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Background: Evidence on the associations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) constituents and glucose metabolism is limited in resource-limited areas. This study aimed to explore the associations of PM 2.5 constituents with glucose metabolism in rural areas, and to further specify the most responsible constituent., Methods: A total of 38,442 adults were recruited from the Henan Rural Cohort Study during 2015-2017. Three-year averaged concentrations of PM 2.5 mass and its constituents (black carbon (BC), ammonium (NH 4 + ), nitrate (NO 3 - ), organic matter (OM), inorganic sulfate (SO 4 2- ), soil particles (SOIL) and sea salt (SS)) were estimated by a hybrid satellite-based model. Generalized linear model was applied to explore the associations of PM 2.5 mass and its constituents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, and HOMA-β. Proportion and residual analyses were employed to specify the most responsible constituent., Results: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for T2DM associated with 1 μg/m 3 increase was 1.02 for PM 2.5 mass, 1.28 for BC, 1.15 for NH 4 + , 1.08 for NO 3 - , 1.10 for OM, 1.11 for SO 4 2- , and 1.12 for SOIL. Significant associations of PM 2.5 mass and its constituents with elevated FBG, decreased insulin and HOMA-β were also observed. Proportion and residual analyses indicated that BC was the most responsible constituent, in which 1 percentage increment in the proportion of BC in PM 2.5 corresponded with 1.51-fold risk for T2DM, 0.17 mmol/L increase in FBG, 2.18 μU/mL decrease in insulin, and 38.26 % decrease in HOMA-β; and 1 μg/m 3 increment in the PM 2.5 -adjusted BC corresponded with 1.59-fold risk for T2DM, 0.53 mmol/L increase in FBG, 4.79 μU/mL decrease in insulin, and 91.32 % decrease in HOMA-β., Conclusions: PM 2.5 mass and its constituents (BC, NH 4 + , NO 3 - , OM, SO 4 2- , SOIL) were associated with T2DM, increased FBG, decreased insulin and HOMA-β, of which BC was most responsible for these associations., Trial Registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). Date of registration: 06 July 2015. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)