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Inland waters are receiving increasing attention due to their importance in the global carbon cycle. However, the dynamics of CO 2 emissions and the related mechanisms from ditches remain unclear. In this study, field sampling and an incubation experiment were conducted to explore the effects and mechanisms, especially the coupling effects between carbon fractions, bacteria, and protists on carbon dynamics of different ditch levels (sublateral ditch, farm ditch, and lateral ditch) and sediment depths (0-20cm, 20-40cm) in the Lower Yellow River. Results indicated that sublateral ditches nearest to farmland had the highest accumulative carbon mineralization (0-20 cm 1.38 g C kg -1 ; 20-40 cm 0.89 g C kg -1 ), equivalent to that of farmland, followed by the lateral ditch (0-20 cm 0.84 g C kg -1 ; 20-40 cm 0.50 g C kg -1 ) and the farm ditch (0-20 cm 0.67 g C kg -1 ; 20-40 cm 0.26 g C kg -1 ). Carbon emissions from ditches are mainly regulated by SOC (36.97 %), bacteria (29.2 %), and protists (18.95 %). Specifically, the mineralization of flooded lateral ditches is attributed to protist diversity. SOC, bacterial and protistan diversity in the farm ditch significantly impacted carbon emissions, with SOC as the dominant factor, while the bacterial composition and SOC contributed more to CO 2 emissions in the sublateral ditch. Our results highlight the importance of carbon emissions from ditches, especially those closest to farmland. This study provides new insights into the construction and management of farmland irrigation and drainage in the aspects of carbon sequestration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)