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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with an aberrant maturation of dendritic cells (DC). We studied the maturation of monocyte-derived DC in children with newly diagnosed T1D and in healthy children with genetic risk for T1D. Peripheral blood monocytes from children with newly diagnosed T1D (n = 12; mean age 13.2 years), children with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-risk genotype of T1D (n = 7; mean age 12.7 years) and healthy children (n = 14; mean age 11.2 years) werein vitrodifferentiated into DC. Expression of HLA-DR, CD80/86 and CD11c and secretion of interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using flow cytometry. Lower percentage of DC expressed CD11c and HLA-DR, and decreased production of TNF-α was found in children with newly diagnosed T1D and in children at genetic risk when compared to healthy children. Children with risk genotype also had decreased IL-12 production by DC. Children with T1D and children at genetic risk of T1D appear to have similar aberrancies in the maturation of DC, which may predispose toβ-cell autoimmunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]