure elucidation and compound confirmation as well as the increases in log Kow suggested that chlorination could transform aromatic PPCPs into more persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic TPs. The presence of these TPs in the effluents where the PPCPs are removed through chlorination may pose increased risks to aquatic organisms.
- Published
- 2018
10. Acute toxicity of the UV filter oxybenzone to the coral Galaxea fascicularis
- Author
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Carys L. Mitchelmore, Michael Gonsior, Annaleise Conway, Cheryl Clark, and Andrew Heyes
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,biology ,Coral Reefs ,Coral bleaching ,Coral ,UV filter ,Photosynthetic pigment ,Anthozoa ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Acute toxicity ,Benzophenones ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Galaxea fascicularis ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Oxybenzone ,Sunscreening Agents ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Coral reefs are impacted by a variety of anthropogenic stressors including inputs of chemical contaminants. Although data is currently limited, sunscreens containing ultraviolet (UV) filters have recently been suggested as an emerging class of chemical contaminants. To provide further data on the toxicity of the UV filter oxybenzone (benzophenone-3 or BP-3) to corals, we conducted three independent acute toxicity tests exposing the colonial stony coral Galaxea fascicularis to BP-3 (0.31 to 10 mg/L nominal concentrations). Assessments included daily analytical verification of the exposure concentrations, calculation of the lethal concentration to result in 50% mortality (LC50) and numerous biological endpoints to further investigate the potential impact to both the coral and symbiont. LC50s for the three tests were similar and averaged 6.53 ± 0.47 mg/L nominal concentration BP-3 (4.45 mg/L measured dissolved BP-3). BP-3 did not initiate coral bleaching or show a significant loss of symbionts from the coral tissue in this species as reductions in measurements used for bleaching (i.e. visual color, color saturation and photosynthetic pigment concentrations) were only seen concurrently with tissue loss (i.e. at ≥2.5 mg/L nominal concentration BP-3). Polyp retraction, the most sensitive endpoint of this test, was seen to be a sub-lethal behavioral response to BP-3 exposure. Using the calculated LC50 with measured concentrations from a high-quality UV filter monitoring study in Hawaii, a preliminary, conservative risk quotient for BP-3 was calculated at 0.032. These results suggest that BP-3 likely does not pose an acute risk of mortality to G. fascicularis and additional testing is required to determine sublethal impacts of BP-3 under environmentally relevant concentrations and longer-term chronic exposures. This study highlights complications in conducting toxicity tests with organic UV filters including under-estimations of exposure concentrations and provides recommendations to improve these methods for better comparisons between studies.
- Published
- 2021
11. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products, and endocrine disrupters in a full-scale water reclamation plant
- Author
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Ngoc Han Tran and Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Cosmetics ,02 engineering and technology ,Endocrine Disruptors ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Membrane bioreactor ,Southeast asian ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Asia, Southeastern ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Fenoprofen ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Water ,Pollution ,Hormones ,020801 environmental engineering ,Activated sludge ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,Environmental chemistry ,Sewage treatment ,Water treatment ,Oxybenzone ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,medicine.drug - Abstract
This study provided the first comprehensive data on the occurrence and removal of twenty-five target emerging contaminants (ECs) in a full-scale water reclamation plant (WRP) in the Southeast Asian region. Nineteen out of the twenty-five ECs were ubiquitously detected in raw influent samples. Concentrations of the detected ECs in raw influent samples ranged substantially from 44.3 to 124,966ng/L, depending upon the compound and sampling date. The elimination of ECs in full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems at a local WRP was evaluated and compared. Several ECs, such as acetaminophen, atenolol, fenoprofen, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and oxybenzone, exhibited excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) in biological wastewater treatment processes, while some of the investigated compounds (carbamazepine, crotamiton, diclofenac, and iopamidol) appeared to be persistent in the both CAS and MBR systems. Field-based monitoring results showed that MBR outperformed CAS in the elimination of most target ECs. The relationship between molecular characteristics of ECs (i.e. physicochemical properties and structural features) and their removal efficiencies during biological wastewater treatment was also elucidated. Excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) were often noted for ECs with the sole presence of electron donating groups (i.e. phenolic [OH], amine [NH2], methoxy [OCH3], phenoxy [OC6H5], or alkyl groups). Conversely, ECs with the absence of electron donating groups or the predominance of strong electron withdrawing groups (e.g. halogenated, carbonyl, carboxyl, and sulfonamide) tended to show poor removal efficiencies (
- Published
- 2017
12. Unraveling the molecular effects of oxybenzone on the proteome of an environmentally relevant marine bacterium.
- Author
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Lozano, Clément, Lee, Charlotte, Wattiez, Ruddy, Lebaron, Philippe, and Matallana-Surget, Sabine
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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13. A burning issue: The effect of organic ultraviolet filter exposure on the behaviour and physiology of Daphnia magna
- Author
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Mohamed Gamal El-Din, Zuo Tong How, Tamzin A. Blewett, Aaron Boyd, Keith B. Tierney, Danielle A. Philibert, and Connor B. Stewart
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ultraviolet Rays ,Daphnia magna ,UV filter ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Daphnia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,14. Life underwater ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Ecosystem ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,biology ,Aquatic ecosystem ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Octocrylene ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Bioaccumulation ,Environmental chemistry ,Avobenzone ,Oxybenzone ,Sunscreening Agents ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are compounds utilized in many manufacturing processes and personal care products such as sunscreen to protect against UV-radiation. These highly lipophilic compounds are emerging contaminants of concern in aquatic environments due to their previously observed potential to bioaccumulate and exert toxic effects in marine ecosystems. Currently, research into the toxic effects of UV filter contamination of freshwater ecosystems is lacking, thus the present study sought to model the effects of acute and chronic developmental exposures to UV filters avobenzone, oxybenzone and octocrylene as well as a mixture of these substances in the freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna, at environmentally realistic concentrations. Median 48-hour effect and lethal concentrations were determined to be in the low mg/L range, with the exception of octocrylene causing 50% immobilization near environmental concentrations. 48-hour acute developmental exposures proved to behaviourally impair daphnid phototactic response; however, recovery was observed following a 19-day post-exposure period. Although no physiological disruptions were detected in acutely exposed daphnids, delayed mortality was observed up to seven days post-exposure at 200 μg/L of avobenzone and octocrylene. 21-day chronic exposure to 7.5 μg/L octocrylene yielded complete mortality within 7 days, while sublethal chronic exposure to avobenzone increased Daphnia reproductive output and decreased metabolic rate. 2 μg/L oxybenzone induced a 25% increase in metabolic rate of adult daphnids, and otherwise caused no toxic effects at this dose. These data indicate that UV filters can exert toxic effects in freshwater invertebrates, therefore further study is required. It is clear that the most well-studied UV filter, oxybenzone, may not be the most toxic to Daphnia, as both avobenzone and octocrylene induced behavioural and physiological disruption at environmentally realistic concentrations.
- Published
- 2021
14. Occurrence, distribution and removal of organic micro-pollutants in a low saline water body
- Author
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Usha K. Aravind, Manoj P. Rayaroth, Charuvila T. Aravindakumar, and Subha Sasi
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Environmental Engineering ,Chromatography ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Chemistry ,Dibutyl phthalate ,Portable water purification ,010501 environmental sciences ,Mass spectrometry ,Saline water ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental Chemistry ,Oxybenzone ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,Insect repellent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A low saline backwater canal, mainly utilized for domestic and agricultural purposes, has been analyzed for the possible presence of organic micropollutants (OMP) and their potential removal was explored by multilayered microfiltration membranes. The qualitative as well as quantitative analysis were carried out for a span of one year using the technique of liquid chromatography connected with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The identification of the formally unknown compounds was initially done using non-target analysis based on the mass accuracy, isotopic pattern and MS/MS spectral interpretation. Results of the non target screening revealed the presence of 11 OMPs. Five of these OMPs were confirmed using standards; these include chlorophene (CHP), oxybenzone (OXY), N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), N, N-diethyl-benzamide (DEB) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Among the confirmed OMPs, the highest concentration was observed for DBP (244.61 ng l−1). The most frequently observed OMP in the study area was DBP while the least was DEB which is an insect repellent as well as a degradation product of DEET. The ecological risk associated with the target compounds has also been analyzed by calculating the risk quotient (RQ) and the results revealed that at the detected levels, these compounds are capable of causing low to medium risk. Low pressure (
- Published
- 2020
15. Quantifying temporal and geographic variation in sunscreen and mineralogic titanium-containing nanoparticles in three recreational rivers
- Author
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David Hanigan, Yuqiang Bi, James F. Ranville, Andrew Poustie, Logan N. Rand, Anthony J. Bednar, and Paul Westerhoff
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Metal Nanoparticles ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanoparticle ,Geographic variation ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rivers ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Recreation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Titanium ,Sediment ,Pollution ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Titanium dioxide ,Nanoparticles ,Environmental science ,Oxybenzone ,Sunscreening Agents ,Surface water ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Detection of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment is an analytical challenge of interest due to increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer and industrial products. Detecting NPs associated with human activities is affected by both the magnitude and variation in background concentrations of natural NPs. In this work, we investigated the potential release of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs from sunscreen in three recreational rivers, with a time-intensive sampling regime on one river, in order to determine the range and variability of natural, background titania (Ti). Conventional ICP analysis for total metal concentrations, single particle ICP-MS for NP concentrations, and electron microscopy aided in assessing mineralogical morphology and composition. Oxybenzone, a widely-used organic sunscreen, was measured and used as a surrogate for the intensity of recreational activity in the water. Statistically significant increases in Ti concentrations were observed in Clear Creek, CO during one recreation period, but the significance of other instances of recreation-associated Ti increases was unclear, in part due to storm impacts on the natural suspended sediment load of the stream. A comparison of three recreational rivers showed increases in both Ti mass concentrations and NP sizes occur during recreation in both Clear Creek, CO and the Salt River, AZ, but no detectable changes in the Truckee River, NV. However, size distributions were variable in background samples, which make the significance of differences observed during recreation unclear. These results underline that the release of engineered nanoparticles to a natural system cannot be detected without a well-defined background, including measures of its variability during the study period.
- Published
- 2020
16. Examine all available evidence before making decisions on sunscreen ingredient bans.
- Author
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Sirois, Jay
- Abstract
Coral bleaching is a worldwide problem and more needs to be done to determine causes and potential solutions. A myopic focus on sunscreen ingredients as the proximate cause of coral bleaching provides consumers a false belief that enacted bans of these ingredients will erase decades of coral reef decline. Instead, these bans will likely only lead to decreased sunscreen use and exposure to potentially harmful UV radiation. A closer examination of all available evidence on the causes of coral reef bleaching needs to be undertaken, including a more thorough appraisal of studies conducted under artificial conditions using higher concentrations of sunscreen ingredients. Unlabelled Image • Coral bleaching resulting from climate change has occurred worldwide for decades. • Recent in vitro studies suggest sunscreen ingredients could cause coral to bleach. • Sunscreen ingredient bans are likely to be ineffective in restoring coral health. • Ingredient bans will likely result in decreased use and increased UV exposure. • All scientific evidence needs to be considered before banning sunscreen ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. A burning issue: The effect of organic ultraviolet filter exposure on the behaviour and physiology of Daphnia magna.
- Author
-
Boyd, Aaron, Stewart, Connor B., Philibert, Danielle A., How, Zuo Tong, El-Din, Mohamed Gamal, Tierney, Keith B., and Blewett, Tamzin A.
- Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are compounds utilized in many manufacturing processes and personal care products such as sunscreen to protect against UV-radiation. These highly lipophilic compounds are emerging contaminants of concern in aquatic environments due to their previously observed potential to bioaccumulate and exert toxic effects in marine ecosystems. Currently, research into the toxic effects of UV filter contamination of freshwater ecosystems is lacking, thus the present study sought to model the effects of acute and chronic developmental exposures to UV filters avobenzone, oxybenzone and octocrylene as well as a mixture of these substances in the freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna , at environmentally realistic concentrations. Median 48-hour effect and lethal concentrations were determined to be in the low mg/L range, with the exception of octocrylene causing 50% immobilization near environmental concentrations. 48-hour acute developmental exposures proved to behaviourally impair daphnid phototactic response; however, recovery was observed following a 19-day post-exposure period. Although no physiological disruptions were detected in acutely exposed daphnids, delayed mortality was observed up to seven days post-exposure at 200 μg/L of avobenzone and octocrylene. 21-day chronic exposure to 7.5 μg/L octocrylene yielded complete mortality within 7 days, while sublethal chronic exposure to avobenzone increased Daphnia reproductive output and decreased metabolic rate. 2 μg/L oxybenzone induced a 25% increase in metabolic rate of adult daphnids, and otherwise caused no toxic effects at this dose. These data indicate that UV filters can exert toxic effects in freshwater invertebrates, therefore further study is required. It is clear that the most well-studied UV filter, oxybenzone, may not be the most toxic to Daphnia , as both avobenzone and octocrylene induced behavioural and physiological disruption at environmentally realistic concentrations. Unlabelled Image • D. magna neonates were exposed to ultraviolet filters (UVFs) for 2 or 21 days. • 48-hour UVF exposure reduced survivorship and behaviourally impaired daphnids. • Chronic exposure to 7.5 μg/L octocrylene resulted in complete 7-day mortality. • Chronic exposure to avobenzone or oxybenzone disrupted daphnid metabolic rate. • UVFs exhibit toxicity to Daphnia at environmentally realistic concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Effects of the UV filter, oxybenzone, adsorbed to microplastics in the clam Scrobicularia plana.
- Author
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O'Donovan, Sarit, Mestre, Nélia C., Abel, Serena, Fonseca, Tainá G., Carteny, Camilla C., Willems, Tim, Prinsen, Els, Cormier, Bettie, Keiter, Steffen S., and Bebianno, Maria João
- Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) lipophilic nature and widespread distribution raises concerns due to their increasing presence in the marine environment and their ability to adsorb organic contaminants, as being potential vehicles for transport and potential source of accumulation of organic contaminants by marine organisms. The organic UV-filter, oxybenzone (BP-3) is a constituent of sunscreens and personal care products, entering the marine environment either by direct contact with swimmers or by wastewater effluents. In this study the ecotoxicological effects of exposure to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics with and without adsorbed BP-3 were investigated in the peppery furrow shell clam, Scrobicularia plana. LDPE microplastics with a size range of 11–13 μm were previously contaminated with an environmentally relevant concentration of BP-3 (82 ng g−1). S. plana individuals were exposed to a concentration of 1 mg L−1 of microplastics with and without BP-3 adsorbed in a water-sediment exposure system for 14 days. Clams were sampled at the beginning of the experiment and after 3, 7, and 14 days of exposure. Multiple biomarkers were analysed to investigate the effect of exposure in different clam tissues, gills, digestive gland, and haemolymph. Antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferases) enzyme activities, oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation), genotoxicity (single and double strand DNA breaks), and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity) were assessed along with two biomarker indexes to assess the overall health status. Results indicate that after 7 days of exposure MPs with adsorbed BP-3 induced oxidative stress and damage, when compared to exposure to virgin MPs and control treatments. Neurotoxic effects were also noted in MPs with adsorbed BP-3 after 14 days exposure, while some evidence points to increased genotoxicity with exposure time. Overall results indicate that gills were more affected by exposure to microplastics than digestive gland and that biomarkers alterations are apparently more related to the toxicity of BP-3 adsorbed than virgin MPs alone. Unlabelled Image • Virgin and BP-3 contaminated MPs induce oxidative stress in Scrobicularia plana as a tissue specific response with gills more adversely affected. • Virgin and BP3 contaminated MPs exposure induce oxidative damage in gills. • Only BP-3 contaminated MPs induces oxidative damage in the digestive gland. • Biomarkers alterations are more related to the toxicity of BP-3 than virgin MPs alone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Adding insult to injury: Effects of chronic oxybenzone exposure and elevated temperature on two reef-building corals.
- Author
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Wijgerde, Tim, van Ballegooijen, Mike, Nijland, Reindert, van der Loos, Luna, Kwadijk, Christiaan, Osinga, Ronald, Murk, Albertinka, and Slijkerman, Diana
- Abstract
Coral bleaching due to global warming currently is the largest threat to coral reefs, which may be exacerbated by altered water quality. Elevated levels of the UV filter oxybenzone in coastal waters as a result of sunscreen use have recently been demonstrated. We studied the effect of chronic oxybenzone exposure and elevated water temperature on coral health. Microcolonies of Stylophora pistillata and Acropora tenuis were cultured in 20 flow-through aquaria, of which 10 were exposed to oxybenzone at a field-relevant concentration of ~0.06 μg L−1 at 26 °C. After two weeks, half of the corals experienced a heat wave culminating at 33 °C. All S. pistillata colonies survived the heat wave, although heat reduced growth and zooxanthellae density, irrespective of oxybenzone. Acropora tenuis survival decreased to 0% at 32 °C, and oxybenzone accelerated mortality. Oxybenzone and heat significantly impacted photosynthetic yield in both species, causing a 5% and 22–33% decrease, respectively. In addition, combined oxybenzone and temperature stress altered the abundance of five bacterial families in the microbiome of S. pistillata. Our results suggest that oxybenzone adds insult to injury by further weakening corals in the face of global warming. Unlabelled Image • Chronic effect study on corals combining oxybenzone and elevated temperature. • Oxybenzone affected PS II of coral photosymbionts and altered coral microbiome. • Temperature effects were stronger than oxybenzone effects. • Sensitivities were species-dependent. • Oxybenzone adds insult to injury by weakening corals in the face of global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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