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This article reports on biodiversity in a warmer world. It discusses that there is evidence that 20th-century warming has shifted ranges of temperature and arctic species. Researchers provide an exceptionally thorough example and they take advantage of a well-documented study from a century ago to demonstrate contractions and expansions of elevation range among small mammals in Yosemite National Park, California. It also discusses the conceptual approach to examine climate shifts in tropical ecosystems.

The article presents information about perennial infection. The infection was the reason of remarkable success of exotic annual grasses in California. It was identified that disease can change the competitive balance between species in ecological communities and have developed a model showing quantitatively how invasion has been mediated by viral disease. Californians found that the key to the success of the annual grasses is that virus is horizontally transmitted by aphids rather than vertically via seeds. The perennial grasses serve as long-term reserves for the virus.