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• Safety science has been developed and has received more and more attention in China in recent years. • Safety science in China is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research field. • A systematic review of the history, legislation, education and research of safety science in China was conducted. • The future developments of safety science in China were introduced briefly. The practice and study of safety science in China has a long and prolific history. In China, safety science originated in the early 1950s, soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. However, the more complete concept, research and practice of safety science were defined after the late 1970s, when China started its full-scale drive for economic reform and policy of openness. In the past decades, particularly in the 21st century, with the support of and encouragement from the Chinese government, safety science in China has undergone many changes and has been developed such that it is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research and practice field. Evidently, the research and practice of safety science in China has been fruitful. However, this was not well known to the world because most of the works addressing safety science were published or introduced in Chinese. Focusing on the discipline level of safety science, this paper provides a complete overview of safety science in China from five perspectives, namely, history, legislation, education, research, and prospects. The paper attempts to promote the cooperation and exchange between China and other countries to provide effective evidence-based services for the development of safety science in countries across the world. However, more detailed research on China's safety science should be carried out for a deeper understanding of China's work safety research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines demographic differences in safety proactivity behaviors (i.e., safety whistleblowing, safety voice, and safety initiative) and safety procedure, safety management, and safety hazards identification. The data was collected from 503 employees in Chinese small–scale enterprises by using one–way ANOVA. The results showed that safety proactivity behaviors were significantly correlated with age groups, safety initiative with education level, and safety management with gender. Safety procedure, safety management and safety hazards identification were significantly correlated with age groups and safety hazards identification with education level. However, there were no gender–based differences in safety proactivity behaviors, safety procedures, and safety hazards identification, and none in safety whistleblowing and safety voice, safety management, and safety procedure based on the education level. There were also no differences in safety proactivity behaviors, safety procedure, safety management, and safety hazards identification based on tenure. This offers practical suggestions to owner–managers of small–scale enterprises to address the current situation and to improve the safety proactivity behaviors of employees as well as improve the safety procedure, safety management, and safety hazards identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Development of the safety profession in Canada. • Certification and education in the safety profession. • Future outlook for the safety profession. This thematic paper explores the development of the occupational health and safety profession in Canada, including: a review of the OHS professional bodies – the national membership and national certification boards, a brief history of the profession in Canada, the impact of the Singapore Accord and the INSHPO Framework, OHS professional certification in context, including accreditation model and the historical development of examination competencies in Canada, an overview of the OHS education in Canada, and the future outlook for the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new multimedia simulation-based safety training framework (NIS) is proposed. • NIS increased situational interest (SI) among construction workers. • Increase in positive emotional can increase feeling-based maintained SI. • Emotional arousal may not influence triggered SI and value-based maintained SI. • Demographic factors moderate the association between change in emotions and SI. Safety training within the construction industry is often quite mundane and generic which is a problem for an industry combatting with high fatality rates on job sites for decades. Recent studies have found construction safety training programs severely lacking in developing hazard recognition and risk assessment skills among its workforce. Moreover, techniques used in these training programs are not geared to help adult learners engage or retain information provided. To address these shortcomings, this paper tests the efficacy of a multimedia simulation-based training program: Naturalistic Injury Simulations (NIS) in inducing interest among construction workers. NIS has been empirically shown to elicit targeted negative emotional experience among construction workers and the work presented here tests if NIS can also generate situational interest in construction workers regarding safety. This paper collected data from 489 construction workers on a construction job-site in an interventional experimental design. Analysis revealed that NIS were able to increase situational interest among workers and that these findings were consistent across all demographic dimensions captured in our study. Multiple linear regression analysis did not show clear evidence of a relationship between change in emotions and increase in situational interest among workers. This work shows that NIS will promote learning among workers by keeping them interested in the safety training process while also generating risk-averse behavioral patterns through emotional manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Emergence of safety science in China is both a choice and a intrinsic necessity. • The full discipline system structure is supported by weak basic theories. • Macro and micro factors have promoted the development of the discipline. • Some factors may vary between active and passive during different stages. • Current concern on emergency management is both a chance and a challenge. The discipline of safety science was first included into the scope of disciplines in Mainland China about 40 years ago. Up to now, it has developed into a first-level discipline. Safety science had a rapid development in China between 1980s and 1990s thanks to the availability of enabling environments and driving forces, both macroscopically and microscopically, such as high attention paid to work safety by the government, the establishment of three-level academic degree education system of higher education, the establishment of national academic societies of safety science, the unprecedented thriving of diversified academic thoughts, the presence of colleges and universities dedicated to high-risk industries, and the specific discipline management systems then in Mainland China and the strong supports from the talents of various aspects. However, the sustainable and healthy development of this discipline is retarded in some ways from the middle and later periods of 1990s due to various factors, such as too much focus on specific industrial safety issues by higher education institutions, the pains coming from the management system reform of higher education institutions, the counteraction of deviation of practical working mode to the research and teaching of safety science, the conflict between the multiple subdivision of safety demands and the limited training capacity of colleges and universities, and the weakening of the direct support from academic societies, etc. Judged from the current situation, the deep reforms of safety regulation system and the emergency management system that were initiated by the central government from the beginning of 2018 will inevitably lead to profound changes in safety practice patterns, which will further promote the combination of safety science with emergency management, the internal integration and differentiation of the discipline of safety science while at the same time making it more urgent to establish and improve the general discipline theory system and bringing more new challenges. It seems that the only way to develop and improve the discipline of safety science better and faster is to see safety researchers and practitioners cooperating more closely, making full use of the pushing force of practical demand while following the inherent rules of safety science and disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The lighting system of the tunnel is not standard. • Levels of luminance in different zones of tunnel is not compatible with the CIE 88-2004. • Standard and Optimum design of lighting in tunnels could decrease accidents and save energy. • Surfaces with low reflection in surroundings of tunnels lead to saving energy. • Installation semitransparent tension structures in tunnel entrance decrease accidents. • Installation of asymmetric lights in tunnel entrance decrease accidents. T he present study aims to carry out safety evaluation of lighting at very long tunnels on the basis of visual adaptation in one of long tunnels in Ilam province. The required lighting in both lines of the tunnel was designed by considering equivalent veiling luminance, atmosphere luminance and windshield luminance. Moreover, luminance of different zones was measured using IESNA LM-71-96 and IESNA LM-50-99 standards in order to compare the designed values with measured values. Veiling luminance in northern and southern lines of the tunnel are 116.7 and 127.5 cd/m2, respectively. Moreover, windshield luminance are, respectively, 220 and 238.4 cd/m2. In addition, atmosphere luminance are 290 and 307 cd/m2 for northern and southern lines. According to these data, the designed luminance in threshold zone are 548 and 576 cd/m2 for two northern and southern lines of the tunnel. Accordingly, the selected tunnel is very long, the required lighting in the first section of entrance zone are 6 and 6.2 cd/m2, and 2 and 2.3 cd/m2 in the second section of entrance zone for northern and southern lines. Furthermore, the required lighting at the end of exit zone are 10 and 11.5 cd/m2 for northern and southern lines. Eventually, designed values of luminance (cd/m2) in the studied tunnel were compared with measured values of luminance (cd/m2). Using surfaces with low reflection coefficients and planting trees and meadows in surroundings of the tunnel can decrease the required lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematic review and meta-analysis of over 160 papers on Natech research. • Papers classified by natural hazard, methodological approach and type of analysis. • Natech research shifts from earthquakes to hydrometeorological to multihazards. • Large research gaps remain concerning tsunami, wind and landslide related Natechs. • More research needed concerning hard countermeasures for Natech risk reduction. • Emerging fields include long-term health effects and risk communication of Natechs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rock properties and relations between AE and stress-strain properties were analyzed. • Difference of AE parameters response at different strain rates were studied. • Rock damage variable was derived based on accumulative AE count. • The damage evolution law of rock samples at different rates were described. To further understand rock damage mechanisms under loading, evaluate coal burst danger and ensure stopping safety during coal mining, uniaxial compression tests of rock samples at different mining-induced loading rates were carried out. A systematical analysis has been conducted on strain rate effect on rock mechanical properties, AE parameters response and damage evolution law. The results show that along with the increase of mining-induced loading rate, an increase of peak strength and elastic modulus of rock together with a decrease of peak strain and dynamic failure duration in post-peak period are shown. Several acoustic characteristics are found decreasing in power function when loading rate increases such as AE hits, counts and events, but an obvious increase of AE energy is shown. Peak frequencies of AE events are mostly between 95 ∼ 125 kHz and 270 ∼ 310 kHz. A well-defined correspondence between AE count curve and rock stress-strain curve is presented. Rock damage variable was derived based on accumulative AE count, and three stages of rock damage evolution at different loading rates can be divided: initial damage, steady evolution, and accelerated development. A constitutive damage equation has been established on the basis of equivalent strain hypothesis and AE count. Calculated results can basically reflect the characteristics of rock stress-strain curves at different strain rates. The conclusions of this paper can provide references for the issues of coal burst control and hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vastly different training environments resulted in similar physiological responses. • Instructors' hemostatic response were significantly blunted versus firefighters. • Work-rest cycles should be based on activity not environment when working in gear. For firefighters around the world, fire training is necessary to ensure operational readiness, but can be hazardous. Fire instructors routinely attempt to design safe but realistic scenarios and may do so in very different thermal environments. Yet, the physiological burden (and presumed physiological benefits) of different training has rarely been investigated. We studied the impact of three training fire environments: (a) pallets (Pallet), (b) oriented strand board (OSB) and simulated fire/smoke (Fog) on firefighters' and fire instructors' physiological responses. Peak ambient temperatures exceeded 420 °C in Pallet and OSB scenarios, but were less than 40 °C for Fog. Firefighters' peak core temperatures, heart rates and hemostatic responses were not statistically different among the training environments despite the large differences in ambient conditions. Instructors' heart rate and hemostatic responses were significantly blunted compared to the firefighters' despite similar peak core temperatures, suggesting instructors performed less work or were less stressed. It is important that physiological responses experienced by firefighters and instructors working in fully encapsulating personal protective equipment be considered based on intensity and duration of work, regardless of the apparent risk from ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A heuristic method is developed to identify belief masses from imprecise probabilities. • Belief masses can be propagated and updated using Bayesian network. • Propagated belief masses can be converted back to posterior imprecise probabilities. • The methodology can effectively deal with aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. System safety and reliability assessment relies on historical data and experts opinion for estimating the required failure probabilities. When data comes from different sources, be it different databases or subject domain experts, the estimation of accurate probabilities would be very challenging, if not impossible, and subject to high epistemic uncertainty. In such cases, the use of imprecise probabilities to reflect the incomplete knowledge of analysts and their epistemic uncertainty is inevitable. Evidence theory is an effective tool for manipulating imprecise probabilities. However, challenges in the assignment of prior belief masses and the lack of effective inference algorithms for combining and updating the belief masses have impeded the widespread application of evidence theory. To address the foregoing issues, in the present study, (i) an innovative heuristic approach is developed to determine the prior belief masses based on the prior imprecise probabilities, and (ii) it is demonstrated how Bayesian network can be used for both propagating and updating the belief masses. In a nutshell, the developed methodology converts the prior imprecise probabilities into prior belief masses, propagates and updates the belief masses using Bayesian network, and back-transforms the predicted/updated belief masses to posterior imprecise probabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper gives a historical perspective on the development of the OHS profession in Romania. This paper is written by a practicing safety specialist in Romania. So far as can be ascertained by the author there is no research done in Romania into the role that such a specialist and aspiring professional fulfils, and the author has no possibility of funding such research herself. Therefore, the paper is based only on an analysis of legal requirements for the role and education/training of such practitioners. These are filled out with personal observations and questions arising out of the author's own work as a safety professionals and consultant over a period of 30 years It is offered to the special issue in that limited form as a personal view of the limited effect of reliance only on legislation as a support for the development of a professional preventive function in occupational health and safety (OHS). In Romania, being a health and safety practitioner requires formal qualifications (education, training and experience) established by government regulations. These have changed significantly even over the relatively short time since they were first established, indicating that they lack the firm basis in research and debate that could anchor them more firmly in practice. Such legally required qualifications are only one aspect in establishing a recognized OHS profession. There needs to be a supporting perception by the OHS practitioners themselves, their employers, government and the work community that they have a valuable and ethically underpinned contribution to make to danger prevention and protection. What is needed in Romania is research into the question whether those working in those jobs and their clients/employers see the possession of those jobs and qualifications as stepping stones to a profession, or simply as a way of making money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The construction workers' learner model was built incorporating five factors. • 170 construction workers taking surveys were divided into four categories. • Organisational and environmental factors had greater influence than personal ones. • Potential strategies to introduce PST and improve safety outcomes were discussed. The improvement of safety performance of construction workers heavily lies in safety training, and training technologies, materials and organisations. However, the traditional one-size-fit-all safety training does not cater for the needs of heterogeneous workers. Personalised training may proffer a better solution for heterogeneous workers in the construction sector. To understand the rationale of personalised training, this study formulated a learner model that can capture and evaluate the learning abilities of individual workers. Methodically, a survey on 170 construction workers was conducted, and evidenced that they were heterogeneous in safety training motivation, established knowledge, and emotions during the knowledge acquisition process; and were vulnerable to the model effect and convenience effect during the knowledge application process. The results also showed that workers generally perceived safety training as a mandatory requirement, rather than inherently motivated; emotional changes was the most influencing factor in the knowledge acquisition process; about 40% of the workers were strongly vulnerable to the model effect and convenience effect; and 18% of the workers needed to improve their ability of knowledge acquisition and knowledge application. The correlation analysis and t -test indicated that age, year of experience, trade, project type, organisation type and site environment influenced workers' learning characteristics and abilities; which lead to the varied levels of safety understanding, awareness and performance. It was also concluded that the construction workers had unique characteristics in their safety learning process and the concept of adapted safety learning could potentially improve the efficiency of safety training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CSE is a new official profession in China. • Reviewed the history and development of CSEs in China. • Given an introduction to the administrative regulation on CSEs in China. • Introduced the important requirements regarding CSEs in China. Developing a group of good safety professionals is a key foundation for improving a country's work safety and health. In China, the widespread concern and discussion on the development of safety professionals, or more specifically Certified Safety Engineers (CSEs) started in the early 1990s. In recent years, especially after 2002, China's CSEs entered into a holistic, systematic and rapid development period because of the formal establishment and implementation of the professional qualification system for CSEs in 2002. Moreover, CSE is now becoming the most important profession in the field of work health and safety in China, and it has been officially approved by the central government. China has rich experiences on the development and cultivation of CSEs. However, these experiences were little known to the outside world due to the lack of efficient communication. Firstly, this paper briefly reviews the history and development of CSEs in China. Then, the administrative regulation and important requirements (such as capacity requirements and the knowledge framework) regarding CSEs in China are briefly introduced. This research aims at promoting the cooperation and exchange of information on the development and cultivation of safety professionals between China and other countries, to offer useful evidence and suggestions for the development of safety professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Personalized Safety Instruction Management (PSIM) system is established for real-time and personalized safety instructions. • The safety instructions are customized by worker's characters and their dynamic environment. • PSIM system has been implemented on a high-speed railway project successfully. Safety instruction, as a critical part of safety management, plays an important role on construction sites. Unified safety training and irregular inspection are the main safety instructions methods. Considering the complex construction site and low management density, safety instructions received by workers are usually not timely and precise. To improve this situation, this paper established a real-time personalized safety instruction method which considers the different characteristics of workers and complex construction environment. A user-oriented PSIM system is developed in this paper based on GPS and cloud computing. This system could facilitate the collection of the main hazards, safety instructions to these hazards, and project information using questionnaire investigation and paper document. The collected information is classified by 5W1H method and transferred to particular workers according to their different characters, including locations, duties and working time. A case study is presented, which highlight its method for recording data, processing data, and sending personalized safety instruction, in a high-speed railway project. The results demonstrate that important construction information related to both safety and activity in field operations can be automatically processed and visualized in real-time, thus offering benefits to reducing hazards, improving safety awareness of workers, and creating a safer environment for workers effectively at a reasonable cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • There is not a single health and safety profession in Denmark. • The field of professional actors are characterized by multidisciplinarity and heterogeneity. • There is a distinction between 'institutionally close' and 'institutionally distant' actors. • The tasks of the professionals are either 'operational', 'systematizing' or 'processual'. Abstract In this essay we describe the development of health and safety professionals in Denmark. We show how the historical particularities of the so-called 'Danish model', compromises between various health and safety stakeholders, and a lack of pure health and safety educations led to the establishment of an occupational group of professionals characterized by heterogeneity in backgrounds and multidisciplinarity in approaches and methods. Then we discuss how recent tendencies to the mainstreaming of enterprises' health and safety efforts have challenged the composition of the health and safety professionals, and made other types of professionals competitors in terms of solving health and safety issues. In the essay we propose a conceptual model that combines insights from new institutional theory on fields and knowledge on the tasks of health and safety professionals. In this way the model helps us illustrate the relationship between health and safety professionals and their competitors in the health and safety work within Danish enterprises. Finally we discuss if and how a further professionalization could take place in the Danish context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Preventive enforcement based on learning from accident investigation and analysis help in accident reduction. • 'Fall from height' causes maximum fatality in Indian conditions. • Harsh weather conditions increase accident occurrence. • Steel industries are relatively more accident prone. • Top management leadership, peoples participation and employee accountability, prioritizing safety in day to day production activities are crucial for Vision Zero goals. Abstract Despite best efforts to minimize risk in organizations, accidents appear almost unavoidable due to various reasons. In India and other parts of the world industrial accidents are investigated to know the causes so that recurrence can be minimized by designing adequate preventive measures. However, findings of investigation are seldom used appropriately to strengthen Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). The mineral rich state of Odisha (India), known as a hub for Iron & Steel industries, witnessed frequent accidents during 2005–2009. This article based on study of 982 fatal 'factory-accidents' occurred during 2001–2016, discusses the 'turnaround-story' resulting in reduction of fatal accident from 122 in 2009 to 45 in 2016. The paper examines the type of accidents, industries and distribution of the year; role of climate and harsh weather conditions on accident causation; impact of regulatory interventions in reducing accidents. Software such as R, SQL, MS-Excel and Tableau were used for analysis of data. It is found that maximum fatality is caused due to 'fall from height' (24%) and the harsh weather conditions of summer increase chances of accidents. Further, the study suggests that enforcement of partial work-restriction around lunch time during peak summer and screening and training of employees tend to reduce accidents due to fall from height. The study indicates that preventive enforcement based on learning from experience can be considered as an effective method to improve occupational safety and minimize employment injury in the journey towards 'Vision Zero' goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Compulsory safety training is ineffective in changing safety attitudes. • Risk knowledge and intent to behave safely increases but caring about safety does not. • Gender, age and education are intervening variables in safety attitude formation. Abstract Poor safety is a perennial problem for the construction industry worldwide. While there has been a large amount of research on construction safety training and its importance in developing positive safety attitudes, much of the evidence has been anecdotal. To address this gap in knowledge, this paper presents the results of an attitudinal survey of 228 construction employees from a variety of professional and trade backgrounds operatives in Australia who went through mandatory site safety training. It was found that the training was largely ineffective in changing workers' safety attitudes. The minor change in safety attitudes that did occur were largely cognitive and behavioural in nature while the affective component of safety attitudes remained virtually unchanged. In other words, construction operatives emerged from the training with a slightly better knowledge of safety risks, a better intention to behave safely but not caring any more about safety as an issue. It was also found that gender, age and education are potential mediators in the safety attitude formation process. It is recommended that when developing safety training programs in the future, more attention should be paid to tailoring programs to the demographic characteristics of the people being trained and to the use of new interactive and immersive technologies and learner-centric andragogical pedagogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This study investigated the effect of speed limits increases on fatalities. • A meta-analysis was carried out of a sample of regression studies for the US. • Count fatalities went up more on rural interstates than all roads network. • Statewide fatality rates per VMT would relatively improve although weakly. Abstract Speed plays an important role in road safety as it affects accident risk and severity. Among safety policies implemented to control driving speed, speed limits are the most highly developed. Since the 1970′s, numerous studies have focused on the effectiveness of speed limits, but even today there is still no clear consensus as to the impact that raising the speed limit has on traffic fatalities. With the aim of consolidating knowledge on this topic, a meta-analysis has been carried out of a set of econometric studies assessing the effects on traffic fatalities of increasing speed limits in the US. Two sub-samples were obtained, taken from the traffic fatality measures considered by studies (fatality count and fatality rate normalized per vehicle miles traveled), and two approaches were analyzed: rural interstates (where speed limits were increased in 1987 and 1995), and a statewide approach (all roads network). Our findings show that by count traffic fatalities went up on both rural interstates and statewide level, although the effect was higher on rural interstates. In other respects, statewide fatality rates could be improved in relative terms by raising legal speed limits, although the effect would be weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace is assessed based on a conflict-risk methodology. • The model quantifies the number of RPAS that can operate without exceeding a safety level. • We ascertained geometrical and operational factors that affect the RPAS integration. • We performed a sensitivity analysis to assess how RPAS average speed affects conflict risk. • Results confirmed the viability of RPAS integration without a significant impact on safety. • Several restrictions to the RPAS airway distribution and speed must be applied. Abstract The efficient and safe introduction of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) in non-segregated airspace requires a thorough assessment of all operational elements. In this paper, we dealt with the safety problem that arises from the integration of RPAS jointly with conventional aircraft in non-segregated airspace. The authors propose a framework and methodology for airspace design and planning purposes based on a conflict-risk method. This method compares a target level of safety (base-scenario without RPAS) with the calculated level of safety (scenario with RPAS). Moreover, the framework proposes an in-depth assessment by identifying geometrical and operational factors that may affect conflict risk. These conflict-risk factors are critical for RPAS integration and must be assessed to detect relations between them and conflict risk. Moreover, we have performed a sensitivity analysis to assess how RPAS average speed affects conflict risk. A real air traffic volume is studied to characterise a conflict-risk indicator, and different permutations to the base-scenario study the RPAS integration all over airways. Results confirm the validity of the methodology for planning purposes and the viability of RPAS integration without a significant impact on safety but with several restrictions to the RPAS airway distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Researchers have struggled to develop an externally validated method of measuring safety culture. • The cultural web proved to be a useful method for identifying, describing & improving safety culture. • This study provided qualitative data and quantitative data focused on effectiveness. • The cultural web exhibited high reliability and criterion-related validity with injury records. • The study data was used to test three different theoretical safety culture models. Abstract The purpose of the safety culture construct is to reduce organisational and occupational accidents. However, researchers have struggled to develop validated 'measures' of safety culture, that unequivocally link cultural traits with actual safety performance. Johnson's (1992) [Johnson, G., (1992). Managing strategic change—strategy, culture and action. Long Range Planning , 25 (1), pp.2] qualitative cultural web tool was adapted to simultaneously produce quantitative effectiveness ratings of an organisation's current safety arrangements for impacting personnel's safety-related behaviour. Data was collected at 15 safety culture workshops across North America over three-weeks. The population sample comprised 700 personnel, divided into 110 respondent groups. Data were examined from two perspectives: Within the cultural web topics (Routines, Stories, Symbols, Influences, Values, Structures & Measures); and specific safety culture topics (Profit before safety, Culture of Fear, Safety Leadership, Compliance, Competency, Communication, Lessons Learned) derived from thematic content analysis across the cultural web topics. The overall safety culture was shared and stable. Cronbach's Alpha (0.845) indicated reliability. Criterion-related validity between the organisation's Total Recordable Incident Rates (TRIR) for the cultural web topics (r = 0.488, p < 0.01) and specific safety culture topics (r = 0.417, p < 0.01) was found. Multiple regressions against specific incident records returned adjusted R2 criterion-related validity coefficients between 0.06 and 0.45. Both perspectives confirmed the criterion-related validity of the cultural web tool, albeit stronger relationships tended to be obtained from the safety culture topics. The study results reinforce the conclusion that the tool is a reliable and valid method that can help companies reduce organisational and occupational incidents and improve their safety culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Identification of relevant consequences in Aviation Safety at state level. • Multiattribute utility models to forecast and assess consequences of occurrences. • Models to facilitate the definition of national Safety Management Systems. Abstract Aviation safety is essential for the healthy growth and sustainability of the global economy. The implementation of Safety Management Systems to support safe service delivery has become one of the most important goals within the airline industry over the last years. However, in most cases the involved organisations use unsophisticated methods based on risk matrices for the development of such systems. In this paper, we present models to forecast and assess the consequences of aviation safety occurrences as part of a framework for aviation safety risk management at state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Two studies tested the effect of presentation medium on the effectiveness of a safety training. • Presentation medium was manipulated by using PowerPoint or immersive VR for the training. • The material displayed in the two experimental conditions was identical. • Risk perception, learning, and decision making were measured multiple times. • Both studies found no robust evidence for an effect of the presentation medium. Abstract In two experimental studies, we compared safety training given via immersive virtual reality with safety training given via PowerPoint in their effects on risk perception, learning, and risky choices. In Study 1, we compared the two methods in a sample of apprentices (N = 53) and also investigated whether participants' conscientiousness and locus of control moderated the effects of safety training. In Study 1, we found an effect of training method on the change in risk perception in terms of probability judgments and on risky decisions but not on learning. In Study 2 (N = 68), we sought to replicate Study 1 and also tested whether domain-specific risk attitudes affected risk perception and choice. Furthermore, long-term effects of safety training on information recall and risk perception after a 6-month interval were assessed. The effects found in Study 1 could not be replicated in Study 2. Neither study found an interaction between presentation medium and personality. We conclude that the costly procedure of immersive virtual reality (VR) does not seem justified for safety training because the less costly PowerPoint procedure with vivid film scenes did not fare significantly worse with respect to changes in risk perception, learning outcomes, or decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data required to perform Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) for emergency conditions are not readily available and are difficult to retrieve from accident investigations. In the absence of emergency conditions data, the conventional approach of gathering data for HRA is using expert judgment. Expert judgment often suffers from uncertainty, subjectivity, and incompleteness, which makes the reliability of this data collection technique questionable. A more recent approach is to collect data by conducting experiment in virtual environments with human subjects. Though virtual experimental technique addresses the issues of uncertainty, subjectivity, and incompleteness, it still does not consider individual differences while assigning the influence of different factors on human performance. This paper proposes to advance the virtual experimental technique by enabling the consideration of individual differences. An experiment using virtual environment was done to observe performances of 36 individuals during offshore emergency evacuation. By integrating the data collected from the virtual environment into an HRA model, the reliability of each individual was assessed. Sensitivity analysis was then performed to identify the most influential factors that contributed to failure in emergency conditions. This analysis can help identify specific weaknesses that a participant might have. For example, if a participant is found to be more sensitive to a particular factor, then training scenarios with different variations of the factor can be provided to the participant until an accepted level of competency is reached. Identification of a weakness can be combined with adaptive human factor training so that each individual can obtain competence more quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety issues are considered as the major concerns in the construction industry. Despite the rapid advancement of technology, it is revealed that the rate of the fatality in the construction industry is extremely high. Safety programs implemented by contractors, has always been known as one of the most effective strategies to reduce accidents and injuries in construction sites. There are myriad studies conducted to determine and evaluate the relative effectiveness of critical safety program factors; however, the interactions among these factors have rarely been investigated. The aim of this paper is to identify and assess the causal relationships of safety program factors in the construction projects in Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia. First, Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to identify the safety program factors. Second, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), which is a multiple criteria analysis tool, was employed to investigate the interdependences among the safety program factors. Then, the causal relationships among all safety program factors were visualized through a cause-effect relationship diagram. In this paper, 11 safety program factors were identified through FDM. Finally, the obtained results from DEMATEL indicate that “Safety Commitment and Responsibilities”, “Sub-Contractors and Personnel’s Selection”, “Safety Supervisor and Professionals”, “Plan for safety”, and “Employee Involvement and Safety Evaluation” are critical safety program factors. It was concluded that focusing on these five influencing factors results in the improvement of all safety program factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety science is a distinct, multidisciplinary activity in the academic community with abundant scientific connotation. Safety Science in China, especially in Chinese higher education, has developed rapidly in the past 20 years and its development process is affected by some factors including national laws and policies, economic development and administrative system. The above-mentioned factors make safety discipline with distinct industrial characteristics. In this paper, firstly, the development process and significant events of safety science in abroad and domestic is reviewed. Secondly, education condition about safety discipline in higher education institutions is analyzed, mainly including education institutes, research fields, curriculum provision, employment, vocational situation, and academic exchange. Then discussing how the three factors influence the development of safety discipline. The results show that 1999 is a demarcation point for the development process of safety science in China. Until 2016, there are 183 higher education institutions established safety discipline with different research fields. The focus of safety professionals’ cultivation has gradually expanded from technical competence to the promotion of comprehensive ability and quality. Influenced by economy, the number of universities establishing safety discipline decreased from southeast coast to central region, to western region, and its research fields are basically consistent with the local prop industries. Furthermore, in order to solve the main problem of single industrial research field of safety discipline, Chinese universities should propose new research directions, improve discipline contents and make further efforts to soften the industrial effect of safety discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedestrians are subject to an increasing number of stimuli and distractions derived from the roadside environment. Although the effect of distractions on child road crossing ability was recognized, there has been no systematic exploration of the effects of roadside distractions on child road crossing behavior. This work was aimed at studying the effect of roadside distractions on pedestrian road crossing behavior, focusing on elementary school-aged children, who are less capable of making a safe road crossing decision and are more vulnerable to the effect of distractions. Three types of audio distractions (a. sudden, momentary, and prominent noise, b. multiplicity of auditory elements, and c. continuous loud noise) and similar three types of visual distractions were pre-defined. Fifty-two children (aged 7–13) and adults arrived at the dome virtual reality laboratory and viewed 20 simulated crossing scenarios, embedded with visual and auditory distractions, and decided on the appropriate time to start crossing the virtual road. The results demonstrate that when exposed to environmental distractions, participants chose smaller crossing gaps, took more time to make crossing decisions, were slower to respond to the crossing opportunity, and allocated less visual attention to the peripheral regions of the road. Those effects were age related, and affected younger participants more significantly. Furthermore, visual distractions affected pedestrian behavior more than auditory type distractions. This study highlights an issue not yet adequately addressed, and the results should be considered by transportation professionals, and road safety educators, so better road safety programs to educate children can be created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we use the concept of risk ownership to clarify the question of agency in matters that concern the prevention of major industrial accidents. We determine who may be considered as a risk owner and what functions risk owners may have, given the challenges inherent in complex systems. We argue that major accidents may be viewed as failures of risk ownership and that improving risk ownership may help resolve particular systemic issues highlighted in investigation reports. To support such improvements in practice, we propose ten conditions for the emergence of a functional risk ownership, eight of them applying to all risk owners and two concerning pivotal risk owners. They focus on the context of risk owners, on what may enable them to make sense of their task and what may help them intervene in a way that, in sum, serves the prevention of major accidents. They emphasise on the need for continuous adaptation and for disrupting oversimplifications. They advocate complementarity rather than unification of insights and judgments, and problematize the lack of critical thinking, contradictions and disagreements. They recommend to develop strong “safety advocates” with the necessary legitimacy to make the case for system safety throughout a socio-technical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having to escape from a moving threat, such as a fire, is a tremendously frightening event during an evacuation. Evacuees’ decisions in such circumstances could be better made with an awareness of fire dynamics and potential risks. Rationality is a human factor which has an essential role in accomplishing typical evacuation in emergency situations. In this article, the authors propose a rule-based exit choice model in which the simulated individuals are provided with the assessment of exit’s disutility and decision-making capability for selecting and reselecting exits due to the evacuation dynamics. The model allows for the simulation of systematic crowd distribution at exits up until the end of the evacuation process, thereby accomplishing a more efficient evacuation. For further refinement, we allow the individuals to predict the dynamics of the fire spreading and involve its effect on the individuals’ assessment. We consider a precaution time for each individual as an essential parameter to guarantee safety from the fire spreading or equivalent risk. Simulations are performed and the discussion of fast and safe decision-making are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evaluation system for fire safety education policies (FSEP) is established. • Methods adopted include the text mining technology and the PMC-Index Model. • The strengths and weaknesses of the 10 FSEP in China since 2004 are quantitatively evaluated. • The design of the 10 FSEP is generally reasonable. The Fire Safety Education Policy (FSEP) is critical in raising public awareness of fire prevention and reducing man-made fires. The FSEP evaluation system was constructed based on text mining technology and the policy modeling consistency (PMC) index model, and ten representative FSEP were evaluated quantitatively. The results showed that among the 10 FSEP, one policy had the perfect consistency, two had a great consistency, and seven had acceptable consistency. Meanwhile, FSEP with a longer time frame scored higher, while short-term and more specific policies scored relatively lower. The PMC-Surface of representative policies showed that the lower scores of policy release agency (X 2) and policy tool (X 6) are the main reasons for the concave surface. The findings suggest that FSEP still has much room for improvement regarding policy release agency authority and policy tool selection. This study clarifies the strengths and weaknesses of FSEP in China and provides theoretical references for its optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A literature review and analysis is presented related to safety knowledge development and safety education. • Better understanding of demographic and temporal evaluation of safety education is presented. • The shortcomings of the current curricula in imparting safety concepts to the students are discussed. • A unique of process safety engineers education through a concept titled Safety Education 4.0 is presented. Safety education has found a place in the chemical engineering curriculum. However, its complete impact is yet to be realized. A part of this delay may be attributed to the gap between the concepts traditionally taught in engineering education and the tools required for the practice of engineering in the process industry. This gulf is only exacerbated by the advent of Industry 4.0, which relies heavily on emerging technologies, such as big data, automation, and machine learning. Therefore, a fundamental aspect that educators of process safety need to readdress is the following: "How can safety knowledge and competence among engineering graduates be enhanced for them to have a sustained impact on the safe design and operation of chemical processes during industrial practice?" In this context, the present work investigates the status of safety knowledge development and transfer from education to practice. A detailed analysis of demographic and temporal evaluation of safety education in specific engineering disciplines, and the shortcomings of the current curricula in imparting safety concepts to the students, are also discussed in detail. This perspective attempts to bridge the gap between academic training and the job requirements of process safety engineers through a concept titled 'Safety Education 4.0'. In the proposed Safety Education 4.0 methodology, academics and industry personnel collaborate in teaching students safety principles through project-based learning (PBL). The compact modular format of PBL makes it flexible to be updatable on-demand process safety education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative efforts between the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) led to a report focusing on overlapping occupational vulnerabilities, specifically small construction businesses employing young, non-native workers. Following the report, an online survey was conducted by ASSE with construction business representatives focusing on training experiences of non-native workers. Results were grouped by business size (50 or fewer employees or more than 50 employees). Smaller businesses were less likely to employ a supervisor who speaks the same language as immigrant workers (p < .001). Non-native workers in small businesses received fewer hours of both initial safety training (p = .005) and monthly ongoing safety training (p = .042). Immigrant workers in smaller businesses were less likely to receive every type of safety training identified in the survey (including pre-work safety orientation [p < .001], job-specific training [p < .001], OSHA 10-hour training [p = .001], and federal/state required training [p < .001]). The results highlight some of the challenges a vulnerable worker population faces in a small business, and can be used to better focus intervention efforts. Among businesses represented in this sample, there are deficits in the amount, frequency, and format of workplace safety and health training provided to non-native workers in smaller construction businesses compared to those in larger businesses. The types of training conducted for non-native workers in small business were less likely to take into account the language and literacy issues faced by these workers. The findings suggest the need for a targeted approach in providing occupational safety and health training to non-native workers employed by smaller construction businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation safety knowledge is a key factor in determining how passengers will respond in an emergency, but the effectiveness of the tools (preflight safety briefing, safety briefing card) used by airlines to educate passengers about safety has been shown to be lacking. This paper explores how one of these tools could be made interactive in order to increase its effectiveness. In particular, we use Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, adapting them to the constraints imposed by on-board aircraft use, such as usage on non-immersive, small displays. As a practical application, the paper examines aviation life preserver donning, which the literature has shown to be particularly difficult for passengers. To evaluate the proposed mobile VR tool, we contrasted it with the traditional safety briefing card in a between-groups study with 68 participants, age 20–24, focusing on different aspects of effectiveness. The results of the study show that the participants who used the mobile VR tool were able to transfer the presented safety knowledge to the real world, and don an aviation life preserver significantly faster and with fewer errors than participants who used the traditional briefing card. Moreover, these objective results were consistent with subjective ratings by participants; the mobile VR tool was perceived as significantly more engaging, simpler, and more effective than the traditional briefing card. Finally, participants who used the mobile VR tool attained a higher level of self-efficacy. The generalizability of these results would benefit with additional work aimed at an older age cohort that would ostensibly be less familiar with interactive VR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety Management Systems continue to be a prevalent research topic nowadays, which has gone from being an incipient construct to an essential factor in new currents of business management. Organizations have perceived the importance of organizing their techniques and resources under a Safety Management System with models similar to other certification systems such as the ISO 9000 family of standards. This research is aimed at knowing the conditions that accelerate the adoption of a Safety Management System, either under the principles, beliefs and values of Total Quality Management or as a consequence of the implementation and application of essential safety management techniques, namely, risk assessment processes, assumption of safety responsibilities and safety training. It has been proven that companies operating in Total Quality Management environments are more likely to adopt a Safety Management System than those which apply key safety management practices in isolation. Results show the potential of Total Quality Management to promote a Safety Management System by itself, even in the absence of proven core practices. The results are robust and suggest maintaining principles of the quality paradigm when pursuing more ambitious models based on total management such as Total Safety Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For effective and efficient learning to occur from safety incidents, certain factors and conditions related to the organisation, the actors or agents of learning, the learning process and the incidents themselves must be considered. Learning from incidents is not automatic and requires conscious and systematic steps to ensure it happens. Retaining the lessons learnt in the organisational memory to ensure continuous usage during the lifetime of the organisation is critical because personnel and learning agents change. To understand where breakdowns in learning from incidents are occurring, a bowtie analysis was used to organise the literature on failure to learn from safety incidents in a way that informs researchers and practitioners of priority areas. Additionally, the analysis aimed to test the validity of the bowtie method to filter failure to learn literature to identify key areas that could maximise learning. Using the bowtie analysis method led to the grouping of the issues identified in the literature on learning from safety incidents into three themes, namely, threats to failure to learn, consequences of failure to learn, and controls for overcoming failure to learn. This approach allows a summary representation of how and why failure to learn continues to occur together with potential practical strategies on how to overcome failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of technologies on jobsites is one of the recent challenges for construction management. To exemplify this, studies report the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Systems (UAV/UAS) for transportation and jobsite monitoring, and these potential features have caught the attention of the construction industry. However, studies are still required to orient the development of operational procedures for using this technology effectively, mainly for on-site safety monitoring. This study aims to assess the applicability of UAV for safety inspection on construction sites, focusing on the identification of the requirement that can be inspected and the non-compliances with the safety requirements established. This study was based on two case studies, conducted by a protocol developed for data collection, processing and analysis of the visual assets (photos and video recording) gathered from the UAS flights on jobsites. The results show that the visual assets collected by UAV can improve the safety inspection on jobsites by means of a better visualization of working conditions. This fact was pointed out by the analysis of the visual assets which provided detailed information about the compliance of safety items according to the safety regulations. The main contribution of this research is the development of a set of procedures and guidelines for collecting, processing and analyzing safety requirements from UAS visual assets on jobsite in order to identify the potential to incorporate this technology into the project’s safety management routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the current state of chemical laboratory safety awareness, attitudes and practices among tertiary students in Trinidad. It also sought to determine if there was any correlation between awareness and practice and if there were any useful predictors for the likelihood of accidents in the laboratory. The cross-sectional survey was conducted at three institutions with a sample size of 226 students. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data which were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and binary logistic regression. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with a member of the supervisory staff at each institution to gain insight into the established safety procedures. The results show that though awareness was high there were deficiencies in the areas of hazard identification and emergency response. Attitudes and practices were acceptable but needed improvement, with a weak correlation existing between these two variables. The characteristics of the particular institution were found to be the only predictor of the likelihood of accidents. It was concluded that more education and training need to be implemented for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the findings are presented of a multinational study involving 27 companies that have adopted a ‘Zero Accident Vision’ (ZAV). ZAV is the ambition that all accidents are preventable, and this paper focuses on how companies implement ZAV through ZAV commitment, safety communication, safety culture and safety learning. Managers and workers took part in a survey (8,819 respondents), company interviews and national workshops in seven European countries. A common characteristic of all the companies was the high ZAV commitment of their managers and workers, which often were embedded in the companies’ business strategies. It is very likely that this commitment is the main driver for long-term safety improvements. This research supports the importance of safety communication for ZAV implementation, especially of: specific ZAV or safety promotion programmes, constant and updated communication on functional tools, and effective supervisor communication. Successful communication must ensure ‘relevant’ information to respective organisational levels (not a one-size fits-all strategy), and allow for ‘decentralised’ initiatives. This research also highlights the importance of safety culture for ZAV implementation, with ZAV companies having high survey scores on management safety priority, safety empowerment and safety justice. The results also support the importance of safety learning (incidents and good-practice) for ZAV implementation. Additional success factors were top management support and an ‘open atmosphere’, systematic communication and dialogue on incidents, and a focus on things that go right. We conclude that ZAV is the basis for inspiring and innovative approaches to improve safety, as an integrated part of doing business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety training (ST) is essential for workplace safety and to be effective requires that the learned knowledge and skills are transferred to the job. Research on transfer mechanisms and its predictors has neglected trainers’ influence, despite their privileged position on decisions related with training. This study is aimed at identifying: (1) trainers’ perspectives on best practices for enhancing ST success; (2) unexplored transfer factors based on reported best practices; and (3) the trainers’ sense of self-efficacy and personal responsibility regarding ST results. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with experienced and first-line safety trainers, all OHS professionals. Content analysis revealed that trainers attribute training success to factors related to trainees’ individual characteristics, workplace environment and mainly to training design and delivery. OHS professionals’ presence in the workplace emerged as a critical transference trigger suggesting future research to explore under what conditions that effect occurs. Participants reported feeling responsible for training results but revealed a low sense of control. These results confirm that trainers decide on training design and deliver but their role should be expanded so to support training application in the work context. For that purpose, companies must empower safety trainers for enhancing their control over the transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Jakarta: In comparison with teenagers, young employed adults perceive that vehicle type and driver behaviour influence on road safety. • Jakarta: In comparison with teenagers, young employed do not realise the importance of safety enforcement and education. • Hanoi: In comparison with teenagers, young and middle-age employed perceive that safety enforcement and infrastructure less likely to have influence on road safety. • Hanoi: In comparison with teenagers, young and middle-age employed do not realise the importance of driver behaviour on road safety. This study investigates drivers' attitudes towards road safety in Jakarta and Hanoi. A comprehensive analysis of two datasets was achieved by multi-faceted analytical approaches of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Cluster analysis (Hierarchical and Two-step) (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). MCA and CA were used to segment the drivers based on their sociodemographic characteristics and driving related information where three clusters were identified from each dataset. There were 60+ attitudinal statements in the datasets, therefore dimension reduction process was conducted using PCA. Five Principal Components were generated from each dataset, four of them common to Jakarta and Hanoi ("Safe driving practices and behaviour", "Road safety enforcement and education", "Driver behaviour at signalised junctions", "Road infrastructure and roadside facilities"), the fifth component being unique to each city ("Road infrastructure design issues" for Hanoi and "Type of motorised vehicles" for Jakarta). Finally, MLR was used to investigate how the level of perception on the identified components varied across sociodemographic clusters in each city. Employed young adults in Jakarta perceive that " Driver behaviour at signalised junctions " directly influences road safety compared to teenage and young adults who are in education. The reverse is true for Hanoi. Employed young drivers in both cities are less likely to recognise the importance of " Road safety enforcement and education" compared to teenage and young drivers in education. The study shows that the perception of road safety among drivers varies based on various factors including their sociodemographic traits and driving experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper presents the results of an academic safety education program case study, composed of four research methodologies. • Several results describe the position of IRM alumni as safety professionals in organizations and give insight in the role and missions of a safety professional. • The results of this case study enable to re-engineer academic safety professional education programs. This paper presents the results of an academic safety education program case study. Since 2004, more than 300 students have graduated from the MINES Paris PSL University Industrial Risk Management (IRM) post-master program. The program addresses Occupational Health and Safety and Industrial Safety topics. Students are recruited from a large panel of Master Programs, going from Safety, Health, and Quality to Environmental Studies. Students then follow a 500-hour program, and they do a 1000-hour internship. Most of the students find a job related to one of those two domains. The general idea behind this case study is to reflect on the relation between a safety education program and the safety professional (alumni of the program): how a student turns out to become a safety professional, how the safety professional looks back to his education in regard of his current professional situation in the safety domain. The results of this case study have direct implications for the organisation of the IRM program and academic safety education programs in general. In this paper we will focus on the alumni of the IRM program: What are they? What are they doing? What is expected of them? To what extent did their training and education influence them? What is the fundamental knowledge they think need to master when taking up a job? What kind of knowledge and competencies do they use, and do they need in their job? This case study was based on several methodologies. More than a hundred alumni participated to a survey in 2017. A focus group with several alumni was organized in 2018. A "before" and "after" graduation survey was done. A fundamental knowledge assessment was done in 2019 on one cohort of students and their feedback on this test was collected. A critical reflection about learning in the safety field and quality analysis of safety education programs is made and perspectives about future curricula are proposed. Finally, the results of those studies enable us to re-engineer academic safety professional education programs. Further perspectives deal with the role of safety professionals in their organisations and with a reflexion on their contributions to safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The unsafe acts of controllers were studied to provide guidance for reducing the risk level of unsafe acts. • The risk factors of unsafe acts were identified and the formation mechanism of unsafe acts was revealed. • HFACS and SD were combined to enrich the research method of risk control of unsafe acts. In order to effectively control the risk of unsafe acts of air traffic controllers, a risk control system model of the unsafe acts of controllers was constructed by using system dynamics, and the effectiveness of the control strategies was analyzed by simulation. Based on Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) model, the causal relationship between environmental factors, organizational influences, safety supervision, adverse states of controllers and the risk of unsafe acts of controllers was analyzed, and the flow diagram was drawn. The validity of the model was verified by the validity test. The risk level of controller errors and violations was simulated and analyzed from organization influence, safety supervision and combination. The results show that the model can simulate the effectiveness of the control strategies. In the risk control of the controllers' errors and violations, the control effect of combined strategy is the best, in which improving the rules and standards and strengthening safety education and training are the best strategies. Using system dynamics to build the risk control system model of unsafe acts of controllers can simulate and analyze the effectiveness of control strategies, and provide theoretical basis for controlling the risk of unsafe acts of controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the larger sociological issues surrounding the standardization and institutionalization of safety training in the United States. The data consist of .MP3 audio files of professional development sessions recorded at a major international oil and gas safety conference. Qualitative content analysis is carried out using deductive and inductive techniques. Findings include that standards are built by subjective consensus and bypass empirically and philosophically based knowledge supporting adult education in safety training. The study also discusses the need for empirically based adult safety education in high risk industries respective to individual safety cultures. A number of reforms are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Professional accreditation of undergraduate Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering majors in higher education institutions in China. • Chemical process safety education through different majors. • The current discipline construction of the newly established major Chemical Safety Engineering in China. • Suggestions to further promote chemical process safety education. The chemical process industry (CPI) in China is developing rapidly with installations becoming more complicated and integrated to meet people's rising demands for chemical-related products. However, the fast-growing CPI has caused catastrophic consequences and bad social influence due to accidents occurred in the last decades, which has threatened its sustainable development. As one of the solutions, the Chinese government is promoting chemical process safety education to train interdisciplinary graduates who understand both chemical process and loss prevention, who are skilled in technology, and how to manage risk. In this paper, we reviewed the development of chemical process safety education in China by researching syllabuses of accredited undergraduate Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering majors in higher education institutions, discussed the associated shortcomings by analyzing the current discipline construction of the newly established major Chemical Safety Engineering , including education methodologies, resources, faculties, curriculum provision, and professional accreditation. Based on the analysis results, suggestions were provided to encourage institutions to strengthen chemical process safety education, thereby inherently reducing human errors and consequently improving the safety of the entire CPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• VR and MR are successful in operationalising authenticity and groupwork factors. • The perceived guidance factor influences the perceived effectiveness of the lesson. • The motivation of the students is influenced by the perceived authenticity and groupwork factors. • The study derived three proposed guidelines for using VR and MR in safety management education. Effective safety management education is essential for improving safety within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. While new information technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) are increasingly explored to improve safety management education and training, they are currently limited by the lack of pedagogies to guide the design and development of learning content. This paper aims to address this issue by utilising the authentic learning framework to guide the design of a VR/MR lesson for safety management education. The study developed an immersive VR/MR simulation-based activity based on the authentic learning framework. The effectiveness of the safety management lesson using an immersive VR/MR simulation is compared to a recorded video lesson. The results showed that the VR/MR simulation is more beneficial to the participants' motivation than the video lesson, but not for knowledge improvement and perceived lesson effectiveness. The results can be attributed to the difficulties in operationalising the guidance factor in the authentic learning framework. The key contributions of this study are threefold: (1) the study demonstrates that the authentic learning framework can be used for guiding the development of VR/MR simulation and recorded video lessons for safety management education; (2) the analysis finds that the VR/MR simulation improves motivation for learning, but not knowledge and perceived effectiveness of the lesson; and (3) three guidelines are suggested to improve the design of VR/MR educational applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have demonstrated that reading and following safety instructions, such as warning labels and product manuals, may serve as a defense against hazards and can prevent injuries. This paper examines the predictive value of four factors that might determine whether students read and follow safety instructions: students’ safety norm, students’ safety attitude, the sensation seeking trait and type A personality. Our investigation was carried out with 172 university students (mean age = 20.01, SD = 1.56) who participated in a paper-and-pencil survey. Regression analyses revealed that students’ safety norm and attitude were positively related to reading and following safety instructions, while sensation seeking was inversely related. Type A personality had no predictive value. Our statistical findings further revealed that female students read and follow more safety instructions than male students. Based on these research results, recommendations are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Variance in the operating practices exists despite high level of procedure guidance. [•] The semiotic notion of habit operationalizes what the concept of operating practice. [•] Habits characterised as interpretative possess potential for resilience. [•] Practical consequence: pay attention to habits in e.g. training, design, safety evaluations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Young workers are a vulnerable population for workplace accidents. [•] A in situ analytical approach can explain how young adults learn workplace safety. [•] The work activity regulation model explains how work determinants shape health. [•] Learning, rather than teaching, paradigms better assist OHS skills development. [•] Learning to allow a “margin of manoeuvre” helps young workers to stay healthy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Accident causation models. [•] Accident assessment studies. [•] Occupational safety and health risk management. [•] Literature review. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Integrating accelerometer determination and image recognition for fall accidents. [•] Actively informing faculty advisors of accidental falls. [•] Clearly detailing on-site status regarding accidental falls. [•] A useful approach for safety education and training. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] OSHA 30-hour training has become the de facto for the construction supervisor. [•] It falls short in ensuring supervisors are adequately equipped for safety success. [•] We confirmed other necessary supervisor competencies for safety success. [•] Policy and education implications are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]