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The article provides information on a study conducted by Robert P. Ackert Jr. and colleagues in order to determine whether or not southern Patagonia's glacial advance that created it occurred during the chronozone of the Younger Dryas. It mentions that the Ackert and colleagues measured the cosmic-ray exposure ages of the southern Patagonia's glacial moraine. Soon after the end of the Younger Dryas, moraine was deposited followed by the growth of the glacier in response to more precipitation. This suggests that Southern Hemisphere's temperature did not drop like those in the Northern Hemisphere during the Younger Dryas.

The article presents information regarding formation of Mars' core. The core of Mars consists mostly of iron and some light elements. It is stated that at present Mars has a completely liquid core and its future crystallization behavior would be different from that of earth. It is noted that it can either form a snowing model or a sulfide inner core model due to planetary cooling which will lead to core crystallization. In a snowing core model iron-rich solids nucleate will sink towards the center and in a sulfide inner-core model a solid inner core will be formed by crystallization of iron-sulfide phase.

The article examines how an electric field can be used to control a magnetic structure in materials that possess the property of spin chirality. It is proposed that materials in which the magnetic moments of the individual atoms create a spiral structure should give an electrical response. According a study, the spin helicity in single crystalline TbMnO3 can be electrically redirected from rotating clockwise to counterclockwise by applying an electric poling field while the material is cooled through the helical spin transition temperature. It was found that the polarity of the poling field controlled the handedness of the chiral spin.

The article implies that a major role is played by dust in fluctuating hurricane activity. With the approaching of 2006 season, conditions seemed to be propitious for the next blustery hurricane season. Unintimated by forecasters, an unusually heavy surge of dust started blowing off North Africa and the western Atlantic at the 1 June or the beginning of the official hurricane season. Then it was observed that two weeks later, the surface waters of the western Atlantic started cooling as compared to temperatures in the previous season.

The article presents information on an announcement made by a National Research Council panel that the last ten years of the 20th century were probably warmer than any comparable period in the past 1000 years. The outlines of the near-iconic "hockey stick" temperature curve is confirmed by this announcement. The temperature curve means a long cooling followed by a sharp warming during the past millennium. For greenhouse contrarians, the temperature curve become a favorite target. The proof in parts of the hockey stick is blurred than the public and many scientists might have thought. For most of the millennium, the resulting temperature curve sloped gently downward and then grew sharply into the 20th century. Later it peaked the relative warmth of 800 to 1000 years ago. Hence it means that humans have played a major role in the recent warming.

The article presents information about model HT-4X centrifugal concentrator from Genevac Inc. that can accelerate lyophilization of water and water mixtures. The new Lyospeed process in the centrifugal concentrator has combined the centrifugal evaporation technology of Genevac with sample lyophilization process for preparing heat-sensitive samples from aqueous solutions. The HT-4X has been developed to prepare samples with high purity within short time in the laboratories. The concentrator has a powerful software and can accommodate a wide range of sample formats. The concentrator has a dual-chamber refrigerated condenser that accelerates the speed of evaporation. Thermally-sensitive samples are protected by an efficient chamber cooling between the runs.

This article focuses on the formation of volcanic plumes. Observations of volcanic plumes have provided fundamental insight into volcanic processes. Large eruptions, like nuclear explosions, often form an umbrella-shaped plume. The top of the umbrella forms when hot gases and particles in a central eruption column reach neutral bouyancy and mix with cold dense air that is being driven upward; this process helps to stabilize the umbrella, allowing ash to fall gradually. Researchers have described a more ordered umbrella that formed during the November 2002 eruption of Reventador in Ecuador. In this instance, the edge of the umbrella formed large regular undulations approximately every 0.7 km, producing a shape similar to the edge of a scallop. Researchers ascribe this phenomenon to an instability that occurs when the outer rim of the umbrella becomes too dense to be neutrally buoyant, a plausible result of this relatively cool eruption. Such a loss of buoyancy could lead to collapse of the umbrella, which would produce another type of volcanic flow.

This article presents information about a recently introduced multi-function temperature controller. The controller has been developed by Polyscience Inc. It is designed for heating and cooling applications requiring precise, multi-level temperature control. The Programmable Controller can be programmed with up to 10 different time and temperature profiles, each of which can have as many as 50 temperature steps and be repeated up to 99 times. For added versatility, the user can control programmed profiles using either temperature or time as the primary operational factor.

The article cites a study, which reports that a magnetic field can push heat sideways, skewing its path. The odd phenomenon mimics a piece of basic physics known as the "Hall effect," in which a magnetic field exerts a sideways force on flowing electric current. But researchers aren't sure how a magnetic field diverts heat. In 1879, American physicist Edwin Hall studied the flow of current along a rectangular conductor from one end to the other. He discovered that when he directed a magnetic field through the bar, a voltage difference appeared from one side to the other, perpendicular to the current. That happens because the electrically charged electrons feel a sideways "Lorentz force" as they travel across the magnetic field. Now, Geert Rikken of the National Pulsed Magnetic Field Laboratory in Toulouse, France, and Cornelius Strohm and Peter Wyder of the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory in France have shown that a magnetic field can affect heat flow in much the same way. They cooled a small bar of terbium gallium garnet, an electrically nonconducting material used in laser optics, to 5 kelvin and used a heater to make one end 1 kelvin hotter than the other.

The article reports that facing a $1.6-billion repair bill, the government of Ontario decided in September 2005 to mothball two 540-megawatt Canada Deuterium-Uranium (CANDU) nuclear reactors more than a decade before their projected retirement date. Tom Adams, executive director of Energy Probe, a nonprofit nuclear watchdog group based in Toronto says that Ontario's decision to write off two reactors early could signal the end of the road for CANDU."In January, the reactor company's U.S. partner, Dominion Resources of Richmond, Virginia, decided to abandon plans to seek a U.S. license for its next-generation SCAND. Canadian officials have long touted the CANDU reactors, manufactured by the government-owned Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, as an example of the country's technological prowess. A descendant of the Manhattan project, CANDU's first forebear went on line at Chalk River, Ontario, in 1945. Since then some 34 large commercial versions have been built and installed around the world, including 20 in Ontario. But their complex cooling systems, which allow the reactor to be refueled without going off line, have proven very costly to maintain.

This article reports that the Discover CoolMate microwave system is designed to perform sub-ambient temperature chemistries. Discover CoolMate performs temperature-sensitive reactions including carbohydrate chemistry and the formation of carbanions and other highly reactive intermediates easily and controllably. The system's proprietary, jacketed, low-temperature vessel and cooling technology keep the bulk temperature of the reactants low, preventing thermal degradation of the product while microwave energy drives the reaction kinetically.

The global average surface temperature increased by approximately 0.4°C between 1960 and 1990, even though incident shortwave radiation at land surfaces decreased significantly over the same period. This apparently contradictory pair of observations requires either an increase in the downward longwave radiation that outweighs the decrease in shortwave radiation, or a decrease in surface cooling due to reduced surface evaporation. A global climate model was used to calculate how much downward longwave radiation may have changed but could explain a third or less of what is needed to account for the upward temperature trend.

The Discover System provides flexibility in a microwave synthesis platform. Discover is a manual synthesis system with a patented, single-mode, circular cavity that provides instantaneous coupling to any sample load. Both atmospheric and pressurized reactions can be performed in the system, which accommodates a variety of vessel sizes and shapes, including pressurized reaction tubes. Temperature and pressure feedback systems, continuous microwave power delivery, and a patent-pending cooling technology provide unparalleled control of reaction conditions. Compact and portable, Discover can be operated as a standalone unit, with a personal computer, or over a network.

Investigates the cooling mechanics of bosonic atoms. Mechanisms of condensates forming the atom laser; Consequences of fluctuations in the phase of condensates; Technique in probing the temporal coherence of condensates.

Reports that, after initiating a plan to create a new form of matter in 1978, physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), have succeeded in creating a tiny super-atom. Discussion of the achievement at a conference in Washington, DC; Comments of physicist Tom Greytak; Efforts to cool a cloud of hydrogen atoms to near absolute zero; Conclusions; Applications.

Reports on the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) collection of chilled cesium atoms for resonance measurement. Temperature of cesium atoms; Enlistment of cooling technique relying on converging beams of laser light.