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This paper describes the creation of the legal framework and the origin, growth and consolidation of the institutions and interventions (initiatives, programs and policies) that nourished public health in Mexico in the past century. It also discusses the recent efforts to guarantee universal social protection in health. This quest, which lasted a century, developed through three generations of reform that gave birth to a health system that offers protection against sanitary risks, protection of health care quality and financial protection to all the population in the country., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

In this paper we discuss the recent efforts to modernize the School of Public Health of Mexico (ESPM). In the first part we analyze the conditions in which the ESPM operated at the beginning of the 1980s. In part two we describe the changes introduced in the ESPM between 1983 and 1986, up until its incorporation into the National Institute of Public Health (INSP). In part three we discuss the conceptual renovation which built the platform for the new academic programs introduced by the School between 1987 and 1995. In the fourth part we discuss the construction of the new facilities of INSP and the process of moving to the city of Cuernavaca. The main message of this paper is that the transformations witnessed by the ESPM in the final decades of the past century turned it into a true academic institution which uses research as the motor for training of human resources in public health.

This paper describes a plan for the attention of addictions from a public health perspective; it defines strengths of this perspective and its limitations to face the special challenges that the problem represents for social policies; adopts a wider perspective that includes the integration of health and social issues in measuring policy results having as a main aim the benefit of the person and of the communities with a perspective of the populations well being. It describes the challenge the country faces as producer, route of traffic and rates of consumption, analyzes briefly the evidence of public policies and makes a series of recommendations.

Since the Salud Mesoamerica 2015 initiative (SM-2015) aim is to improve health and nutrition conditions of those most vulnerable in Mesoamerica, the goal of the evaluation is to generate evidence of the joint effectiveness of a package of interventions designed to improve the health conditions. We propose a mix design for the evaluation, which will allow to know the magnitude of changes attributable to the interventions, as well as the meanings of these changes for the target population, taking into account the specificities of each country. The main axis of this design is a locality panel where information about individuals, households, and health facilities (first and second level) will also be collected. The evaluation design described in this paper was developed between June and December, 2009, and it was integrated during workshops in Cuernavaca (Mexico), Managua (Nicaragua), and San Jose (Costa Rica). The proposed design will allow to generate evidence about the joint effectiveness of the package of interventions proposed for the SM-2015. The success of this design rests on the political commitment of countries and donors.

This essay reviews some statistical concepts frequently used in public health research that are commonly misinterpreted. These include point estimates, confidence intervals, and hypothesis tests. By comparing them using the classical and the Bayesian perspectives, their interpretation becomes clearer. The English version of this paper is available at:http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Our understanding of violence gains from perspectives contributed by several different disciplines. The differences among goals and points of view are often reflected in their vocabularies and interfere in to integrate the advances by each of them. Three big disciplines have studied violence, those are: Social Sciences, Criminal Justice and most recently Public Health. This paper discusses the theoretical perspectives by discipline and try to dimensionate the violence problem measured by mortality and morbidity by intentional injuries in México.

The results presented here show that there is no single variable nor a particular set of variables which are ideal to stratify the Mexican population in socioeconomic terms. This means that it is necessary to select indicators appropriate to each case, taking into consideration their specificity of meaning, their meaning with regard to the study problem and, naturally, also the objective and conceptual framework of the research, in the present case, public health research. The selection of indicators needs to be based on practical/methodological and theoretical considerations. Some of these are discussed in the present paper. Regaining the conceptual meaning of the indicators is fundamental and this is why a discussion of the concepts of social class, social strata, social inequality and poverty was undertaken. The practical/methodological criteria which were examined, include such elements as the type of variable used (dichotomic, categorical, continuous, etc.). To this end, socioeconomic variables of the National Fertility and Health Survey were analyzed, as well as the variable "poverty", which was constructed with data from the National Household Income and Expenditures Survey. As a result, outlines were drawn for a better understanding, utilization and measurement of socioeconomic indicators in public health research in Mexico.

Within the educational system, the method of group tutor was developed as a teaching strategy: the tutor goes along with a group of students to field training and works with them on the systematization and analysis of the study to obtain the final report. The purpose of this paper is to recuperate the work experience of the Department of Didactics of the School of Public Health of Mexico during 1991. A relevant conclusion is that this form of work needs to be studied and developed, since it demands a greater amount of independence from the students and requires a different participation from the teacher, both as coordinator and advisor.

The overall assessment of the public health research (PHR) development in Mexico is a previous condition to promote PHR at a national scale. This assessment has been delayed because standard PHR identification criteria within the health research field have been missing. In this paper the guidelines to determine the PHR fields of application are presented, as well as the bibliometric indices to determine its current stage of development; a PHR methodological classification scheme is also proposed. To estimate the PHR production in Mexico, the above criteria were used to analyze the content of a data base created from two national data bases (Biblat and Periódica), and from one international data base on biomedical literature (Medline); a manual search was implemented to identify studies missing studies in the data bases but published in Salud Pública de México, the most prominent national journal in this field. The review period in Medline extended from 1979 to 1986. About 2,269,905 international scientific references were recorded, 5,189 of which belonged to national authors. Approximately 180,000 papers were related to the PHR; in 552 of these works, the main author was from Mexico. After adding up to this figure, the number of articles found in the manual search and after correcting for any misclassification error, the PHR data base contained 971 papers; approximately half of them were not investigation reports, but commentaries, reviews and position papers. Outbreak studies were 3 per cent and mortality 2.2 per cent; prevalence works were the most common (8.4%), but analytic studies were very infrequent (4%). Communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases and mental health ranked among the main topics of interest; all other topics were infrequent or absent. These results highlight the need to carry out four main tasks to promote nationally the PHR in the short term.

This article presents the basic elements for developing a theory of the health transition. Such elements include the definition of concepts, the specification of a framework on the determinants of health status, the analysis of the mechanisms through which changes in health occur in populations, the characterization of the attributes that allow us to identify different transition models, and the enumeration of the possible consequences of the transition. The propositions are presented with a sufficient level of generality as to make them applicable to different contexts; at the same time, an attempt is made to provide them with the necessary specificity to account for different national experiences, thus opening a space for future comparative research efforts. Through the systematization exercise presented in this paper, we hope to contribute to the progress of a topic that has gained growing importance during recent years. Such importance is due to the enormous potential that health transition theory has for understanding and transforming the growing complexity of our times.

This paper discusses the main characteristics of the Program on International Health of the Pan American Health Organization that started in 1985. It describes the dynamics of the formative process in which the students are involved as well as the results of their academic work both as individuals and as a group. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of the Program to the discussion of the concept and practice of international health, and specifically to one of its basic areas: technical cooperation in health. Based on this analysis a main conclusion is presented: the need to strengthen the study of international health in the training programs in the schools of public health.

Epidemiological and health system research projects are often delayed due to the difficulties to build validated data basis in personal computers. This papers presents a new computer interactive program for handling numeric data from a given questionnaire to a structured archive. The questionnaire includes the basic variables of the dwelling and of the members of the household. A list of sociodemographic and health variables are selected, although other variables can be easily added, according to special needs. All the intermediate steps regularly needed to construct a data base are included in the package: capture, verification, validation and record linkage. The package is equipped with the basic procedures needed to produce tabulations and basic statistical analysis.

La depresión constituye un problema importante de salud pública. En el mundo, representa la cuarta causa de discapacidad en cuanto a la pérdida de años de vida saludables. En México ocupa el primer lugar de discapacidad para las mujeres y el noveno para los hombres. La depresión tiene una alta co-ocurrencia con otros trastornos como la ansiedad, el consumo de sustancias, la diabetes y las enfermedades cardiacas. Pese al impacto que tiene este trastorno, una gran proporción de personas no acude a tratamiento, retrasa mucho la búsqueda de ayuda, o bien no recibe la asistencia adecuada. El propósito de este ensayo es exponer el resultado de una breve revisión de investigaciones que permiten ubicar la depresión como un problema de salud pública en México. Se abordan la prevalencia y los factores asociados, las brechas de atención, el uso de servicios y los tratamientos disponibles. Al final se plantean algunas de las implicaciones para la investigación y para las políticas públicas.Depression is an important public health problem. It is the fourth cause of disease in the world in terms of lost years of healthy life. In Mexico, it ranks first in terms disability for women and ninth for men. There is a high comorbidity between depression and other mental disorders such as anxiety and substance abuse, as well as other serious and chronic physical conditions (e.g. diabetes, and heart disease). Despite the impact of depressive disorders in the quality of life of the population, there is a large proportion of people who don't get treatment, delaying seeking help and thus don't receive adequate assistance. The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of depression status in the Mexican population from a public health perspective; it includes prevalence and associated factors, gaps in care, characteristics of the use of services and treatments available. The paper concludes with a presentation of the implications for research and mental health policy in Mexico.

During his administration as Minister of Health, doctor Guillermo Soberón led one of the most important structural changes in health of this century in Mexico. All along the process, an ideological and doctrinal corpus was created. In this paper the main streams of this corpus are presented.

Within the academic modernization strategy that the National School of Public Health developed as a result of its merging into the National Institute of Public Health, a set of different normative standards were established in order to review its academic programs. This paper shows the specific criteria to differentiate the three graduate academic levels (specialty, masters degree and doctoral degree) that are offered by the School. This set of criteria was needed because there were misunderstanding about the goals and the contents of each of these academic programs. The present proposal was done by the Academic Program Associated Dean's team during 1987, after reviewing the academic standards at the national level for graduate programs. On the other hand, a set of criteria is proposed for the graduate continuing-education programs. These courses are seen as strategic for the training of physicians in executive levels of the health sector in Mexico.

The main aim of this study was to assess the quality and quantity of the Mexican epidemiologic production published in two journals: Salud Pública de México (SPM) and Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (BOSP). A previously accepted criterion was used to qualify a paper as an epidemiologic work. The period of study was eleven years (1975-1985) with 89 classified paper as "epidemiologic reports" (36 of BOSP and 53 of SPM). The variables included: original or revision's report; epidemiologic design; measures employed (frequency, association or potential impact); condition (contagious diseases, chronic-degenerative diseases or physiologic status); use of prevalent cases, incident cases or deaths; internal and external validity; bias' recognition; and number of references. Among the results that stand out are the proportion of cross-sectional designs (51.75), the weight for communicable diseases (36%), the detection of potential bias (65.7%) and the reports without references (30%). The discussion is centered in the main implications of these results when they are used to make decisions in the planning, operation and assessment of health services and in the generation of new epidemiologic knowledge.

El artículo presenta una propuesta para la atención del problema de las adicciones desde un enfoque de salud pública, define sus alcances y limitaciones frente a los retos del fenómeno, especialmente para la formulación de políticas; se suma a las propuestas que buscan integrar los temas sociales en la evaluación del resultado de las acciones y que proponen como meta última el bien de la persona y de las comunidades con una perspectiva de bienestar para la población. Describe el reto que enfrenta México en su papel como país productor, de tránsito y de consumo, analiza brevemente la evidencia sobre las políticas públicas y hace una serie de recomendaciones al respecto.This paper describes a plan for the attention of addictions from a public health perspective; it defines strengths of this perspective and its limitations to face the special challenges that the problem represents for social policies; adopts a wider perspective that includes the integration of health and social issues in measuring policy results having as a main aim the benefit of the person and of the communities with a perspective of the populations well being. It describes the challenge the country faces as producer, route of traffic and rates of consumption, analyzes briefly the evidence of public policies and makes a series of recommendations.

Papers dealing with the economic evaluation of health care have proliferated in the clinical literature. They provide an evidence-based element to help policy makers allocate resources among competing projects. These studies are generally done from a the perspective of a health provider (public or practice) or a public health professional, they do not take into account the special nature of the patient-physician relationship. The value of these studies for a clinician caring for an individual patient is questioned because the perspective used and the values measured represent those of society or a health provider, not those of patients. In addition, since cost-effectiveness analysis fails to take into account important societal ethical beliefs that are relevant to the care of individuals, its application to individual care is limited. Physicians should use these analyses when working as private or public policy makers, not as clinicians.Recientemente han proliferado en la literatura clínica estudios de la evaluación económica de la atención a la salud. Este tipo de análisis permite aplicar los principios de la atención a la salud, basada en la evidencia de decisiones que afectan la distribución de recursos entre proyectos alternativos. El hecho de que estos estudios generalmente se llevan a cabo desde una perspectiva de salud pública o de la de un organismo proveedor de servicios (público o privado), y que no toman en cuenta las características particulares de la relación médico-paciente, hace que su valor para un médico que se ocupa de un paciente individual sea limitado. En este ensayo se cuestiona la utilidad de estos estudios en la práctica clínica cotidiana. Un problema fundamental es que los valores medidos en los análisis económicos son los de la sociedad en su conjunto o los de un proveedor de salud, no los de un paciente específico. Adicionalmente, los estudios de costo-efectividad no toman en cuenta creencias éticas de la sociedad que son relevantes para el cuidado de los individuos. Los resultados de estos estudios son muy importantes para los que determinan las políticas de salud (incluso para los clínicos cuando actúan como administradores de recursos para la salud), pero no en la interacción clínica entre un médico y un paciente.

Papers dealing with the economic evaluation of health care have proliferated in the clinical literature. They provide an evidence-based element to help policy makers allocate resources among competing projects. These studies are generally done from a the perspective of a health provider (public or practice) or a public health professional, they do not take into account the special nature of the patient-physician relationship. The value of these studies for a clinician caring for an individual patient is questioned because the perspective used and the values measured represent those of society or a health provider, not those of patients. In addition, since cost-effectiveness analysis fails to take into account important societal ethical beliefs that are relevant to the care of individuals, its application to individual care is limited. Physicians should use these analyses when working as private or public policy makers, not as clinicians.

While there are promising developments in public health, most interventions (both at the individual and community levels) remain focused on "downstream" tertiary treatments or one-on-one interventions. These efforts have their origins in the biomedical paradigm and risk factor epidemiology and the behavioral science research methods that serve as their handmaidens. This paper argues for a more appropriate balance of "downstream" efforts with a more appropriate whole population public health approach to health policy -what may be termed a social policy approach to healthy lifestyles rather than the current lifestyle approach to health policy. New, more appropriate research methods must be developed and applied to match these emerging levels of whole population intervention. We must avoid any disjunction between new upstream policy level interventions and the methods used to measure their effect -appropriate unto the intervention level must be the evaluation method thereof.Aunque existen desarrollos prometedores en el área de la salud pública, la mayoría de las intervenciones (en los ámbitos individual y comunitario) se enfocan al tratamiento terciario de tipo curativo o se trata de intervenciones individuales. Estos esfuerzos tienen sus orígenes, tanto en el paradigma biomédico y la epidemiología de factores de riesgo, como en los métodos de investigación de las ciencias de la conducta, que actúan como sus herramientas. Este documento plantea un balance entre los esfuerzos de atención curativa y los esfuerzos más apropiados de una política de salud que propone acciones integrales de salud pública para toda la población, es decir, una política social enfocada en "estilos de vida saludables" más que en las aplicaciones actuales del concepto de estilo de vida. Deben desarrollarse y aplicarse métodos de investigación nuevos y mejores para equiparar los niveles emergentes de intervenciones poblacionales. Debemos evitar cualquier separación entre la política nueva de intervención preventiva y los métodos que se usan para medir sus efectos, es decir, que el nivel de intervención debe tener un método de evaluación apropiado.

While there are promising developments in public health, most interventions (both at the individual and community levels) remain focused on "downstream" tertiary treatments or one-on-one interventions. These efforts have their origins in the biomedical paradigm and risk factor epidemiology and the behavioral science research methods that serve as their handmaidens. This paper argues for a more appropriate balance of "downstream" efforts with a more appropriate whole population public health approach to health policy -what may be termed a social policy approach to healthy lifestyles rather than the current lifestyle approach to health policy. New, more appropriate research methods must be developed and applied to match these emerging levels of whole population intervention. We must avoid any disjunction between new upstream policy level interventions and the methods used to measure their effect -appropriate unto the intervention level must be the evaluation method thereof.

El problema de la violencia se ha analizado a través de distintos enfoques caracterizados todos por la fragmentación, pues cada disciplina ha impreso su punto de vista, de acuerdo con propósitos particulares sin que se hayan integrado los avances alcanzados en cada una. Las tres grandes vertientes a través de las cuales se ha hecho un intento por aproximarse al fenómeno son las ciencias sociales, las penales y, recientemente, la salud pública. En este trabajo se discuten, de manera general, las perspectivas teóricas que plantea cada una de esas vertientes y se destaca el impacto que sobre la salud tiene este problema, mediante la revisión de trabajos realizados en México sobre mortalidad y morbilidad debida a hechos violentos.Our understanding of violence gains from perspectives contributed by several different disciplines. The differences among goals and points of view are often reflected in their vocabularies and interfere in to integrate the advances by each of them. Three big disciplines have been studies violence, those are: Social Sciences, Criminal Justice and most recently Public Health this paper present discuss the theoric perspectives by discipline and try to dimensionated the Violence problem measure by Mortality and Morbidity by Intentional Injuries in Mexico.