106 results on '"misconduct"'
Search Results
2. Authorship Issues When Articles are Retracted Due to Research Misconduct and Then Resubmitted
- Author
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Banerjee, Taraswi, Partin, Kathy, and Resnik, David B.
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- 2022
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3. University Teachers During the First Lockdown Due to SARS-CoV-2 in Italy: Stress, Issues and Perceptions of Misconduct
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Parlangeli, Oronzo, Palmitesta, Paola, Bracci, Margherita, Marchigiani, Enrica, Di Pomponio, Ileana, and Guidi, Stefano
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- 2022
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4. On the Willingness to Report and the Consequences of Reporting Research Misconduct: The Role of Power Relations
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S.P.J.M. Horbach, Eric Breit, Willem Halffman, and Svenn-Erik Mamelund
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Health (social science) ,Biomedical Research ,Universities ,Whistleblowing ,Scientific Misconduct ,Qualitative property ,Context (language use) ,Temporality ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Affect (psychology) ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Scientific misconduct ,Original Research/Scholarship ,Philosophy and Science Studies ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Power relations ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,16. Peace & justice ,Research integrity ,Research Personnel ,Test (assessment) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Policy ,Multinational corporation ,Research misconduct ,060301 applied ethics ,Organisations ,Psychology ,business ,050203 business & management - Abstract
While attention to research integrity has been growing over the past decades, the processes of signalling and denouncing cases of research misconduct remain largely unstudied. In this article, we develop a theoretically and empirically informed under-standing of the causes and consequences of reporting research misconduct in terms of power relations. We study the reporting process based on a multinational survey at eight European universities (N = 1126). Using qualitative data that witnesses of research misconduct or of questionable research practices provided, we aim to exam-ine actors’ rationales for reporting and not reporting misconduct, how they report it and the perceived consequences of reporting. In particular we study how research seniority, the temporality of work appointments, and gender could impact the likeli-hood of cases being reported and of reporting leading to constructive organisational changes. Our findings suggest that these aspects of power relations play a role in the reporting of research misconduct. Our analysis contributes to a better understanding of research misconduct in an academic context. Specifically, we elucidate the pro-cesses that affect researchers’ ability and willingness to report research misconduct, and the likelihood of universities taking action. Based on our findings, we outline specific propositions that future research can test as well as provide recommenda-tions for policy improvement. This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement number 665926 (PRINTEGER).
- Published
- 2020
5. An Ethics of the System: Talking to Scientists About Research Integrity
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Davies, Sarah R.
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- 2019
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6. To Whistleblow or Not to Whistleblow: Affective and Cognitive Differences in Reporting Peers and Advisors
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McIntosh, Tristan, Higgs, Cory, Turner, Megan, Partlow, Paul, Steele, Logan, MacDougall, Alexandra E., Connelly, Shane, and Mumford, Michael D.
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- 2019
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7. Misconduct and Misbehavior Related to Authorship Disagreements in Collaborative Science
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Bryn Williams-Jones, Vincent Larivière, David B. Resnik, Elise Smith, Min Shi, Cassidy R. Sugimoto, Adèle Paul-Hus, Zubin Master, and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information
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Male ,Biomedical Research ,Health (social science) ,Norms ,Scientific Misconduct ,Hostility ,Misbehavior ,Scientific integrity ,Article ,Misconduct ,Disagreement ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,medicine ,Humans ,Health Policy ,Research integrity ,Dissent and Disputes ,Authorship ,Research Personnel ,Cohesion (linguistics) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Research misconduct ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
Scientific authorship serves to identify and acknowledge individuals who “contribute significantly” to published research. However, specific authorship norms and practices often differ within and across disciplines, labs, and cultures. As a consequence, authorship disagreements are commonplace in team research. This study aims to better understand the prevalence of authorship disagreements, those factors that may lead to disagreements, as well as the extent and nature of resulting misbehavior. Methods include an international online survey of researchers who had published from 2011 to 2015 (8364 respondents). Of the 6673 who completed the main questions pertaining to authorship disagreement and misbehavior, nearly half (46.6%) reported disagreements regarding authorship naming; and discipline, rank, and gender had significant effects on disagreement rates. Paradoxically, researchers in multidisciplinary teams that typically reflect a range of norms and values, were less likely to have faced disagreements regarding authorship. Respondents reported having witnessed a wide range of misbehavior including: instances of hostility (24.6%), undermining of a colleague’s work during meetings/talks (16.4%), cutting corners on research (8.3%), sabotaging a colleague’s research (6.4%), or producing fraudulent work to be more competitive (3.3%). These findings suggest that authorship disputes may contribute to an unhealthy competitive dynamic that can undermine researchers’ wellbeing, team cohesion, and scientific integrity.
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- 2019
8. Perceptions of Work-Related Stress and Ethical Misconduct Amongst Non-tenured Researchers in Italy
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Paul M. Liston, Enrica Marchigiani, Margherita Bracci, Oronzo Parlangeli, and Stefano Guidi
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Adult ,Male ,Health (social science) ,Universities ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Contracts ,Commission ,Computer-assisted web interviewing ,Job Satisfaction ,Occupational Stress ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Phenomenon ,Perception ,Stress (linguistics) ,Humans ,Workplace ,media_common ,Research ethics ,Health Policy ,Research Personnel ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socio-organisational factors Perceived stress Ethical misconduct Job insecurity Job satisfaction Research ethics ,Italy ,Female ,Job satisfaction ,Professional Misconduct ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
The relationship between stress and unethical behaviour amongst non-tenured research staff in academia is a relatively unexplored phenomenon. The research reported herein was therefore carried out with the aim of exploring the relationship(s) between stress, the socio-organisational factors which contribute to it, job satisfaction, perceptions of job instability, and the occurrence of unethical behaviour in research. 793 Italian researchers participated in the research-all of whom were working on fixed-term contracts-after being individually requested to complete an online questionnaire. The data indicate that unethical behaviours occur with alarming frequency. The stress level reported is quite high, as is the level of perceived job insecurity, both of which impact upon levels of job satisfaction. Perceived stress levels also seem to play a role in the commission of unethical behaviours, but this relationship is irrelevant when one considers the role of social and organisational factors that are known to induce it. Indeed, it seems that there are various socio-organisational determinants of stress that have an obvious direct negative influence on the commission of unethical behaviours more than the stress level per se. This research paints a worrying picture in relation to the psycho-physical state of non-tenured researchers as a result of the working conditions in which they find themselves in Italian universities.
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- 2019
9. What Crisis? Management Researchers’ Experiences with and Views of Scholarly Misconduct
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Gary A. Hoover and Christian Hopp
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Male ,Competitive Behavior ,Health (social science) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific Misconduct ,Crisis management ,Empirical Research ,Ethics, Research ,Misconduct ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,Scientific misconduct ,Skepticism ,media_common ,Publishing ,Motivation ,Philosophy of science ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Reproducibility of Results ,Public relations ,Data sharing ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Open data ,Logistic Models ,Incentive ,Female ,Periodicals as Topic ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
This research presents the results of a survey regarding scientific misconduct and questionable research practices elicited from a sample of 1215 management researchers. We find that misconduct (research that was either fabricated or falsified) is not encountered often by reviewers nor editors. Yet, there is a strong prevalence of misrepresentations (method inadequacy, omission or withholding of contradictory results, dropping of unsupported hypotheses). When it comes to potential methodological improvements, those that are skeptical about the empirical body of work being published see merit in replication studies. Yet, a sizeable majority of editors and authors eschew open data policies, which points to hidden costs and limited incentives for data sharing in management research.
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- 2019
10. Educating PhD Students in Research Integrity in Europe
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Daniel Pizzolato, Shila Abdi, Benoit Nemery, and Kris Dierickx
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Health (social science) ,Universities ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific Misconduct ,European universities ,League ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Institution ,Humans ,Research integrity education ,Duration (project management) ,Students ,Scientific misconduct ,Curriculum ,media_common ,Medical education ,Philosophy of science ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Research integrity ,Research Personnel ,Europe ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Content analysis ,PhD students ,Research misconduct ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,RCR - Abstract
No university or research institution is immune to research misconduct or the more widespread problem of questionable research practices. To strengthen integrity in research, universities worldwide have developed education in research integrity. However, little is known about education in research integrity for PhD students in European research-intensive universities. We conducted a content analysis of didactic materials of 11 of the 23 members of the League of European Research Universities (LERU) to map out the content, format, frequency, duration, timing, and compulsory status of their training programmes and the characteristics of instructors of the onsite courses. Quantitative results revealed substantial variation in educational materials among the studied institutions. This variation might be because European research universities are free to design curricula without any requirements from the European, national, or institutional public funding channels. Given the challenges inherent to modern science and preventing misconduct, research institutions should empower future generations of researchers to engage in responsible research practices. To promote integrity in research among PhD students, we provide a set of recommendations for university-wide education in research integrity for doctoral trainees based on our investigation of educational resources. ispartof: SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS vol:27 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published
- Published
- 2021
11. Lack of Improvement in Scientific Integrity: An Analysis of WoS Retractions by Chinese Researchers (1997–2016)
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Lei, Lei and Zhang, Ying
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- 2018
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12. Plagiarism, Fake Peer-Review, and Duplication: Predominant Reasons Underlying Retractions of Iran-Affiliated Scientific Papers
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Negin Kamali, Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi, and Farid Rahimi
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Medical education ,Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Scientific Misconduct ,Conflict of interest ,06 humanities and the arts ,Iran ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Authorship ,Plagiarism ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Intervention (counseling) ,Humans ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,Scientific publishing ,Psychology ,Publicity ,media_common - Abstract
Retractions of scientific papers published by some Iran-affiliated scientists in the preceding decade have attracted much attention and publicity; however, the reasons for these retractions have not been documented. We searched the Retraction Watch Database to enumerate the retracted Iran-affiliated papers from December 2001 to December 2019 and aimed to outline the predominant reasons for retractions. The reasons included fake peer-review, authorship dispute, fabricated data, plagiarism, conflict of interest, erroneous data, and duplication. The Fisher’s exact test was used to investigate the associations between retractions and their underlying reasons. We selected P
- Published
- 2020
13. Integrity in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review of Studies in China
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Kris Dierickx, Benoit Nemery, and Nannan Yi
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Technology ,China ,Health (social science) ,Social Sciences ,Engineering, Multidisciplinary ,Academic integrity ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,03 medical and health sciences ,Misconduct ,Engineering ,0302 clinical medicine ,Empirical research ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Social Sciences - Other Topics ,Biomedical research ,KNOWLEDGE ,030212 general & internal medicine ,PERSPECTIVE ,Empirical evidence ,Scientific misconduct ,Anecdotal evidence ,Academic morality ,Ethics ,Science & Technology ,History & Philosophy Of Science ,Academic misconduct ,SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT ,Health Policy ,Arts & Humanities ,06 humanities and the arts ,Research integrity ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Philosophy ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Research misconduct ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Engineering ethics ,060301 applied ethics ,Psychology ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Recent empirical evidence has demonstrated that research misconduct occurs to a substantial degree in biomedical research. It has been suggested that scientific integrity is also of concern in China, but this seems to be based largely on anecdotal evidence. We, therefore, sought to explore the Chinese situation, by making a systematic review of published empirical studies on biomedical research integrity in China. One of our purposes was also to summarize the existing body of research published in Chinese. We searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science for potentially relevant studies, and included studies meeting our inclusion criteria, i.e. mainly those presenting empirically obtained data about the practice of research in China. All the data was extracted and synthesized using an inductive approach. Twenty-one studies were included for review. Two studies used qualitative methods (interviews) and nineteen studies used quantitative methods (questionnaires). Studies involved mainly medical postgraduates and nurses and they investigated awareness, attitudes, perceptions and experiences of research integrity and misconduct. Most of the participants in these 21 studies reported that research integrity is of great importance and that they obey academic norms during their research. Nevertheless, the occurrence of research misbehaviors, such as fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, improper authorship and duplicate submission was also reported. Strengthening research integrity training, developing the governance system and improving the scientific evaluation system were areas of particular attention in several studies. Our review demonstrates that a substantial number of articles have been devoted to research integrity in China, but only a few studies provide empirical evidence. With more safeguard measures of research integrity being taken in China, it would be crucial to conduct more research to explore researchers' in-depth perceptions and evaluate the changes. ispartof: SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS vol:25 issue:4 pages:1271-1301 ispartof: location:England status: published
- Published
- 2018
14. Research Ethics: Researchers Consider How Best to Prevent Misconduct in Research in Malaysian Higher Learning Institutions Through Ethics Education
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Angelina Patrick Olesen, Latifah Amin, and Zurina Mahadi
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Male ,Health (social science) ,Universities ,Higher education ,Scientific Misconduct ,Subject (philosophy) ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Ethics, Research ,Interviews as Topic ,Syllabus ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,Scientific misconduct ,Philosophy of science ,Research ethics ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Malaysia ,06 humanities and the arts ,Research Personnel ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Intervention (law) ,Female ,Engineering ethics ,Curriculum ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to encourage and highlight discussion on how to improve the teaching of research ethics in institutions of higher education in Malaysia. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 21 academics in a research-intensive university in Malaysia, interviewees agreed on the importance of emphasizing the subject of research ethics among students, as well as academics or researchers. This study reveals that participants felt that there is an urgent need to improve the current awareness and knowledge of issues related to misconduct in research among students and academics. The results of this study indicate a need for better teaching on the subject of research ethics in order to prevent misconduct in research. Finally, it concludes with suggestions that there should be a clear definition of research misconduct, to include consequences when engaging in misconduct; a separate research ethics syllabus for pure and social sciences should be conducted; research ethics should be implemented as a core subject, and there should be an early intervention and continuous learning of research ethics, with an emphasis on ethics training.
- Published
- 2018
15. Retracted Publications in the Biomedical Literature from Open Access Journals
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Hui Wang, Wei Chen, Tao Wang, and Qin-Rui Xing
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PubMed ,Health (social science) ,Scientific Misconduct ,Library science ,Duplicate publication ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Plagiarism ,Retraction of Publication as Topic ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Impact factor ,Health Policy ,Fraud ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Authorship ,Duplicate Publications as Topic ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Open Access Publishing ,Scientific Experimental Error ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,Medline database - Abstract
The number of articles published in open access journals (OAJs) has increased dramatically in recent years. Simultaneously, the quality of publications in these journals has been called into question. Few studies have explored the retraction rate from OAJs. The purpose of the current study was to determine the reasons for retractions of articles from OAJs in biomedical research. The Medline database was searched through PubMed to identify retracted publications in OAJs. The journals were identified by the Directory of Open Access Journals. Data were extracted from each retracted article, including the time from publication to retraction, causes, journal impact factor, and country of origin. Trends in the characteristics related to retraction were determined. Data from 621 retracted studies were included in the analysis. The number and rate of retractions have increased since 2010. The most common reasons for retraction are errors (148), plagiarism (142), duplicate publication (101), fraud/suspected fraud (98) and invalid peer review (93). The number of retracted articles from OAJs has been steadily increasing. Misconduct was the primary reason for retraction. The majority of retracted articles were from journals with low impact factors and authored by researchers from China, India, Iran, and the USA.
- Published
- 2018
16. Testing Hypotheses on Risk Factors for Scientific Misconduct via Matched-Control Analysis of Papers Containing Problematic Image Duplications
- Author
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Ferric C. Fang, Arturo Casadevall, Rodrigo Costas, Elisabeth M. Bik, and Daniele Fanelli
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Male ,Risk ,0301 basic medicine ,Pressures to publish ,Health (social science) ,Duplication ,Matched-Pair Analysis ,Scientific Misconduct ,Developing country ,Intention ,Affect (psychology) ,Fabrication ,03 medical and health sciences ,Misconduct ,Sex Factors ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Falsification ,Developing Countries ,Scientific misconduct ,Publication ,Publishing ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,Developed Countries ,Health Policy ,Fraud ,05 social sciences ,BJ Ethics ,Gender ,Q Science (General) ,Research integrity ,Social Control, Formal ,Test (assessment) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,030104 developmental biology ,Incentive ,Female ,Periodicals as Topic ,0509 other social sciences ,050904 information & library sciences ,Psychology ,business ,Social psychology ,Social control - Abstract
It is commonly hypothesized that scientists are more likely to engage in data falsification and fabrication when they are subject to pressures to publish, when they are not restrained by forms of social control, when they work in countries lacking policies to tackle scientific misconduct, and when they are male. Evidence to test these hypotheses, however, is inconclusive due to the difficulties of obtaining unbiased data. Here we report a pre-registered test of these four hypotheses, conducted on papers that were identified in a previous study as containing problematic image duplications through a systematic screening of the journal PLoS ONE. Image duplications were classified into three categories based on their complexity, with category 1 being most likely to reflect unintentional error and category 3 being most likely to reflect intentional fabrication. We tested multiple parameters connected to the hypotheses above with a matched-control paradigm, by collecting two controls for each paper containing duplications. Category 1 duplications were mostly not associated with any of the parameters tested, as was predicted based on the assumption that these duplications were mostly not due to misconduct. Categories 2 and 3, however, exhibited numerous statistically significant associations. Results of univariable and multivariable analyses support the hypotheses that academic culture, peer control, cash-based publication incentives and national misconduct policies might affect scientific integrity. No clear support was found for the “pressures to publish” hypothesis. Female authors were found to be equally likely to publish duplicated images compared to males. Country-level parameters generally exhibited stronger effects than individual-level parameters, because developing countries were significantly more likely to produce problematic image duplications. This suggests that promoting good research practices in all countries should be a priority for the international research integrity agenda. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11948-018-0023-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
17. Promoting Ethics and Integrity in Management Academic Research: Retraction Initiative
- Author
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Liu Yao, Freida Ozavize Ayodele, and Hasnah Haron
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Health (social science) ,Universities ,Scientific Misconduct ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Plagiarism ,Ethics, Research ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Humans ,Relevance (law) ,Location ,Scientific misconduct ,Organizations ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Reproducibility of Results ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Research Personnel ,Data Accuracy ,Job security ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Knowledge ,Knowledge Management ,Systematic review ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,Citation ,business ,Inclusion (education) - Abstract
In the management academic research, academic advancement, job security, and the securing of research funds at one's university are judged mainly by one's output of publications in high impact journals. With bogus resumes filled with published journal articles, universities and other allied institutions are keen to recruit or sustain the appointment of such academics. This often places undue pressure on aspiring academics and on those already recruited to engage in research misconduct which often leads to research integrity. This structured review focuses on the ethics and integrity of management research through an analysis of retracted articles published from 2005 to 2016. The study employs a structured literature review methodology whereby retracted articles published between 2005 and 2016 in the field of management science were found using Crossref and Google Scholar. The searched articles were then streamlined by selecting articles based on their relevance and content in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Based on the analysed retracted articles, the study shows evidence of ethical misconduct among researchers of management science. Such misconduct includes data falsification, the duplication of submitted articles, plagiarism, data irregularity and incomplete citation practices. Interestingly, the analysed results indicate that the field of knowledge management includes the highest number of retracted articles, with plagiarism constituting the most significant ethical issue. Furthermore, the findings of this study show that ethical misconduct is not restricted to a particular geographic location; it occurs in numerous countries. In turn, avenues of further study on research misconduct in management research are proposed.
- Published
- 2018
18. In Their Own Words: Research Misconduct from the Perspective of Researchers in Malaysian Universities
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Zurina Mahadi, Angelina Patrick Olesen, and Latifah Amin
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Male ,Biomedical Research ,Health (social science) ,Universities ,Compromise ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific Misconduct ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Plagiarism ,Ethics, Research ,03 medical and health sciences ,Misconduct ,Interpersonal relationship ,0302 clinical medicine ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Situational ethics ,Scientific misconduct ,Qualitative Research ,media_common ,Philosophy of science ,Research ethics ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Malaysia ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Authorship ,Research Personnel ,Publish or perish ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Attitude ,Female ,060301 applied ethics ,Psychology ,business - Abstract
Published data and studies on research misconduct, which focuses on researchers in Malaysia, is still lacking, therefore, we decided that this was an area for investigation. This study provides qualitative results for the examined issues through series of in-depth interviews with 21 researchers and lecturers in various universities in Malaysia. The aims of this study were to investigate the researchers' opinions and perceptions regarding what they considered to be research misconduct, their experience with such misconduct, and the factors that contribute to research misconduct. Our findings suggest that the most common research misconducts that are currently being witnessed in Malaysian universities are plagiarism and authorship disputes, however, researchers seldom report incidents of research misconduct because it takes too much time, effort and work to report them, and some are just afraid of repercussions when they do report it. This suggests possible loopholes in the monitoring system, which may allow some researchers to bypass it and engage in misconduct. This study also highlights the structural and individual factors as the most influential factors when it comes to research misconduct besides organizational, situational and cultural factors. Finally, this study highlights the concerns of all participants regarding the 'publish or perish' pressure that they believe would lead to a hostile working environment, thus enhancing research misconduct, as researchers tend to think about their own performance rather than that of whole team or faculty. Consequently this weakens the interpersonal relationships among researchers, which may compromise the teaching and supervision of junior researchers and research students.
- Published
- 2017
19. Doing the Right Thing: A Qualitative Investigation of Retractions Due to Unintentional Error
- Author
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Hosseini, Mohammad, Hilhorst, Medard, de Beaufort, Inez, and Fanelli, Daniele
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Is Biomedical Research Protected from Predatory Reviewers?
- Author
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Aceil Al-Khatib and Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
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Moral Obligations ,Biomedical Research ,Health (social science) ,As is ,Scientific Misconduct ,Theft ,Intellectual property ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Article ,Ethics, Research ,Misconduct ,Bias ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,Confidentiality ,Ethical code ,Publishing ,Philosophy of science ,Manuscripts as Topic ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Ownership ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Authorship ,Intellectual Property ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Engineering ethics ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,business ,Psychology ,Editorial Policies - Abstract
Authors endure considerable hardship carrying out biomedical research, from generating ideas to completing their manuscripts and submitting their findings and data (as is increasingly required) to a journal. When researchers submit to journals, they entrust their findings and ideas to editors and peer reviewers who are expected to respect the confidentiality of peer review. Inherent trust in peer review is built on the ethical conduct of authors, editors and reviewers, and on the respect of this confidentiality. If such confidentiality is breached by unethical reviewers who might steal or plagiarize the authors' ideas, researchers will lose trust in peer review and may resist submitting their findings to that journal. Science loses as a result, scientific and medical advances slow down, knowledge may become scarce, and it is unlikely that increasing bias in the literature will be detected or eliminated. In such a climate, society will ultimately be deprived from scientific and medical advances. Despite a rise in documented cases of abused peer review, there is still a relative lack of qualitative and quantitative studies on reviewer-related misconduct, most likely because evidence is difficult to come by. Our paper presents an assessment of editors' and reviewers' responsibilities in preserving the confidentiality of manuscripts during the peer review process, in response to a 2016 case of intellectual property theft by a reviewer. Our main objectives are to propose additional measures that would offer protection of authors' intellectual ideas from predatory reviewers, and increase researchers' awareness of the responsible reviewing of journal articles and reporting of biomedical research.
- Published
- 2017
21. Researchers' Perceptions of Ethical Authorship Distribution in Collaborative Research Teams
- Author
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Katie Caudle, David B. Resnik, Adèle Paul-Hus, Elena Diller, Elise Smith, Bryn Williams-Jones, Cassidy R. Sugimoto, Vincent Larivière, Min Shi, Zubin Master, and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information
- Subjects
Male ,Health (social science) ,Biomedical Research ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Affect (psychology) ,Misbehavior ,Morals ,Article ,Misconduct ,Mentorship ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Perception ,Humans ,media_common ,Ethics ,Philosophy of science ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Publications ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Collegiality ,Transparency (behavior) ,Collaboration ,Authorship ,Research Personnel ,Professional ethics ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Female ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,business - Abstract
Authorship is commonly used as the basis for the measurement of research productivity. It influences career progression and rewards, making it a valued commodity in a competitive scientific environment. To better understand authorship practices amongst collaborative teams, this study surveyed authors on collaborative journal articles published between 2011 and 2015. Of the 8364 respondents, 1408 responded to the final open-ended question, which solicited additional comments or remarks regarding the fair distribution of authorship in research teams. This paper presents the analysis of these comments, categorized into four main themes: (1) disagreements, (2) questionable behavior, (3) external influences regarding authorship, and (4) values promoted by researchers. Results suggest that some respondents find ways to effectively manage disagreements in a collegial fashion. Conversely, others explain how distribution of authorship can become a "blood sport" or a "horror story" which can negatively affect researchers' wellbeing, scientific productivity and integrity. Researchers fear authorship discussions and often try to avoid openly discussing the situation which can strain team interactions. Unethical conduct is more likely to result from deceit, favoritism, and questionable mentorship and may become more egregious when there is constant bullying and discrimination. Although values of collegiality, transparency and fairness were promoted by researchers, rank and need for success often overpowered ethical decision-making. This research provides new insight into contextual specificities related to fair authorship distribution that can be instrumental in developing applicable training tools to identify, prevent, and mitigate authorship disagreement.
- Published
- 2019
22. Commentary: Legacy of the Commission on Research Integrity
- Author
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Barbara K. Redman
- Subjects
Research ethics ,Health (social science) ,Whistleblowing ,Health Policy ,Scientific Misconduct ,Legislation ,06 humanities and the arts ,Commission ,Public administration ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Authorship ,Ethics, Research ,03 medical and health sciences ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,0302 clinical medicine ,Misrepresentation ,Bill of rights ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Law ,Political science ,060301 applied ethics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Scientific misconduct ,Misappropriation - Abstract
20 years ago, the Report of the Commission on Research Integrity (also known as the Ryan Commission after its chair) was submitted to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services and to House and Senate Committees. As directed in enabling legislation, the Commission had provided recommendations on a new definition of research misconduct, oversight of scientific practices, and development of a regulation to protect whistleblowers. Reflecting the ethos of the time, the Commission recommended that institutions receiving Public Health Service research funding should provide oversight of all but the most egregious misconduct. The suggested definition of research misconduct was organized around misappropriation, interference and misrepresentation, which would have addressed collaborative/authorship disputes and sabotage in scientific laboratories, both of which remain unaddressed in current policy. The Commission also recommended the Whistleblower Bill of Rights and Responsibilities which would have authorized remedies for whistleblowers who experienced retaliation and sanctions against retaliators. Response from the scientific community was highly critical, and none of the Commission's recommendations was accepted. No new body has examined issues within the Commission's charge, there has been no significant Congressional or public pressure to do so, institutions have not been able to sustain standards that would have avoided current concerns about bias and irreproducibility in research, and there is still no entity in science capable of addressing issues assigned to the Commission and other urgent issues.
- Published
- 2016
23. The Acid Test for Biological Science: STAP Cells, Trust, and Replication
- Author
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Lancaster, Cheryl
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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24. An Online Lab Examination Management System (OLEMS) to Avoid Malpractice
- Author
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Abdalla Alameen, Manjur Kolhar, and Z. M. Gharsseldien
- Subjects
Deception ,Health (social science) ,Process (engineering) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Access control ,02 engineering and technology ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Malpractice ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Humans ,Medicine ,Students ,Curriculum ,media_common ,Internet ,Risk Management ,Medical education ,Dishonesty ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Public relations ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Management system ,Educational Measurement ,business ,0503 education - Abstract
Examination and evaluation are two important phases of education at any level of a student's curriculum. However, these assessment processes are problematic in the sense that they encourage learners to devise ways to be dishonest. The traditional way of conducting exams is particularly conducive to dishonesty. In view of this, this letter proposes an online lab examination management system to prevent misconduct and to secure the process of lab examination.
- Published
- 2017
25. Integrity in Postgraduate Research: The Student Voice
- Author
-
Mahmud, Saadia and Bretag, Tracey
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. An Ethics of the System: Talking to Scientists About Research Integrity
- Author
-
Sarah R. Davies
- Subjects
Value (ethics) ,Code of conduct ,Male ,Health (social science) ,Denmark ,Scientific Misconduct ,Resistance (psychoanalysis) ,Representation (arts) ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Ethics, Professional ,Ethics, Research ,Cohort Studies ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Codes of Ethics ,Natural (music) ,Humans ,Qualitative Research ,Philosophy of science ,Divergence (linguistics) ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Research Personnel ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Engineering ethics ,Female ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences - Abstract
Research integrity and misconduct have recently risen to public attention as policy issues. Concern has arisen about divergence between this policy discourse and the language and concerns of scientists. This interview study, carried out in Denmark with a cohort of highly internationalised natural scientists, explores how researchers talk about integrity and good science. It finds, first, that these scientists were largely unaware of the Danish Code of Conduct for Responsible Conduct of Research and indifferent towards the value of such codes; second, that they presented an image of good science as nuanced and thereby as difficult to manage through abstracted, principle-based codes; and third, that they repeatedly pointed to systemic issues both as triggering misconduct and as ethical problems in and of themselves. Research integrity is framed as a part of wider moves to 'responsibilise' science; understood in these terms, resistance to codes of conduct and the representation of integrity as a problem of science as a whole can be seen as a rejection of a neoliberal individualisation of responsibility.
- Published
- 2018
27. New Official Documents of China Addressing Academic Misconduct
- Author
-
Jiayi Zhu
- Subjects
China ,Organizations ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Philosophy of science ,Misconduct ,Health (social science) ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Health Policy ,Political science ,Scientific Misconduct ,MEDLINE ,Library science - Published
- 2019
28. Perceptions of Plagiarism by STEM Graduate Students: A Case Study
- Author
-
Denise Beaubien Bennett, Melody Royster, David Schwieder, Amy G. Buhler, and Michelle Leonard
- Subjects
Technology ,Deception ,Internationality ,Health (social science) ,Universities ,Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Plagiarism ,Misconduct ,Engineering ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Pedagogy ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Humans ,Medicine ,Students ,Scientific misconduct ,Anecdotal evidence ,media_common ,Philosophy of science ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Faculty ,Focus group ,United States ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Academic integrity ,Attitude ,Perception ,Personal experience ,business ,Mathematics ,Seriousness - Abstract
Issues of academic integrity, specifically knowledge of, perceptions and attitudes toward plagiarism, are well documented in post-secondary settings using case studies for specific courses, recording discourse with focus groups, analyzing cross-cultural education philosophies, and reviewing the current literature. In this paper, the authors examine the perceptions of graduate students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines at the University of Florida regarding misconduct and integrity issues. Results revealed students' perceptions of the definition and seriousness of potential academic misconduct, knowledge of institutional procedures, and views on faculty actions, all with a focus on divergences between U.S. and internationally-educated students. The open-ended questions provide anecdotal evidence to highlight personal experiences, positive and negative, aimed at the faculty, international students and undergraduates. Combined, these findings outline an important part of the campus academic integrity culture at a major American university. Recommendations for local actions also are discussed.
- Published
- 2014
29. To Whistleblow or Not to Whistleblow: Affective and Cognitive Differences in Reporting Peers and Advisors
- Author
-
Megan R. Turner, Shane Connelly, Alexandra E. MacDougall, Logan M. Steele, Cory Higgs, Tristan McIntosh, Paul J. Partlow, and Michael D. Mumford
- Subjects
Male ,Health (social science) ,Whistleblowing ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,Decision Making ,Emotions ,Metacognition ,Rationality ,Intention ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Morals ,Peer Group ,Misconduct ,Cognition ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Stressor ,06 humanities and the arts ,Moral intensity ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Female ,060301 applied ethics ,Psychology ,Professional Misconduct ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management - Abstract
Traditional whistleblowing theories have purported that whistleblowers engage in a rational process in determining whether or not to blow the whistle on misconduct. However, stressors inherent to whistleblowing often impede rational thinking and act as a barrier to effective whistleblowing. The negative impact of these stressors on whistleblowing may be made worse depending on who engages in the misconduct: a peer or advisor. In the present study, participants are presented with an ethical scenario where either a peer or advisor engages in misconduct, and positive and the negative consequences of whistleblowing are either directed to the wrongdoer, department, or university. Participant responses to case questions were evaluated for whistleblowing intentions, moral intensity, metacognitive reasoning strategies, and positive and negative, active and passive emotions. Findings indicate that participants were less likely to report the observed misconduct of an advisor compared to a peer. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that when an advisor is the source of misconduct, greater negative affect results. Post-hoc analyses were also conducted examining the differences between those who did and did not intend to blow the whistle under the circumstances of either having to report an advisor or peer. The implications of these findings for understanding the complexities involved in whistleblowing are discussed.
- Published
- 2017
30. Scientists Still Behaving Badly? A Survey Within Industry and Universities
- Author
-
Simon Godecharle, Benoit Nemery, Steffen Fieuws, and Kris Dierickx
- Subjects
Male ,Technology ,Health (social science) ,Biomedical Research ,MISCONDUCT ,Scientific Misconduct ,Social Sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Engineering ,Belgium ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Social Sciences - Other Topics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Scientific misconduct ,Health Policy ,Research integrity ,Arts & Humanities ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Middle Aged ,Research Personnel ,INTEGRITY ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Scholarship ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Female ,Psychology ,Adult ,Animal Experimentation ,Universities ,Engineering, Multidisciplinary ,Disclosure ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Plagiarism ,Ethics, Research ,03 medical and health sciences ,Misconduct ,Young Adult ,Animals ,Humans ,Industry ,Ethics ,Science & Technology ,History & Philosophy Of Science ,business.industry ,GUIDANCE ,Conflict of Interest ,Authorship ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Philosophy ,Logistic Models ,Research misconduct ,060301 applied ethics ,Self Report ,business - Abstract
Little is known about research misconduct within industry and how it compares to universities, even though a lot of biomedical research is performed by-or in collaboration with-commercial entities. Therefore, we sent an e-mail invitation to participate in an anonymous computer-based survey to all university researchers having received a biomedical research grant or scholarship from one of the two national academic research funders of Belgium between 2010 and 2014, and to researchers working in large biomedical companies or spin-offs in Belgium. The validated survey included questions about various types of research misconduct committed by respondents themselves and observed among their colleagues in the last three years. Prevalences of misconduct were compared between university and industry respondents using binary logistic regression models, with adjustments for relevant personal characteristics, and with significance being accepted for p
- Published
- 2017
31. Lack of Improvement in Scientific Integrity: An Analysis of WoS Retractions by Chinese Researchers (1997-2016)
- Author
-
Ying Zhang and Lei Lei
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Deception ,Status quo ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific Misconduct ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Scientific integrity ,Plagiarism ,Ethics, Research ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Sanctions ,Humans ,media_common ,Publishing ,Philosophy of science ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Research ,05 social sciences ,Fraud ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Publish or perish ,Research Personnel ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Bibliometrics ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,business - Abstract
This study investigated the status quo of article retractions by Chinese researchers. The bibliometric information of 834 retractions from the Web of Science SCI-expanded database were downloaded and analysed. The results showed that the number of retractions increased in the past two decades, and misconduct such as plagiarism, fraud, and faked peer review explained approximately three quarters of the retractions. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the retractions seemed typical of deliberate fraud, which might be evidenced by retractions authored by repeat offenders of data fraud and those due to faked peer review. In addition, a majority of Chinese fraudulent authors seemed to aim their articles which contained a possible misconduct at low-impact journals, regardless of the types of misconduct. The system of scientific evaluation, the "publish or perish" pressure Chinese researchers are facing, and the relatively low costs of scientific integrity may be responsible for the scientific integrity. We suggested more integrity education and severe sanctions for the policy-makers, as well as change in the peer review system and transparent retraction notices for journal administrators.
- Published
- 2017
32. Research Integrity Practices from the Perspective of Early-Career Researchers
- Author
-
Snežana B. Krstić
- Subjects
Medical education ,Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,Responsible Research and Innovation ,Health Policy ,Scientific Misconduct ,Perspective (graphical) ,Research integrity ,Organizational culture ,Sample (statistics) ,Context (language use) ,Awareness ,Organizational Culture ,Research Personnel ,Ethics, Research ,Europe ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Attitude ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,Engineering ethics ,Psychology - Abstract
Unavailability of published data and studies focused on young researchers in Europe and research integrity issues reveals that clear understanding and stance on this subject within European area is lacking. Our study provides information on attitudes and experiences of European researchers at early career stages (doctoral and postdoctoral level), based on a limited sample of respondents (n = 27). The study provides both quantitative and qualitative results for the examined issues. The data suggest that awareness and interest of the younger researchers surveyed in research integrity issues is high, however, it is often based on self-initiatives, with many of the respondents not having adequate training or any possibility to obtain it. Our attitude survey conducted within the European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers indicates that only 22 % of respondents had an opportunity to obtain relevant training (significantly less than in a study conducted in the U.S.), and that only one third believed that institutions and supervisors regularly paid attention to it. Further, we noted certain differences between disciplines. The study also reveals that many younger researchers felt they faced problems due to the misconduct of their senior colleagues and the existing institutional culture. The results of the study indicate a need for better prevention mechanisms, training and raising awareness activities. Preferably, junior researchers should be given an active role in shaping the integrity culture. It should be noted that the presented results should be considered in the context of the limitations stemming from the small-scale survey. This paper encourages further research activities on research integrity practices to provide stronger evidence on the attitudes and experiences of young researchers in Europe and other parts of the world.
- Published
- 2014
33. Flagrant Misconduct of Reviewers and Editor: A Case Study
- Author
-
Boris Kotchoubey, Sarah Bütof, and Ranganatha Sitaram
- Subjects
Publishing ,Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific Misconduct ,Ethical behavior ,Public relations ,Research Personnel ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Reading (process) ,Humans ,Engineering ethics ,Review process ,business ,Psychology ,Editorial Policies ,Ethical code ,media_common - Abstract
A case of a particularly severe misbehavior in a review process is described. Two reviewers simply copied and pasted their critical comments from their previous reviews without reading the reviewed manuscript. The editor readily accepted the reviewers' opinion and rejected the manuscript. These facts give rise to some general questions about possible factors affecting the ethical behavior of reviewers and editors, as well as possible countermeasures to prevent ethical violations.
- Published
- 2014
34. No One Likes a Snitch
- Author
-
Barbara K. Redman and Arthur L. Caplan
- Subjects
Organizations ,Social Responsibility ,Retributive justice ,Research ethics ,Health (social science) ,Whistleblowing ,Research ,Health Policy ,Fraud ,Scientific Misconduct ,Audit ,Ethics, Research ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Harm ,Action (philosophy) ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Law ,Humans ,Psychology ,Scientific misconduct - Abstract
Whistleblowers remain essential as complainants in allegations of research misconduct. Frequently internal to the research team, they are poorly protected from acts of retribution, which may deter the reporting of misconduct. In order to perform their important role, whistleblowers must be treated fairly. Draft regulations for whistleblower protection were published for public comment almost a decade ago but never issued (Dahlberg 2013). In the face of the growing challenge of research fraud, we suggest vigorous steps, to include: organizational responsibility to certify the accuracy of research including audit, required whistleblower action in the face of imminent or grave harm to subjects, strengthened legal protections against retaliation including prompt enactment of Federal whistleblower protections and consideration of criminalizing the most egregious cases of research misconduct.
- Published
- 2014
35. Perceptions of Chinese Biomedical Researchers Towards Academic Misconduct: A Comparison Between 2015 and 2010
- Author
-
Yu-Chen Fan, Guy D. Eslick, Hua He, Qing-Jiao Liao, Harry Hua-Xiang Xia, Yu Bai, Yuanyuan Zhang, Xing-Xiang He, Shi-Bing Zhang, and Ming-Hua Zheng
- Subjects
Mainland China ,Adult ,Male ,China ,Health (social science) ,Biomedical Research ,Scientific Misconduct ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Plagiarism ,03 medical and health sciences ,Misconduct ,Judgment ,0302 clinical medicine ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Post-hoc analysis ,Chi-square test ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Scientific misconduct ,Publishing ,Medical education ,Government ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public relations ,Middle Aged ,Authorship ,Research Personnel ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Attitude ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Government Regulation ,Female ,060301 applied ethics ,business - Abstract
Publications by Chinese researchers in scientific journals have dramatically increased over the past decade; however, academic misconduct also becomes more prevalent in the country. The aim of this prospective study was to understand the perceptions of Chinese biomedical researchers towards academic misconduct and the trend from 2010 to 2015. A questionnaire comprising 10 questions was designed and then validated by ten biomedical researchers in China. In the years 2010 and 2015, respectively, the questionnaire was sent as a survey to biomedical researchers at teaching hospitals, universities, and medical institutes in mainland China. Data were analyzed by the Chi squared test, one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey post hoc test, or Spearman's rank correlation method, where appropriate. The overall response rates in 2010 and 2015 were 4.5% (446/9986) and 5.5% (832/15,127), respectively. Data from 15 participants in 2010 were invalid, and analysis was thus performed for 1263 participants. Among the participants, 54.7% thought that academic misconduct was serious-to-extremely serious, and 71.2% believed that the Chinese authorities paid no or little attention to the academic misconduct. Moreover, 70.2 and 65.2% of participants considered that the punishment for academic misconduct at the authority and institution levels, respectively, was not appropriate or severe enough. Inappropriate authorship and plagiarism were the most common forms of academic misconduct. The most important factor underlying academic misconduct was the academic assessment system, as judged by 50.7% of the participants. Participants estimated that 40.1% (39.8 ± 23.5% in 2010; 40.2 ± 24.5% in 2015) of published scientific articles were associated with some form of academic misconduct. Their perceptions towards academic misconduct had not significantly changed over the 5 years. Reform of the academic assessment system should be the fundamental approach to tackling this problem in China.
- Published
- 2016
36. Retraction and Research Integrity Education in China
- Author
-
Li Tang, Yuhan Yang, and Guangyuan Hu
- Subjects
Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Research integrity ,06 humanities and the arts ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Power (social and political) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Engineering ethics ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,China ,Emerging markets - Abstract
This article draws the attention of research managers and policy makers to the issue that to become a science power curtailing misconduct is the daunting challenge that emerging countries simply cannot ignore. Systematic and orchestrated efforts are needed to foster and institutionalize research integrity education among all stakeholders.
- Published
- 2018
37. The Case of Vipul Bhrigu and the Federal Definition of Research Misconduct
- Author
-
Lisa M. Rasmussen
- Subjects
Philosophy of science ,Biomedical Research ,Health (social science) ,United States Office of Research Integrity ,Health Policy ,Scientific Misconduct ,Research integrity ,Federal Government ,Research Personnel ,United States ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Government regulation ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Law ,Political science ,Government Regulation ,Humans ,Engineering ethics ,Scientific misconduct - Abstract
The Office of Research Integrity found in 2011 that Vipul Bhrigu, a postdoctoral researcher who sabotaged a colleague's research materials, was guilty of misconduct. However, I argue that this judgment is ill-considered and sets a problematic precedent for future cases. I first discuss the current federal definition of research misconduct and representative cases of research misconduct. Then, because this case recalls a debate from the 1990s over what the definition of "research misconduct" ought to be, I briefly recapitulate that history and reconsider the Bhrigu case in light of that history and in comparison to other cases involving tampering. Finally, I consider what the aim of a definition of research misconduct ought to be, and argue that the precedent set by the reasoning in this case is problematic.
- Published
- 2013
38. Going Public: Good Scientific Conduct
- Author
-
Gitte Meyer and Peter Sandøe
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Science ,Scientific Misconduct ,Guidelines as Topic ,Ethics, Research ,Interviews as Topic ,Misconduct ,Public Relations ,Codes of Ethics ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Science communication ,Sociology ,Scientific misconduct ,Ethical code ,Social Responsibility ,Research ethics ,business.industry ,Communication ,Health Policy ,Public relations ,Transparency (behavior) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Engineering ethics ,Norm (social) ,business ,Social responsibility - Abstract
The paper addresses issues of scientific conduct regarding relations between science and the media, relations between scientists and journalists, and attitudes towards the public at large. In the large and increasing body of literature on scientific conduct and misconduct, these issues seem underexposed as ethical challenges. Consequently, individual scientists here tend to be left alone with problems and dilemmas, with no guidance for good conduct. Ideas are presented about how to make up for this omission. Using a practical, ethical approach, the paper attempts to identify ways scientists might deal with ethical public relations issues, guided by a norm or maxim of openness. Drawing on and rethinking the CUDOS codification of the scientific ethos, as it was worked out by Robert K. Merton in 1942, we propose that this, which is echoed in current codifications of norms for good scientific conduct, contains a tacit maxim of openness which may naturally be extended to cover the public relations of science. Discussing openness as access, accountability, transparency and receptiveness, the argumentation concentrates on the possible prevention of misconduct with respect to, on the one hand, sins of omission-withholding important information from the public-and, on the other hand, abuses of the authority of science in order to gain publicity. Statements from interviews with scientists are used to illustrate how scientists might view the relevance of the issues raised.
- Published
- 2010
39. Relationships Between the Survey of Organizational Research Climate (SORC) and Self-Reported Research Practices
- Author
-
Crain, A. Lauren, Martinson, Brian C., and Thrush, Carol R.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Generalizing on Best Practices in Image Processing: A Model for Promoting Research Integrity
- Author
-
Sara H. Vollmer and Dale J. Benos
- Subjects
Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,Knowledge management ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Health Policy ,Best practice ,Image processing ,Data science ,Task (project management) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Digital image ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,business ,Ethical code - Abstract
Modifying images for scientific publication is now quick and easy due to changes in technology. This has created a need for new image processing guidelines and attitudes, such as those offered to the research community by Doug Cromey (Cromey 2010). We suggest that related changes in technology have simplified the task of detecting misconduct for journal editors as well as researchers, and that this simplification has caused a shift in the responsibility for reporting misconduct. We also argue that the concept of best practices in image processing can serve as a general model for education in best practices in research.
- Published
- 2010
41. The University and the Responsible Conduct of Research: Who is Responsible for What?
- Author
-
Hillary Hart and Katherine Alfredo
- Subjects
Social Responsibility ,Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,Universities ,Differential treatment ,Research ,Science ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific Misconduct ,History, 20th Century ,Plagiarism ,Ethics, Research ,Blame ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Graduate students ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Engineering ethics ,Conversation ,Education, Graduate ,Sociology ,Scientific misconduct ,Data selection ,media_common - Abstract
Research misconduct has been thoroughly discussed in the literature, but mainly in terms of definitions and prescriptions for proper conduct. Even when case studies are cited, they are generally used as a repository of "lessons learned." What has been lacking from this conversation is how the lessons of responsible conduct of research are imparted in the first place to graduate students, especially those in technical fields such as engineering. Nor has there been much conversation about who is responsible for what in training students in Responsible Conduct of Research or in allocating blame in cases of misconduct. This paper explores three seemingly disparate cases of misconduct-the 2004 plagiarism scandal at Ohio University; the famous Robert Millikan article of 1913, in which his reported data selection did not match his notebooks; and the 1990 fabrication scandal in Dr. Leroy Hood's research lab. Comparing these cases provides a way to look at the relationship between the graduate student (or trainee) and his/her advisor (a relationship that has been shown to be the most influential one for the student) as well as at possibly differential treatment for established researchers and researchers-in-training, in cases of misconduct. This paper reflects on the rights and responsibilities of research advisers and their students and offers suggestions for clarifying both those responsibilities and the particularly murky areas of research-conduct guidelines.
- Published
- 2010
42. Scientific Self-Regulation—So Good, How Can it Fail?
- Author
-
Patrick L. Taylor
- Subjects
Moral Obligations ,Biomedical Research ,Health (social science) ,Social Values ,Dual use ,Ethics, Research ,Research ethics ,Substantive regulation ,Code of conduct ,Misconduct ,Government regulation ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Codes of Ethics ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Political science ,Humans ,Original Paper ,Philosophy of science ,Conflict of Interest ,business.industry ,Stem Cells ,Health Policy ,Community Participation ,Social Control, Informal ,Voluntary standards ,Public relations ,United States ,Science regulation ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Government Regulation ,Self-regulation ,business - Abstract
Scientific research is subject to a number of regulations which impose incidental (time, place), rather than substantive (type of research), restrictions on scientific research and the knowledge created through such research. In recent years, however, the premise that scientific research and knowledge should be free from substantive regulation has increasingly been called into question. Some have suggested that the law should be used as a tool to substantively restrict research which is dual-use in nature or which raises moral objections. There are, however, some problems with using law to restrict or prohibit certain types of scientific research, including (i) the inherent imprecision of law for regulating complex and rapidly evolving scientific research; (ii) the difficulties of enforcing legal restrictions on an activity that is international in scope; (iii) the limited predictability of the consequences of restricting specific branches of scientific research; (iv) inertia in the legislative process; and (v) the susceptibility of legislators and regulators to inappropriate factors and influence. Rather than using law to restrict scientific research, it may be more appropriate and effective to use a combination of non-traditional legal tools including norms, codes of conduct, restrictions on publication, and scientist-developed voluntary standards to regulate problematic scientific research.
- Published
- 2009
43. Plagiarism: Words and Ideas
- Author
-
Mathieu Bouville
- Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society ,Health (social science) ,Copying ,Academic dishonesty ,Health Policy ,Cheating ,Scientific Misconduct ,Physics - Physics Education ,Copyright infringement ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) ,Intellectual property ,Intellectual Property ,Plagiarism ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Academic integrity ,Physics Education (physics.ed-ph) ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Law ,Psychology ,Scientific misconduct - Abstract
Plagiarism is a crime against academy. It deceives readers, hurts plagiarized authors, and gets the plagiarist undeserved benefits. However, even though these arguments do show that copying other people's intellectual contribution is wrong, they do not apply to the copying of words. Copying a few sentences that contain no original idea (e.g. in the introduction) is of marginal importance compared to stealing the ideas of others. The two must be clearly distinguished, and the 'plagiarism' label should not be used for deeds which are very different in nature and importance. Keywords: academic dishonesty; academic integrity; academic misconduct; cheating; copyright infringement; ethics; intellectual property; research misconduct, 8 pages
- Published
- 2008
44. The Perverse Effects of Competition on Scientists’ Work and Relationships
- Author
-
Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson, Emily A. Ronning, and Raymond De Vries
- Subjects
Competitive Behavior ,Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,business.industry ,Interprofessional Relations ,Health Policy ,Prestige ,Scientific Misconduct ,Research integrity ,Public relations ,Research Personnel ,Ethics, Research ,Competition (economics) ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Work (electrical) ,Great Rift ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,Sociology ,business ,Scientific misconduct - Abstract
Competition among scientists for funding, positions and prestige, among other things, is often seen as a salutary driving force in U.S. science. Its effects on scientists, their work and their relationships are seldom considered. Focus-group discussions with 51 mid- and early-career scientists, on which this study is based, reveal a dark side of competition in science. According to these scientists, com- petition contributes to strategic game-playing in science, a decline in free and open sharing of information and methods, sabotage of others' ability to use one's work, interference with peer-review processes, deformation of relationships, and careless or questionable research conduct. When competition is pervasive, such effects may jeopardize the progress, efficiency and integrity of science.
- Published
- 2007
45. Ethical Ambiguity in Science
- Author
-
Elaine Howard Ecklund and David R. Johnson
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Biomedical Research ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050905 science studies ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Ethics, Research ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Phronesis ,Humans ,Narrative ,Sociology ,media_common ,Philosophy of science ,Health Policy ,Physics ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Ambiguity ,Research Personnel ,United States ,Epistemology ,Deontological ethics ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Law ,Consequentialism ,060301 applied ethics ,0509 other social sciences ,Gray (horse) - Abstract
Drawing on 171 in-depth interviews with physicists at universities in the United States and the UK, this study examines the narratives of 48 physicists to explain the concept of ethical ambiguity: the border where legitimate and illegitimate conduct is blurred. Researchers generally assume that scientists agree on what constitutes both egregious and more routine forms of misconduct in science. The results of this study show that scientists perceive many scenarios as ethically gray, rather than black and white. Three orientations to ethical ambiguity are considered—altruism, inconsequential outcomes, and preserving the status quo—that allow possibly questionable behavior to persist unchallenged. Each discursive strategy is rationalized as promoting the collective interest of science rather than addressing what is ethically correct or incorrect. The results of this study suggest that ethics training in science should focus not only on fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism and more routine forms of misconduct, but also on strategies for resolving ethically ambiguous scenarios where appropriate action may not be clear.
- Published
- 2015
46. Incidence of Data Duplications in a Randomly Selected Pool of Life Science Publications
- Author
-
Morten P. Oksvold
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Science ,Scientific Misconduct ,Scientific literature ,computer.software_genre ,Biological Science Disciplines ,Ethics, Research ,03 medical and health sciences ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Health care ,medicine ,Humans ,Publishing ,Philosophy of science ,Impact factor ,Scientific progress ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public health ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Duplicate Publications as Topic ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,030104 developmental biology ,Family medicine ,Data mining ,Journal Impact Factor ,Periodicals as Topic ,business ,computer - Abstract
Since the solution to many public health problems depends on research, it is critical for the progress and well-being for the patients that we can trust the scientific literature. Misconduct and poor laboratory practice in science threatens the scientific progress, leads to loss of productivity and increased healthcare costs, and endangers lives of patients. Data duplication may represent one of challenges related to these problems. In order to estimate the frequency of data duplication in life science literature, a systematic screen through 120 original scientific articles published in three different cancer related journals [journal impact factor (IF)5, 5-10 and20] was completed. The study revealed a surprisingly high proportion of articles containing data duplication. For the IF5 and IF20 journals, 25% of the articles were found to contain data duplications. The IF 5-10 journal showed a comparable proportion (22.5%). The proportion of articles containing duplicated data was comparable between the three journals and no significant correlation to journal IF was found. The editorial offices representing the journals included in this study and the individual authors of the detected articles were contacted to clarify the individual cases. The editorial offices did not reply and only 1 out of 29 cases were apparently clarified by the authors, although no supporting data was supplied. This study questions the reliability of life science literature, it illustrates that data duplications are widespread and independent of journal impact factor and call for a reform of the current peer review and retraction process of scientific publishing.
- Published
- 2015
47. Raising Suspicions with the Food and Drug Administration: Detecting Misconduct
- Author
-
Hamrell, Michael R.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Generalizing on Best Practices in Image Processing: A Model for Promoting Research Integrity: Commentary on: Avoiding Twisted Pixels: Ethical Guidelines for the Appropriate Use and Manipulation of Scientific Digital Images
- Author
-
Benos, Dale J. and Vollmer, Sara H.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Research misconduct among clinical trial staff
- Author
-
Barbara K. Redman, Jon F. Merz, and Thomas Templin
- Subjects
Male ,Health (social science) ,Scientific Misconduct ,Personnel selection ,Workload ,Personnel Management ,Ethics, Research ,Misconduct ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Humans ,Personnel Selection ,Scientific misconduct ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Research ethics ,business.industry ,Research ,Health Policy ,Public relations ,Organizational Policy ,United States ,humanities ,Clinical trial ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Human resource management ,Female ,Professional association ,business ,Psychology - Abstract
Between 1993 and 2002, 39 clinical trial staff were investigated for scientific misconduct by the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). Analysis of ORI case records reveals practices regarding workload, training and supervision that enable misconduct. Considering the potential effects on human subjects protection, quality and reliability of data, and the trustworthiness of the clinical research enterprise, regulations or guidance on use of clinical trial staff ought to be available. Current ORI regulations do not hold investigators or institutions responsible for supervision and training of clinical trial staff. Given the important issues at stake, the definition of research misconduct should encompass the intentional or negligent mismanagement of scientific projects. Individual institutions and professional associations not only can but should adopt stricter standards of conduct than those reflected in federal regulations.
- Published
- 2006
50. Scientific misconduct and science ethics: a case study based approach
- Author
-
Luca Consoli
- Subjects
Philosophy and Science Studies ,Research ethics ,Philosophy of science ,Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,Scientific Misconduct ,Fringe science ,Authorship ,Ethics, Research ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Misconduct ,Education, Professional ,Terminology as Topic ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Scientific method ,Organizational Case Studies ,Interactie van wereldbeelden, mensbeelden en godsbeelden ,Humans ,Nanotechnology ,Engineering ethics ,Sociology ,Element (criminal law) ,Scientific misconduct ,Philosophical methodology - Abstract
The Schön misconduct case has been widely publicized in the media and has sparked intense discussions within and outside the scientific community about general issues of science ethics. This paper analyses the Report of the official Committee charged with the investigation in order to show that what at first seems to be a quite uncontroversial case, turns out to be an accumulation of many interesting and non-trivial questions (of both ethical and philosophical interest). In particular, the paper intends to show that daily scientific practices are structurally permeated by chronic problems; this has serious consequences for how practicing scientists assess their work in general, and scientific misconduct in particular. A philosophical approach is proposed that sees scientific method and scientific ethics as inextricably interwoven. Furthermore, the paper intends to show that the definition of co-authorship that the members of the Committee use, although perhaps clear in theory, proves highly problematic in practice and raises more questions that it answers. A final plea is made for a more self-reflecting attitude of scientists as far as the moral and methodological profile of science is concerned as a key element for improving not only their scientific achievements, but also their assessment of problematic cases.
- Published
- 2006
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