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Purpose: To evaluate how well the training residency program prepared recent graduates to practice comprehensive ophthalmology with special focus on surgical competency. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included Ophthalmologists who graduated from Riyadh ophthalmology residency program between the years 2002–2012. A total of 126 graduates were invited through e-mails and electronic social media platforms to anonymously complete an electronic survey. The survey included questions that aim to assess the surgical competency of graduated ophthalmologists in doing various surgical procedures that were among the requirements of residency training. Results: Ninety participants in the mean age of 38.7 years completed the survey. The majority of respondents (93%) joined fellowship programs and around half of them sub-specialized in anterior segment. More than half (55.6%) of the respondents reported that the acquired surgical skills during residency training were adequate. By the end of the residency period, the respondents’ competency in doing extra capsular cataract extraction was better than phacoemulsification while 52% of them reported incompetence in both glaucoma and strabismus surgeries whereas the majority were incompetent in oculoplastics’ procedures (e.g. entropion repair). However, the majority felt competent in doing primary repair, minor and laser procedures. Lack of exposure was the major cause of such incompetency. Conclusion: This self-reported survey showed that the lack of adequate surgical exposure during residency training was the main reason of incompetency. This resulted in reduction of ophthalmologists’ future practice of surgical procedures outside the scope of their sub-specialty. This emphasizes that physicians mainly practice what they surgically acquire during their fellowship training. Keywords: Ophthalmology, Residency, Surgical skills, Cataract, Surgical training

Purpose: To report the long-term follow-up results after surgical excision of migrated Bio-Alcamid fillers to the Periorbita area. Methods: A retrospective case series of all patients who underwent surgical removal of migrated Bio-Alcamid fillers to the Periorbita area with minimal follow-up of 1 year from January 2009 to January 2018 was done. Results: 16 female patients (24–52 y) presented with an upper or lower eyelid swelling 3–7 years following a filler injection in the nasal bridge, temporal or malar area. All patients had surgical excision of a granulomatous mass ranging in size from 1–3.5 cm. The histopathology report revealed a giant cell reaction in all patients. Follow–up periods ranged from 1 to 8 years. One patient developed lid retraction and another had recurrence 3 years later; the remaining had an unremarkable course. Conclusions: Filler migration is one of the potential complications associated with Bio-Alcamid soft tissue injection. It is important for all physicians to assess nodules/masses/swelling in the facial area to be aware that soft tissue fillers may migrate to a location away from their intended site of injection years after the injection. Patients undergoing surgical excision tend to have favorable overall long-term outcomes in terms of aesthetics and incidence of recurrence. Keywords: Polyalkylimide, Filler, Periorbita, Permanent

Purpose: To study different tarsal cysts that share similar presentations and are commonly misdiagnosed clinically as a chalazion. Methods: A retrospective review of medical charts of all consecutive patients who presented eyelid tarsal-related pathology that needed surgical excision between 2010 and 2016 to a tertiary hospital was done. The data collected included preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative observations. Complete ophthalmologic examination at presentation, surgical procedures needed, complications, histopathological findings, response to treatment and follow-ups were recorded. Results: Out of 850 patients who had an eyelid tarsal-related pathology, ten patients were found to have an eyelid cystic lesion related to the tarsus. All patients presented with an eyelid mass with no sign of local inflammation. All lesions were fixed to the tarsus with freely mobile overlying skin. Five patients had a recurrent lesion that was misdiagnosed and surgically treated as a chalazion. All patients underwent a surgical removal of these cysts, and a histopathological examination was performed. An intratarsal keratinous cyst was found in six patients and epithelial inclusion cyst was in one patient. Two patients found to have cystic structure lined by double cuboidal epithelium with numerous goblet cells consistent with benign lacrimal duct cyst (Dacryops). Conclusion: Cysts related to the tarsal plate could have similar presentations. Careful clinical evaluation and histopathological examination play an important role in giving the right diagnosis and in providing the appropriate management. Keywords: Tarsal cyst, Intratarsal keratinous cyst, Benign lacrimal duct cyst, Epithelial inclusion cyst, Chalazion

Pneumosinus Dilatans (PD) is a rare condition characterized by abnormal enlargement of one or more paranasal sinuses that can lead to different functional and cosmetic presentations. Here we report right non-axial proptosis in a 47-year-old female secondary to pneumosinus dilatans of the maxillary sinus with superior bowing of the orbital floor. Keywords: Proptosis, Maxillary sinus, Pneumosinus dilatans, Orbital floor

Isolated neurofibroma is a slowly progressive tumor rarely found in the orbit accounting for less than 1% of the space occupying lesions of the orbit. It usually presents in the 2nd to 5th decades of life with proptosis, swelling, visual changes, ptosis, diplopia or pain. Almost all cases reported are unilateral. We report a 23-year-old female with no systemic features or family history of neurofibromatosis who presented with right upper eyelid swelling. Radiological studies revealed bilateral identical masses in the superior orbits. The patient underwent surgical excision of the lesion on the right side and it was proved to be neurofibroma. She did not have a recurrence with a follow up period of 2 years but developed sensory deficit. This is the fifth reported case of bilateral isolated neurofibroma. Keywords: Neurofibroma, Neurofibromatosis, Orbit, Nerve

PurposeTo report the late complications associated with permanent filler injections into the malar area for rejuvenation.MethodsA retrospective case series of three patients who presented with lower eyelid swelling several years following injection of polyalkylimide (Bio-Alcamid) into the malar area.ResultsAll patients presented with lower eyelid swelling which developed as a result of spontaneous migration of filler to the lower eyelid. Iatrogenic migration of the filler from the lower eyelid following a trial to remove resulted in an abscess formation which further complicated the removal.ConclusionsLower eyelid swelling may be one of the late complications associated with the permanent fillers into the malar area. An attempt at removal of filler by aspiration or bimanual expression may result in late migration of the product and the development of eyelid swelling.

ObjectiveTo present the experience of King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH) with uveal melanoma over the last two decades in a fashion similar to the result of the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS).DesignRetrospective, non-comparative, interventional, case series.ParticipantsAll patients were diagnosed with uveal melanoma at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from June 1983 to July 2005 and met the inclusion criteria of the COMS.MethodsA medical record review of clinical history, imaging studies, surgical procedures and treatment outcome was performed.ResultsForty patients (24 males and 16 females) with uveal melanoma (average age 50 years; range 24–77 years) were included in the study; 28 (70%) were of Saudi Arabian descent and the remaining 12 (30%) patients were from neighboring Arab countries. Decreased vision was the main presenting complaint of 29 (72.5%) patients; the duration of this symptom was 3months or more in 27 (67.5%) patients. The apical height of the tumor was 10mm or more in nine (22.5%) of the affected eyes and the largest basal dimension was more than 16mm in nine (22.5%) of the affected eyes. The posterior border of the tumor was 1–2mm from the optic disc in three (7.5%) affected eyes. Primary enucleation was performed for 33 (82.5%) eyes, episcleral radiation plaque therapy for six (15%) of the eyes and endo resection of the uveal melanoma in one (2.5%) eye. Adjunct external beam radiation therapy was performed in two (5%) orbits for extrascleral extension. The histopathological diagnosis was available for 34 (84%) eyes in which surgery had been performed (33 patients underwent primary enucleation and one patient underwent endo resection of the uveal melanoma); 24 (70.6%) eyes had spindle cell and the remaining 10 (29.4%) had epithelioid or mixed cell types. Evidence of extraocular tumor extension was found in three eyes. The average follow-up was 33.7 months with a median of 19 months (range 0.5 months to 10 years). Two (5%) patients developed metastasis after 2 years and 5 years from the initial treatment of large and medium-sized uveal melanomas, respectively.ConclusionIndividuals of Saudi Arabian ancestry appear to have a low incidence of uveal melanoma. Further studies are required to estimate the true incidence of uveal melanoma in the larger Arab population. Early detection is essential for improving the patient outcomes. Regular communication between the tertiary care eye centers and the local ophthalmic care providers is required to enhance the understanding about uveal melanoma behavior in Arab population.

The lateral orbital wall is the strongest among other orbital walls. However, it is commonly fractured in the setting of severe facial trauma. The fracture usually occurs at the sphenozygomatic suture line. In general, patients with lateral wall fractures are commonly young male who may present with mid facial swelling and some degree of deformity. In some cases, lateral orbital wall fracture may be associated with visual loss or change in mental status due to associated intracranial injury. Imaging studies with computed tomography is important in the proper diagnosis and planning of the surgical intervention. Management of intracranial or eye injuries should be undertaken on emergent basis. Thereafter, significantly displaced lateral wall fractures need to be repaired on timely basis. Proper realignment of the plane of the lateral orbital wall at the sphenozygomatic suture along with the other complex articulations of the zygomatic bone is necessary for proper functional and aesthetic outcome.