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2. A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests

Author

Pan, Yude, Birdsey, Richard A., Fang, Jingyun, Houghton, Richard, Kauppi, Pekka E., Kurz, Werner A., Phillips, Oliver L., Shvidenko, Anatoly, Lewis, Simon L., Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Pacala, Stephen W., McGuire, A. David, Piao, Shilong, Rautiainen, Aapo, Sitch, Stephen, and Hayes, Daniel

Published
2011
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5. Boreal forest health and global change

Author

Dmitry Schepaschenko, Anatoly Shvidenko, Timo Kuuluvainen, Sylvie Gauthier, and Pierre Y. Bernier

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Wood production, business.industry, Ecology, Climate Change, Taiga, Environmental resource management, Biome, Global change, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Ecosystem services, Incentive, Geography, Boreal, 13. Climate action, business, Resilience (network), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The boreal forest, one of the largest biomes on Earth, provides ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from local to global. Currently, about two-thirds of the area covered by this biome is under some form of management, mostly for wood production. Services such as climate regulation are also provided by both the unmanaged and managed boreal forests. Although most of the boreal forests have retained the resilience to cope with current disturbances, projected environmental changes of unprecedented speed and amplitude pose a substantial threat to their health. Management options to reduce these threats are available and could be implemented, but economic incentives and a greater focus on the boreal biome in international fora are needed to support further adaptation and mitigation actions.

Published
2015
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6. A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

Author

Josep G. Canadell, Jingyun Fang, Richard A. Houghton, Stephen W. Pacala, Anatoly Shvidenko, Oliver L. Phillips, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Shilong Piao, A. David McGuire, Daniel J. Hayes, Yude Pan, Simon L. Lewis, Stephen Sitch, Aapo Rautiainen, Richard Birdsey, Pekka E. Kauppi, Werner A. Kurz, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Newtown, PA 19073, University of Peking, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Woods Hole Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA), University of Leeds, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke University [Durham], Princeton University, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Climate change, Carbon sequestration, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Trees, Tropical climate, Ecosystem, Biomass, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, geography, Multidisciplinary, Forest inventory, geography.geographical_feature_category, Atmosphere, Ecology, Carbon sink, Carbon Dioxide, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Boreal, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest sink of 2.4±0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1) globally for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3±0.7 Pg C year-1 from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross tropical deforestation emission of 2.9±0.5 Pg C year-1 partially compensated by a carbon sink in tropical forest regrowth of 1.6±0.5 Pg C year-1. Together, the fluxes comprise a net global forest sink of 1.1±0.8 Pg C year-1, with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties. Our total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks.

Published
2011
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7. The Terrestrial Carbon Cycle: Implications for the Kyoto Protocol

Author

Steffen, W., Noble, I., Canadell, J., Apps, M., Schulze, Ed, Jarvis, Pg, Baldocchi, D., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Ehleringer, J., Farquhar, G., Field, Cb, Ghazi, A., Gifford, R., Martin Heimann, Houghton, R., Kabat, P., Korner, C., Lambin, E., Linder, S., Mooney, Ha, Murdiyarso, D., Post, Wm, Prentice, Ic, Raupach, MR, Schimel, Ds, Shvidenko, A., Valentini, R., Australian National University (ANU), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Utah, Carnegie Institution of Washington, European Commission [Brussels], CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Woods Hole Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, DLO Winand Staring Centre, University of Basel (Unibas), Department of Geography, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Ecology and Environmental Science [Umeå], Umeå University, Stanford University, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Climate Change Institute at the Australian National University, Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA), Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, and University of Edinburgh

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Carbon offset, Carbon sink, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Fossil fuel emissions, Staring Centrum, 13. Climate action, Environmental protection, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 11. Sustainability, Life Science, Environmental science, Kyoto Protocol, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Kyoto Protocol achieved a significant breakthrough by including terrestrial carbon sources and sinks into a legally binding emissions reduction framework. The effectiveness of the portocol can be improved by adopting a full carbon budget. Terrestrial carbon sinks are part of an active biological cycle and can offset fossil fuel emissions only temporarily, from decades to a century. They can thus buy time to address anthropogenic perturbation emissions.

Published
1998
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