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This study investigates the impact of a newly introduced insecticide, Malathion on the health of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix fish. The fish serve as valuable biomarkers for ecological harm caused by toxins, especially as they are a significant source of protein and easily accessible. The current study focuses on histopathological alterations, nuclear changes in erythrocytes, and DNA damage in fish brain after exposure to Malathion at environmentally relevant concentrations. The research aimed to assess the potential toxicity of Malathion on fish health, utilizing histological examinations and genetic toxicity assessments through micronuclei and s. Freshwater fish were exposed to Malathion for 18 days under constant pH, temperature and hardness conditions. The study involved sacrificing fish on the 6th, 12th, and 18th days of exposure for tissue and blood sample collection. Histological examinations revealed significant alterations in the fish brain, including necrosis of neurons, cytoplasmic vacuolization, edema, and congestion of neural cells. The severity of these changes increased with higher Malathion concentrations and longer exposure periods. The micronuclei and Comet assays were employed to evaluate genetic toxicities, providing insights into the potential harm posed by Malathion to fish health. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the impact of environmental pollutants on aquatic ecosystems and emphasize the necessity for effective monitoring and mitigation strategies. The observed histopathological alterations and genetic toxicities highlight potential risks associated with Malathion exposure, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the environmental consequences of new insecticides. The results showed significant morphological changes in red blood cells, severe histological changes and DNA damage in brain tissues of exposed fish.Thus, malathion in water have toxic effects on fish therefore its seepage into aquatic bodies should be carefully monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the adverse effects of pesticide exposure on agricultural workers in South Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 100 exposed and 100 unexposed individuals with clinical abnormalities was selected from districts Bahawalpur, Lodhran, and Rahim Yar Khan. Clinical abnormalities, including throat infection, nasal allergy, skin allergy, eye irritation, uric acid levels, muscle and respiratory infections, hepatitis, restlessness, and chest tightness, were significantly more prevalent among pesticide-exposed individuals. Hematological parameters revealed significant decreases in hemoglobin, white blood cell count, erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocytes, and neutrophils, alongside significant increases in mixed cell count and monocytes. Serum profiles displayed decreased glucose levels and increased levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), cholesterol, and triglycerides in exposed workers. Conversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatine phosphokinase, and serum minerals were notably reduced in exposed workers compared to unexposed counterparts. Prolonged pesticide exposure induces oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated production of free radicals and alterations in antioxidant defense enzymes. Comet assay analysis detected DNA damage in pesticide-exposed workers, correlated with increased age and duration of exposure. In conclusion, pesticides elicit oxidative stress and lead to hematological, serological, and genetic abnormalities in exposed agricultural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]