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• Explainability and interpretability explain models and results to stakeholders. • We study explainability and interpretability in a risk and risk science context. • We identify considerations that can guide the risk analyst as they leverage AI. Recent adoption of advanced technologies, such as related to artificial intelligence (AI) methods, shows expanding potential for risk and safety applications. However, these technologies are complex such that even the programmers may have a limited understanding of how the models work. The field of explainability is increasingly being explored for the purpose of explaining models and model results to various stakeholders. Similarly, interpretability is being explored to describe the reasoning behind model predictions and decisions. This paper studies the concepts of explainability and interpretability in a risk and risk science context, as those concepts relate to risk science with their topics on risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. The main purpose of the paper is to define a set of considerations that can guide the risk analyst as they leverage AI, explainability, and interpretability to enhance risk science and its applications. The discussion is illustrated using examples from the context of autonomous vehicles. This paper will be of interest to risk analysts, policymakers, and others who foresee a larger influence of advanced technologies on risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) solutions are becoming increasingly prevalent in workplace safety. However, some industries are still in their infancy in adopting this technology. The New Zealand forestry industry is one such example. The forestry industry is one of the most dangerous industries in New Zealand (and internationally). Yet, while IoT solutions are being adopted in other industries, human-focused IoT systems for safety in forestry are lacking. The contribution of this paper is to highlight this, investigate whether IoT can be used as assistive safety technology in the New Zealand forestry industry, and highlight the challenges associated with it. To this end, this paper investigates feasible uses of technology for safety and injury prevention in the New Zealand forestry industry by introducing an IoT based system. This includes an outline of the generalised system, a proof-of-concept implementation, and an evaluation of its use within two forestry scenarios. Finally, this paper includes a discussion on how this system could be adapted for use in a variety of scenarios, provides a comparison with other existing approaches, and discusses the challenges involved in developing solutions for use in hazardous industries. This work is part of a larger project centred on the use of technology for safety and injury prevention in the New Zealand forestry industry. • Highlighting the lack of human-focused IoT systems for safety in NZ forestry. • Investigating IoT as assistive safety technology in the forestry industry. • An IoT system which tracks workers' locations in and around a geofenced area. • Highlighting the challenges associated with human-focused IoT for NZ forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overview of the state of the art of air traffic controller workload management, assessment, and prediction. • The review uses science mapping techniques and interactive network representations. • Three topics: operational environment, human-centred and complexity-related. • Keyword co-occurrence study has divided the keywords into 8 different groups. • It includes the analysis of the 5 most cited works and the most recent studies and outcomes for future research. The study of the workload of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) is a basic pillar to ensure the safety of air transport. In this paper, the results of a detailed science mapping-based analysis on the publications that focus on this topic are presented. The query was carried out on Web of Science, using the keywords 'workload' and 'air traffic controller*' and a subsequent filtering was performed. 374 studies have been included in the analysis. It has been approached in a top-down manner, starting from the more general topics to the more detailed ones. To present the results in a visual form, graphs created using VOSviewer software have been used. The results of this analysis provided the answers to the nine research questions posed. The analysis has been divided into two parts. In the first part, the 374 previous works were analysed together. Thanks to their analysis, it has been possible to answer questions related to the relevance of these studies to improve the safety of air operations, identify the pattern of co-authorship, the geographical distribution of the authors, the main lines of research followed in the study of the workload of air traffic controllers, or the keywords most frequently used. Additionally, a second part of the paper focuses on a detailed analysis of some of the publications considered. Within this second part, the three pillars of the workload study have been considered: workload management, assessment, and prediction. The relationship between air traffic controllers' workload and capacity has also been explored in detail. Finally, the five papers with the highest number of citations and their implications for future research were analysed. This was complemented by an analysis of the emerging issues covered by the latest publications. The aim was to identify emerging topics of study. In this way, a general but also detailed analysis of the study of the workload of air traffic controllers has been carried out and its study has been related to its importance in improving the safety of air operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematic review of 33 papers on participation in construction. • Knowledge framework for the design of participatory practices. • 7 design meta-principles, 7 design principles, and 17 design prescriptions. • Participation's contribution to safe and resilient construction projects. • Participatory practices can contribute to both Safety-I and Safety-II. Workers' participation has long been acknowledged as a means for the harmonization of the technical and social components of socio-technical systems. However, guidance to designers of participatory practices is often implicit in the literature, which also does not jointly address safety and resilient performance, two key business aspects in construction projects. This paper addresses these gaps by proposing a knowledge framework for the design of participatory practices that contribute to safe and resilient construction projects. To this end, a systematic literature review of 33 papers on participation in construction was carried out. Based on a thematic analysis, this review gave rise to a framework composed of seven design meta-principles, seven design principles, and 17 design prescriptions. The seven principles mediate the relationships between the more abstract meta-principles and the more operational prescriptions. The framework encompasses dimensions of participatory practices that can contribute for the design of resilient systems and for the operationalization of both safety-I and safety-II in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on a practical case with supervisors from a clothing store during the pandemic context, it is demonstrated how to carry out an assessment of psychosocial risks at work in a structured, sustained and objective way. • The results obtained emphasize the positive psychosocial work environment that was evident in the professional category of supervisor. Most risks showed acceptable or moderate incidences. • It is possible to conclude that the pandemic period, despite creating contextual constraints, was not consider a specific risk factor in these stores and the supervisors felt safe in their workplace, because there was a robust system of preventive measures implemented. • The paper also contributes to clarify the perspectives in psychosocial risks assessment. It is believed that all types of studies can be relevant to increase knowledge and awareness on the topic of psychosocial risks at work, but, as showed in the text, not all of them represent assessments of professional risks. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how to carry out a structured, sustained and objective assessment of psychosocial risks at work. Several studies in the literature on this topic are presented as risk assessments, when in fact they reflect the results from worker consultation procedures and/or surveys about the psychosocial work climate. As relevant as these studies are, many are not professional risk assessments. This assessment obeys a set of assumptions that must be strictly respected and performed by duly qualified professionals, as national and European legislation determine. Using a practical case with supervisors of clothing stores evaluated during the pandemic context, it is explained and applied an approach to perform this kind of risk assessment. The data presented show the effectiveness of the methodology applied. Regarding the results obtained in the practical case mobilized, a positive psychosocial work environment, even taking into account the pandemic context, with most risk factors showing acceptable or moderate incidences. It is possible to conclude that the pandemic period, despite creating contextual constraints, was not consider a specific risk factor in these stores and the supervisors felt safe in their workplace, because there was a robust system of preventive measures implemented. However, it is important to underline that exist also dissatisfaction with working conditions in some segments of supervisors, as well as a high level of risk of professional exhaustion, interpersonal conflicts at work and interference of work with personal/family life. For this reason, intervention measures were proposed to the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bibliometric analysis regarding resilience in civil engineering field was carried out. • 539 documents were found in Web of Science database for 1996–2020 period. • Research trends and main gaps were analyzed in eight sub-categories. • Recovery time and Downtime , Critical infrastructures , Probabilistic approach , and Community resilience are the fields where resilience gained the most attention. The interest in the concept of resilience has been growing consistently over the past few years to study the functionality and behavior of systems against natural and man-made hazards. Yet a comprehensive, updated review of methods and frameworks to assess and improve the resilience and safety of civil engineering systems and communities is lacking. In this paper, a bibliometric and visualization method is implemented to explore the status of resilience research in civil engineering applications by analyzing journal papers published from 1996 to 2020. The concept of resilience and safety is investigated through eight subject categories identified by the authors in the literature: recovery time strategies and downtime, critical infrastructures, probabilistic approaches, fuzzy logic approaches, structural health monitoring, health care facilities, emergency management and decision-making, community and urban resilience. Results show that resilience research has increased rapidly since its introduction, most notably in the past seven years. The analysis identifies two main research approaches: frameworks and conceptual models, and case study based. The latter is the most adopted methodology by the analyzed works. In terms of geographical distribution, most of them have been carried out in the USA, the United Kingdom, China, and Italy. The authors' keywords analysis reveals that recovery strategies, critical infrastructures, vulnerability, and community resilience and safety have attracted prominent attention in the past decade. Finally, we conclude that further multidisciplinary research is needed to model multi-hazard scenarios and cascading effects, to collect data, and to define new performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Regulatory reforms on OSH, which led most advanced economies to adopt principle and process-based requirements; • Subsequent structural and organisational changes the economies of most of these countries; and. • Neo-liberal political and economic policy influence behind some of these changes and resulting shifts in the balance of power between capital and organised labour allowed corporate interests to dominate the interpretation of the means of compliance with them. Analysis of the development of professions and professional institutions in occupational safety and health is somewhat neglected. While there are some accounts of the development of professional practice in occupational medicine and a discourse on its ethics in the literature, that addressing the development and role of the general OSH practitioner is more limited. This paper seeks to contribute to this literature and to the development of such a discourse, with an account of some key antecedents of current practice. It identifies structural factors within the economy and its regulatory framework for OSH, that have influenced the rise to prominence of the generalist professional/practitioner. It examines the consequences of this for these OSH professionals and the associations that represent their professional interests. It frames this examination with reference to the sociological literature on professions more generally. Drawing on parallels in this literature, it argues that substantial shifts in the loci of power in work relations during recent decades, occurring against a back-drop of neo-liberal political and economic policies, have helped shape the current corporate demand for OSH generalists. This has led to their increased presence in the OSH infrastructures of advanced market economies and beyond. At the same time, and with reference to parallels in the sociological literature on salaried professionals, the paper suggests that meeting such a demand, in these structural contexts, may have consequences for professional practice. But with a few notable exceptions, it finds theoretically informed discussion of these consequences and their determinants to be underdeveloped in recent specialist literature on professional practice in OSH. The paper concludes that further research and informed discussion of the issues raised by viewing professional development in OSH from a more sociological perspective is important and should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 73.2% of aircraft accidents occur on or within the general vicinity of an aerodrome. • Accidents on the aerodrome presented a mean survivability rate of 92%, with accidents off aerodrome having a 50% survivability rate. • The rate of aircraft accidents and serious incidents is greater on or near general aviation aerodromes than commercial air transport operation aerodromes. • ARFFS should be located at aerodromes where the risk is greatest. • Narrowed-bodied aircraft accidents on or near an aerodrome present the greatest need for an ARFFS. • The risk associated with very large wide-bodied aircraft appears to be lower than its single aisle narrow-bodied alternative. Aircraft accidents are most likely to occur on or within the immediate vicinity of an aerodrome, however, only some aerodromes have a specialised onsite fire and rescue service (Aviation Rescue Fire Fighting Service or ARFFS). ARFFS exist to save life in the event of an aircraft accident, yet there is limited literature about assessing the need for ARFFS. This presents considerable challenges for aviation safety standard setting organisations and has resulted in global inconsistency and disparity relating to the ARFFS. This paper presents two studies that analyse aviation safety and accident data to start to establish an evidence base for decisions about where ARFFS should be located. The first study found that aerodromes with operations that were primarily general aviation had a higher rate of accidents and serious incidents than aerodromes with operations that were primarily commercial air transport. The second study found that narrow bodied aircraft present a greater probability of a fatal outcome (with or without fire) compared to wide-bodied aircraft. Passenger movement rates and the size of aircraft are the basis for many international ARFFS establishment criteria, but the findings in this paper suggests that alone they are not sufficient indicators of the need for an ARFFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The experiment of adversarial crowd is conducted, which complements the experimental data of the specific type of crowd. • When the attacker stops moving, the desired velocity of crowds increases, resulting in a new velocity-density relationship. • The impact of the different corridor's widths on the risk of crowd falling is analyzed and discussed. • Based on the movement characteristics of adversarial crowds, a pedestrian evacuation model is established. With the continuous development of pedestrian dynamics, the movement characteristics of multiple types of people (elderly, children, disabled people, etc.) under various scenarios (flood, fire, special building structure, etc.) have been extensively and deeply studied. The relevant conclusions and movement rules are of great significance for guiding the design of building structures and crowd evacuation instructions. However, there is a lack of research on the movement of adversarial crowds with different movement purposes and strong interactions. The analysis of its movement characteristics and the movement modelling of interaction rules need to be further explored through controlled experiments. Therefore, this paper focuses on the study of the movement characteristics of the adversarial crowd and carries out a realistic experiment in which pedestrians in the corridor escape from attackers to complete the evacuation. The purpose was to address the following questions: the impact of attackers and corridor width on pedestrian movement. It was found that the attacker's movement pause would increase the desired velocity of the crowd, and thus the velocity-density relationship was different from the traditional fundamental diagram. The width of the corridor has a great impact on the movement speed and the collision probability of the crowd. Based on the results of the experiment, a model was established and simulation experiments were carried out by changing the width of the corridor. It is hoped that the results of this paper can provide help for emergency evacuation guidance for pedestrians in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model-based safety assessment (MBSA) has been one of the major research thrusts of the System Safety Engineering community for about three decades. It has attracted attention in many safety-critical industries, such as aviation, mining, and nuclear power. However, there is still a lack of consensus on what MBSA is. For example, how is MBSA different from the traditional safety analysis approach? How one MBSA approach is different from another? The ambiguity in the identity of MBSA poses significant challenges to the advancement of MBSA as an active research area. To answer these questions, we conducted a systematic review of the MBSA literature. Overall, 134 articles were selected for review from a total of 864 papers. We found four core activities that an MBSA approach must perform. Based on how each core activity was conducted, we were able to define (i.e., setting MBSA apart from other safety analysis approaches) and characterize (i.e., setting one MBSA approach apart from another) MBSA. As a result, an MBSA approach must at least (1) model component faults and fault propagation, (2) support the automatic computation of the desired safety analysis, (3) ensure the consistency between the design model and the safety model at the architecture level, and (4) demonstrate the safety risk due to component faults are acceptable. In addition to the insights and implications we identified for each core activity, we presented at the end of the paper a pressing issue of MBSA that multiple articles pointed out over the years: model validity. Without ensuring the validity of the safety model, it will be very challenging to utilize MBSA to its full potential for safety assurance. • Identified activities that an MBSA approach must conduct. • Identified characteristics that an MBSA approach may exhibit. • Identified requirements that an MBSA approach must satisfy. • Made suggestions for MBSA future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first paper to apply systems thinking and associated methods to better understand paramedic occupational injury. • Systems thinking-based approaches improve contributory factor identification and the identification of interrelationships. • The factors to contribute to the occurrence of paramedic work-related injury span each level of the hierarchical model of complex sociotechnical systems. • Systems thinking-based approaches can be incorporated into current paramedic injury surveillance to enhance the effectiveness of current epidemiological injury surveillance models. Paramedic work occurs in complex, dynamic, uncontrolled, and unpredictable work environments which increase their risk of occupational injury. The complex and multi-factorial nature of paramedic occupational injury requires a holistic systems-based approach to identify and understand contributory factors of paramedic occupational injury. Systems thinking methods are useful for understanding and responding to complex issues, however these have never been applied to the surveillance of paramedic injuries. Through a narrative review of the paramedic occupational injury literature, this paper aims to establish the currently known contributors of paramedic injury, examine the extent to which a systems thinking approach has been applied in this context, and outline how these could be integrated into current paramedic injury surveillance systems. A search of Ovid Medline between the years 2004–2021. In total, 120 literature works were used to develop the systems maps and models presented in this paper. These included: a social-ecological model; an ActorMap; an AcciMap; and a PreventiMap. The findings illustrate the complexity and diversity of the factors contributing to the occurrence of paramedic injury at work. However, systems thinking-based approaches like those presented in this paper are not a substitute for the traditional epidemiological approach to injury surveillance, rather these approaches should be incorporated together to improve risk and protective factor identification, facilitating the development and implementation of targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the offshore oil and gas industry as a case of an industry operating in demanding conditions with an imminent potential for catastrophic failure, undergoing major transformations driven by advances in digital technologies while being exposed to an increasingly aggressive threat landscape due to geopolitical changes. It is also a case of cyber-physical systems with tight couplings between digital changes which might be incited from virtually anywhere, and real-world, physical consequences. The exploration is aimed at understanding, based on interviews, to which extent the existing cyber security practices in the industry carries the potential to be strengthened by the application of resilience principles. An enhanced level of cyber security, denoted cyber resilience, is regarded as a crucial part for the industry to become able to close a strategic agility gap, in which they are at risk of falling behind in their response repertoire, becoming stuck and stale while trying keep up with an increasing rate of shocks through classical modelling and simulation. Resilience is, however, a concept with many meanings, originating from a diversity of academic discourses. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of analyzing the empirical data through an analytical framework of cyber resilience, a "resilience ABC", accommodating a crucial distinction between robustness and resilience founded on adaptive capacities. Moreover, we find that closing the strategic agility gap requires a cyber resilience approach that is a mix of robustness and adaptive capacity, and that the gradual shift towards more emphasis on adaptive capacity requires a fundamental shift from seeing resilience-as-outcome as just an epiphenomenon of existing practice. In contrast, we see adaptive capacity as resilience-as-process, a phenomenon to study on its own terms. This also implies that cyber resilience management must move beyond a sheer assimilation with risk management. As access to real incident data may be limited, we also advocate the idea of training on scenarios at the boundaries of robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biases are prevalent and unavoidable in any analytic and decision-making domain. • We investigate biases as they relate to the characterization of risk. • We explore how the risk analyst can acknowledge and address those biases. Several recent publications have addressed the issue of risk study quality, which often calls for the minimization of biases. However, biases are prevalent and are often unavoidable in any analytic and decision-making domain. There remains little guidance on how to identify and address potential biases and how those biases can influence a risk study. This paper investigates biases related to systematic error, inclusion of events, models, and cognitive factors as they relate to the characterization of risk. With this understanding, we explore how the risk analyst can acknowledge and address those biases in support of a high-quality risk study. New insights are obtained by considering the biases in relation to the basic elements of a risk characterization: events and consequence, uncertainty measurements and descriptions, and the supporting knowledge. This paper will be of interest to risk analysts, policymakers, and other stakeholders for risk study applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper investigates ML and DL applications for safety purposes. • Main documents, authors, and terms were identified. • Past, present, and potential future research streams are highlighted. Over the last decades, safety requirements have become of primary concern. In the context of safety, several strategies could be pursued in many engineering fields. Moreover, many techniques have been proposed to deal with safety, risk, and reliability matters, such as Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL). ML and DL are characterised by a high variety of algorithms, adaptable for different purposes. This generated wide and fragmented literature on ML and DL for safety purposes, moreover, literature review and bibliometric studies of the past years mainly focus on a single research area or application field. Thus, this paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the research on this topic through a Systematic Bibliometric Analysis (SBA), along with proposing a viable option to conduct SBAs. The focus is on investigating the main research areas, application fields, relevant authors and studies, and temporal evolution. It emerged that rotating equipment, structural health monitoring, batteries, aeroengines, and turbines are popular fields. Moreover, the results depicted an increase in popularity of DL, along with new approaches such as deep reinforcement learning through the past four years. The proposed workflow for SBA has the potential to benefit researchers from multiple disciplines, beyond safety science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The research methodology and general principles for fundamental research in safety science are introduced. • The achievements in safety fundamental theories made by our research group over nearly 20 years are summarized and presented. • The construction and contents of six new postgraduate courses of safety science for safety majors are described. • The experiences in the teaching and promotion of the six new postgraduate courses are also given. After more than half a century of development, the safety discipline has accumulated many theories, methods, models, and principles, but these results are still relatively scattered in various fields, and have not formed a complete subject system. Furthermore, there remain many gaps in the foundations of safety science over the years, and there are few textbooks on safety fundamental theory that are usable by postgraduate students in safety majors. To fill the gaps, this paper introduces a project concerning fundamental safety research and the construction of textbooks and new courses on safety science theories for the postgraduate education of safety majors. These texts and courses were created by the Safety & Security Theory Innovation and Promotion Center of Central South University. The project depended upon a strategy of "innovating safety science theory, publishing a series of papers, writing postgraduate textbooks, setting up postgraduate courses, and popularizing them to universities all over China." After persisting for over ten years, our research group published more than 200 papers (mostly in Chinese journals) and compiled these papers into 11 monographs or textbooks. These books were Principles of Safety & Security Science , Methodology of Safety Science , Safety Statistics , Safety & Security Informatics , Safety Culturology , and Safety Pedagogy , among others. Then, the corresponding courses were opened and matching teaching materials were built. Accordingly, these courses were popularized in many universities with safety majors in China. The above works have achieved remarkable effects and played an important role in the development of safety science. This review provides a glimpse of safety science development in China. Our experiences are also significant insofar as providing reference value for the basic research on safety science and talent training worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An evacuation route selection model is proposed to mimic the pedestrian's thinking. • Exit radar dramatically improves the speed of evacuation route decisions. • Fire radar can deal with fires under different HRR and development speeds. After a fire occurs, it is imperative that people in danger evacuate as soon as possible. However, the current emergency plan based on the pre-established static exiting route is unable to considering the real-time fire scenario. In addition, the selection of evacuation routes significantly relies on the decision-maker's experiences. These issues seriously affect evacuation efficiency, decreasing the likelihood of survival. This paper developed an effective real-time evacuation guidance method that can automatically select the evacuation route in accordance with real-time fire scenarios. The model is established based on the on-policy learning algorithm SARSA (State–action–reward–state–action), an algorithm for learning a Markov decision process policy, which could mimic the decision-making of pedestrian behaviors in an emergency. In addition, two types of radar (exit radar and fire radar) are introduced into the SARSA algorithm to facilitate the wayfinding process, which formulated the so-called Radar-assisted SARSA (RSARSA). The results have shown that RSARSA can swiftly decide a safer evacuation route for pedestrians or crowd at arbitrary location. The convergence time of initial successful route planning is between 0.05 and 4.5 s under the tests in this paper. The evacuation route determined by this algorithm can well consider the fire, and timely avoid routes with potential dangerous. Moreover, RSARSA can flexibly respond to different fires under various heat release rates and development speeds. By applying this technology, fire evacuation can be guided by routes that are more attuned to the mindset of pedestrians. It can provide a good basis for route selection of crowd evacuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper addresses the much-debated questions about accident "causes". It seeks to explore whether "normal" variabilities in operating conditions and environments can explain unexpected outcomes and even accidents. • It uses the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), to examine the high-profile Macondo Well incident in the Gulf of Mexico. • Hollnagel developed the FRAM approach originally to look at accidents and achieved a breakthrough by abstracting the system model to the level of functions, to show exactly the complexity and interdependability identified by Perrow in his Normal Accident Theory. • The results show that, rather than the highly unlikely simultaneous failure of a number of barriers designed to prevent Blowouts, the pattern of the events on the day can be explained as the way variabilities in the effectiveness of key functions combined to allow the disastrous consequences that emerged as an extreme, but still predictable outcome of "normal" behaviours. • It concludes that on this basis it was a "normal" accident but agrees with the Hopkins critique of Perrow's Normal Accident Theory that such accidents are predictable extremes of normal behaviour which should be expected and are not inevitable. Traditionally accident investigation approaches have been driven by the need to pin down exactly what went wrong. The answer is demanded by our insurance and legal processes, which need to establish who, or what was to blame. People like Turner (1997) and Rasmussen, (1997) however, came to the conclusion that much of the blame, lay with the organisations that were supposed to be managing these situations, safely (i.e., without accidents). Perrow, (1984) on the other hand, theorised that in highly complex, tightly coupled, stiff systems, accidents were inevitable; indeed, were to be expected and regarded as "normal". He quoted the 3 Mile Island (Elliot, 1980) nuclear accident as an example. Hopkins (1999) has articulated the problems and confusion inherent in this explanation (justification?) of such incidents; and further queried whether even 3 Mile Island fitted this definition in practice. (2001) Many of the methods employed in the study of these accidents are focussed on finding what failures caused the consequences observed, whether of components, individuals, or organisations. More recent discussions (Hollnagel, Woods, Dekker) have highlighted that these failures perhaps represent extreme excursions in "normal" system behaviour and hence as Perrow indicates "to be expected. So, the questions of whether or not accidents are "normal" is relevant.. Hence more recent approaches (Hollnagel E., 2014) to trying to understand what happens in these situations, has proposed that many of the accidents happen as a result of operating such systems in very much the same way as usual – i.e., normally. What is now of interest as a research question is to determine what constitutes "normal" behaviour and why deviations from it are a problem. Variabilities in operational environments, personnel and conditions, manifest themselves as a range of observed behaviours, with a (normal?) distribution of frequency of occurrence. Accidents, on this approach would thus represent excursions into a small section of the tails of a normal distribution. This is almost back full circle to Rasmussen's idea that in real systems and operating environments, it is normal to expect such straying over safe limits inadvertently,) The paper sets out to review the methods available for analysing this kind of behaviour: and using such an approach, (the Functional Resonance Analysis Method) (Hollnagel E., FRAM: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method: Modelling Complex Socio-technical Systems, 2012), has examined the BP Macondo Well incident to determine its applicability and effectiveness as a diagnostic tool for addressing the research question. The FRAM analysis employed, shows that there was indeed a range of conditions which were considered "normal" and acceptable in individual functions; and that their complex interdependencies could indeed explain the emergent accident conditions that were observed. It argues that if "normal" is understood as natural variabilities in operating environments i.e., in its normal usage, the Macondo Well incident was indeed a normal accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The compiled U2 segments database was divided into development and test datasets, and the prediction accuracy of the location-specific SPFs using the development dataset were evaluated using the test dataset independently, and compared with the HSM SPF calibrated using the same test dataset. • The assessment of the developed models was conducted using rigorous statistical tests, including likelihood ratio test, AIC and BIC statistics, Vuong test and rootograms. • This work presents the significant impact of crash location information on the value of the calibration factor. A significant range of fluctuation of the calibration factor, from 0.71 to 1.74 , sheds light on the fact that efforts made to manually extract the required roadway geometry and operational features data not included in available data repositories can easily be offset by the inaccurate or incomplete entries in crash databases, and the thresholds used to identify intersection related crashes. This paper presents the calibration and development process of the safety performance function for the undivided two-lane urban and suburban arterial segments in New Jersey. Data requirements, the availability of required data, and the data processing and extraction methods are presented, along with detailed results of the calibration and development process. Negative binomial, Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson and Hurdle models were generated using the development database. The best model fit was based on likelihood ratio test, AIC and BIC statistics, Vuong test and rootograms. The test database was used to calculate the calibration factor for U2 segments. The predictions of the location-specific count models were then evaluated and compared to those of calibrated Highway Safety Manual model, using the test dataset. The validation test results showed that the negative binomial and hurdle models exhibited better performance in terms of absolute residuals and absolute Pearson residual statistics. This paper also shows the impact of crash location information on analyses results, and underlines that efforts made to manually extract the missing required data can easily be offset by the inaccuracies in crash frequency databases, and the thresholds used to identify intersection related crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportion of middle-aged and aging workers is increasing year by year in the construction industry. Affected by their physical functions and other conditions, the death rate of aging construction workers is higher than that of the workers in other age groups, which brings higher risks to the safety of the industry. Therefore, the paper aims to determine the main risk factor of safety brought on by the aging construction workers, and the degree of influence of safety risk factor on aging construction workers. Through the design of the questionnaire, the number and type of index to be studied are selected. The 6 first-level indexes and 30 second-level indexes were selected from 100 indexes. The AHP method was used to evaluate the influence of aging construction workers on the safety risk factor. The classification of work contents of aging construction workers in different age groups is proposed to reduce safety risks and provide an effective basis for management. The significance of this study is as follows: (1) The concrete analysis of index affecting the safety risk of aging construction workers has enriched the existing academic research; (2) the quantitative risk index system in the study, provides a reference value for further research in the academic circle; (3) The study of this paper has certain reference significance for construction companies and government regulatory departments to formulate policies and measures, such as job classification of aging workers in different ages and restrictive conditions for high-risk work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic review on situation awareness in construction safety was conducted. • The roles of digital technology in enhancing situation awareness were analyzed. • Theoretical advances and issues of situation awareness for construction safety. • Technology-based situation awareness enhancement mechanisms. The dynamics of construction processes pose significant challenges for workers to perceive, understand, and anticipate hazards on sites. Maintaining an adequate level of situation awareness (SA) is critical for safety. Recent years have seen increasing research interests in SA and digital technology (DT) in the construction safety field. However, there lacks a systematic review that elucidates the impacts of DT on workers' cognitive processes involved in hazard identification. To fill the research gap, the paper aims to conceptualize the role of SA and DT in construction safety management and provide a theoretical basis for the future development of technology-enabled situation-aware construction safety management systems. This study employed a five-step systematic review approach with a scientometric analysis to provide an unbiased and comprehensive overview of research concerning SA in construction safety. The results suggested that current research on the cognitive processes related to hazard identification has been fragmented and has caused theoretical confusion. There is a need to develop a cognitive framework for hazard identification. Four specific research directions were recommended: (1) develop and validate a real-time SA measurement, (2) identify SA information requirements, (3) develop a cognitive model of hazard identification, and (4) develop a technology-enhanced SA system. By synthesizing the current literature, this review paper identified and analyzed the theoretical roles of SA and DT in worker hazard identification, shedding light on the potential for developing a technology-enabled situation-aware construction safety management system. It also offered a valuable perspective to review and re-design safety management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Consultants' are intermediaries bridging the gaps between actors and knowledge in risk regulation. • Consultants' contribute to regulatory compliance on the part of their clients. • Consultants' influence decision makers beyond simple compliance. • Consultants' play an important role in risk management, often without being included as a part of the sociotechnical system. Most risk management research focuses on owner/operators and regulators, and ignores other actors. Preventing major accidents in the offshore oil and gas sector is a key responsibility of the companies that own and operate the infrastructure. Regulatory oversight of their activities comes in the form of industry-specific goal-based regulation administered by a specialist regulatory agency. In this paper we focus on a third actor in the system – the consultants who provide specialist services regarding safety and risk. Our study draws on interviews with experienced consultants in the Norwegian oil and gas sector (n = 11, average experience 20+ years). Power's concept of riskwork is used to examine how consultants interact with their clients and how they see their role in relation to risk management. The analysis shows that the role of experienced consultants goes well beyond metaphor of the fox guarding the hen house. Rather, consultants contribute to regulatory compliance on the part of their clients but, further, they try to positively influence decision makers beyond simple compliance in order to promote what they believe to be the best safety decision making. The paper argues that consultants' role in the system is under examined and under theorized. Alongside earlier research, our study indicates that consultants play a big role in risk management, which should be both recognized and scrutinized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bibliometric analysis of 417 publications on the safety of autonomous ships is presented. • Influential countries, authors, research institutions and scientific journals are identified. • Research on autonomous ship safety and reliability is promoted mostly by recognized maritime nations. • The content of the 30 most influential publications is thoroughly analysed. • Potential/promising research topics and collaborations are identified. The safety and reliability of autonomous ships are critical for the successful realization of an autonomous maritime ecosystem. Research and collaboration between governments, industry, and academia are vital in achieving this goal. This paper conducts a bibliometric review of the research on the risk, safety, and reliability of autonomous ships aiming to provide researchers and maritime stakeholders with a structured overview of the topics, development trends, and collaboration networks in this research field. 417 papers published between 2011 and 2022 were identified covering 940 authors, 31 countries, and 227 journals. Three main themes were determined in this research domain: "safety engineering and risk assessment for decision making", "navigation safety and collision avoidance", and "cybersecurity risk analysis". Meanwhile, it was identified that research on cybersecurity in autonomous shipping is moving to overlap with safety, which requires future co-analysis methods. Additionally, the analysis of the most cited 30 papers suggests that further research is needed in the topics of unmanned machinery operation risks, online risk tools, system-theoretic safety analysis, human factor, and the determination of suitable risk acceptance criteria for safety assessment of autonomous ships. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the development of unambiguous COLREGs regulation is crucial for the development of safe collision avoidance algorithms for MASS. It was identified that the publication by Fan et al., (2020) is a key publication in this research field, while the journals of Ocean Engineering, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, and Safety Science are the key journals publishing on autonomous ship safety and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper proposes a hazards correlation analysis method for railway accidents. • The knowledge graph theory and big data techniques are applied into the method. • Real-world case studies based on the decade-long UK railway accident data are conducted. With the continuous development and construction of railway transportation, the railway accidents occur frequently which greatly threatens the life safety of passengers and the further development of railway industry. Discussing and summarizing experience from past accidents is benefit to improve the safety of railway. This paper proposes a modeling method for the correlation analysis of hazards in railway accidents based on the knowledge graph theory. By describing the association between accidents and hazards in the knowledge graph network, the potential law of accident occurrence is revealed. The innovation of this study is that it considers the correlations between hazards. In addition, the hazards are further refined, and new topology indexes that adapt to the heterogeneous structure characteristics of knowledge graph are presented. Based on actual railway accident data in the UK, a number of key hazards have been identified using the methods proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that by controlling key hazards one by one, the harmful consequence caused by hazards to accidents is also continuously decreasing. Finally, based on the experimental exploration of the correlation between key hazards, corresponding preventive measures were developed. The method based on knowledge graph is expected to be applied to explore the relationship between hazards in railway accidents and provide additional decision-making information for the prevention of railway accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• IMSS receives structural support but functional and cultural support is weak. • Organizational culture does not equally integrate safety and security. • Subordinating security to safety is detrimental to IMSS. • The current state of IMSS is not adequate to address systemic risks. • Combating systemic risks would require co-identification of risks. The study is inspired by the change in the risk landscape caused by the development of digitalization and automation in the high-risk industry. The increasing convergence of process-safety, physical security, and cybersecurity risks can lead to major accidents. Integrated management of safety and security (IMSS) is a necessary means of preventing and preparing for accidents. The objective of this paper is to get new insights into the current state of IMSS and related challenges in the nuclear industry. The data includes the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) reports, articles on digitalization, IMSS, and interviews with safety and security experts from two power companies and the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland. The paper compares the results with those in Seveso installations. The methods are thematic and qualitative content analysis. Theoretical framework consists of organizational culture and management perspectives. The paper provides new meanings to the ways in which IMSS is currently implemented. The paper shows the IAEA structural support to IMSS, differences in IMSS implementation in the nuclear industry, and organizational cultural aspects that constrain the IMSS. The latter include the subordination of security to safety, the assumption that organizational culture automatically integrates safety and security, the lack of co-identification and co-assessment of safety and security risks, which prevents a better understanding of systemic risks. The conclusion is that the current state of IMSS is not adequate to address converging, systemic risks, and coordination of safety and security aspects requires more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bending and breaking of safety-related rules in the Heavy goods transport sector is a cause for concern. • The responsibility for traffic safety is shifted vertically to the lowest levels of the transport system. • We suggest a conceptualization of rule bending and rule breaking as "Adaptive Non-conforming Behaviour (ANB)". • ANB provides a framework for further context sensitive study of rule bending and breaking. • ANB can be incorporated into safety and risk assessments of the transport sector. Heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are a critical factor in road traffic safety for "Vision Zero-events", defined as road accidents with fatalities and serious injuries. The bending and breaking of safety-related rules in the HGV-sector, such as not following rest and work hour regulations, not securing cargo sufficiently, or not following the regulations concerning cabotage, in the commercial goods transport sector is a cause for concern and has in a very limited degree been studied as a system problem. This paper suggests that deregulation and international competition in the transport sector are bringing about a working climate where even serious safety-minded actors in the HGV business find themselves needing to cut corners to stay in business. The current situation in the Norwegian HGV sector is such that the organization of the business, the market development and the regulatory regimes are in effect transferring the responsibility for traffic safety vertically downwards to the actors at the lowest levels of the transport system. These actors are the truck drivers, who often bend and break rules to perform their work on time. This paper presents a scoping study designed to address the concept of rule bending in the HGV transport sector, using a combination of peer reviewed literature and a heterogeneous sample of grey literature from the transport sector. The scoping study shows how the scientific literature discusses violations and transgressions as both intentional and nonintentional acts but does not adequately describe how certain types of behaviour differ from overt violations and transgressions. The actions are simply considered violations that are devoid of meaning and both systemic and cultural context. We suggest a conceptualization of rule bending and rule breaking as "Adaptive Non-conforming Behaviour (ANB)" that builds on the context found in the grey literature. Further, the conceptualization provides a framework for the recognition of ANB, dimensions for further study and an outlined research design. We believe there is a need to increase system knowledge because safety analysis lacks in-depth insight into how the system affect the working practices in the HGV sector. The justification of the ANB approach is that it can be incorporated into safety and risk assessments of the transport sector, to provide a framework for context-sensitive studies that are non-normative, less concerned with violations as rule breaking, and more concerned with rule bending as a system wide problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Accident rate in the construction sector is showing a very high after 30 years of Directive 92/57/EEC. • Ensuring health and safety (H&S) during the early stages of projects remains a challenge. • The appointment of Coordinator for S&H matters during the project preparation often occurs too late. • S&H management remains a challenge for SMEs. • New construction procedures emphasize the need for adapting work methods. The construction sector is a key industry in the economy of the European Union (EU), with a significant impact on the Gross Domestic Product and employs approximately 30 % of the industrial workforce. Despite this positive economic impact, the construction sector suffers from high accident rates which result in significant economic costs. In 1992, the EU introduced the Directive 92/57/EEC, which aimed to establish minimum Safety and Health (S&H) requirements for construction sites. The Directive lists a number of premises that justify the need to incorporate risk prevention from the design stage of a project and to strengthen coordination throughout the project's life. For these reasons, the Directive created the role of the Coordinators for S&H matters during the project preparation stage and execution stage, as well as the definition of a S&H Plan. The current paper analyses the state of the accident rate in the construction sector 30 years after publication of the Directive, the changes that have been made to the original text, as well as the identification of the difficulties that have been detected, both in terms of lack of definition and problems in implementation. It is possible to conclude that the management of prevention in the early stages of a project remains a persistent challenge for the industry. Additionally, it is essential to address the sector's adaptation to the new working methods required for its transition to Construction 4.0. This discussion can serve as a valuable tool for future decision-making aimed at improving the regulatory framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Analyzed 75 biogas plant accidents (occurrences) globally from 1990 to 2023. • Identified occurrences' common causes and results and suggested preventive measures. • Correlation screened factors related to occurrences, their likelihood, and severity. • Causes are component fail > maintenance > NaTech > equipment > operation > No PPE. • Explosions are the most common accident type, forming 69.3% of all occurrences. Biogas plants numbers are increasing worldwide, but their safety record is rarely investigated. This paper analyzes 75 occurrences of various types of accidents in biogas plants worldwide between 1990 and 2023. The study comprehensively reviewed accident reports and research literature with input from plant operators and safety experts. We aim to identify the common causes and consequences of accidents (occurrences) and suggest preventive measures to improve safety. The occurrences' primary causes were component failure > maintenance error > natural and technological disasters (NaTech) > equipment failure > operational error > no personal protective equipment (PPE). The most common occurrences were gas explosions 69.3%, toxic gas releases (biohazard) 21.3%, asphyxia (biohazard) 4%, malfunctioning (electric and mechanical hazard) 2.7%, and fires 2.7%. The accident consequences ranged from minor injuries (76) to fatalities (51) and extensive property damage. Lack of PPE and gas pipelines (mechanical and biohazards) correlated positively and significantly (R2 = 0.70), while operational errors and asphyxia (biohazard) scenarios correlated positively and moderately (R2 = 0.55). The plant design, operating procedures, and maintenance practices strongly influence the occurrences' likelihood and severity. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders, researchers, and policymakers interested in promoting biogas' safe and sustainable development. Future studies should investigate the relationship between plant size and accident frequency and assess the effectiveness of safety management and risk assessment methodologies in mitigating such occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safety risk management practices in the Ghanaian oil & gas industry were assessed. • A disparity between work as planned and work as done was observed. • Qualitative risk management tools were preferred over quantitative risk management tools. • Bowtie analysis was narrowly used and identified as an opportunity to improve risk management. Risk management has been regarded as one way to improve workplace health and safety conditions. However, very little research has been published on the perspectives of practitioners on safety risk management in general and the Ghanaian oil and gas industry in particular. This study bridges this literary gap by presenting findings from an online survey that investigated the perspectives of practitioners on safety risk management processes of the Ghanaian oil and gas industry. The results of 219 respondents indicated that a disparity existed between the risk methods the practitioners were required to use by their companies and the risk management methods the practitioners preferred to use, and this was verified through statistical testing. Whereas the practitioners were required by their organisations to use quantitative methods, they preferred to use qualitative methods, indicating a difference between work as planned/imagined and work as done. It was further observed that risk management tools/techniques were mostly used proactively, with a limited reactive application during accident investigations. This suggests the limited/lack of integration of risk management into accident investigation processes. Furthermore, feedback from the respondents indicated the narrow use of bowtie analysis in the Ghanaian mining industry as over 60 % of the practitioners had received no training and could not use bowtie analysis. The practitioners' responses generally showed that whereas current risk management processes in the Ghanaian oil and gas industry had some strengths, some weaknesses exist which offer improvement opportunities. These have been discussed throughout the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Variability in heat response has been identified, attributed to differences in physical properties and body composition. • A categorization strategy for workers were developed based on physical attributes and body compositions. • Empirical work/rest schedules were formulated to accommodate physiological variations in workers' responses to heat. • These developed work/rest schedules ensure workers' safety while enhancing operational efficiency in construction projects. Responding to the urgent necessity for improved worker safety under rising global temperatures, this study proposes adaptive work/rest schedules tailored for varied physiological heat responses, a critical consideration in environments like construction. This study included 30 male participants in controlled chamber experiments to assess their physical attributes, body composition, and heat responses under two settings: 'Scenario I' at 30 °C with 40 % relative humidity, and 'Scenario II' at 37 °C with 70 % relative humidity. Cluster analysis was utilized, along with survival analysis targeting two primary events: 'Event I' , the rise of core body temperature to or above 38 °C during tasks, and 'Event II' , its normalization during recovery. Key findings include: (i) application of clustering techniques effectively differentiated the participants into two groups: 'Cluster I' , with below-average, and 'Cluster II' with above-average body profiles; (ii) empirical evidence from this study reveals marked differences in heat stress responses between these clusters; notably, individuals in 'Cluster II' faced a significantly higher risk of experiencing 'Event I' and demonstrated slower recovery in 'Event II' compared to 'Cluster I' ; (iii) this study proposed tailored adaptive work/rest schedules designed to provide a customized approach to managing heat stress, benefiting younger laborers; and (iv) compared to National Institute for Occupation Safety and Health guidelines, these schedules indicate the potential for extending work intervals and reducing rest periods, boosting operational efficiency without compromising worker safety. This paper underscores the importance of tailoring work/rest schedules to individual physiological responses to heat stress, providing essential insights for labor management in challenging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study focuses on the relationship between occupational accidents and a company's profitability, including a time span of 11 years (2007–2017). • We built panel data with 3,781 Spanish construction companies' economic and accident data. • We have put the greatest effort into following a refined and precise methodology for analyzing our data. We checked if the results could be affected by an endogeneity problem using a dynamic GMM panel estimator. And we conducted the Fieller test to check whether a U-shaped relationship exists between accidents and profitability. • Our results show that profitability increases while accidents rise. This relationship just changes when a high level of the accident rate is reached, in this case, the company's profitability starts to decrease. • This study's results have practical implications, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to address the high incidence of accidents and protect the well-being of workers. • Regarding the results, we provide some possible actions to address the construction sector's high accident rate. Occupational accidents have significant implications for a company's human resources and productivity. However, limited understanding exists regarding the effects of high accident rates on a company's economic results. Previous studies examining the relationship between accident rates and economic performance found mixed evidence. This paper investigates this relationship within the Spanish construction sector, which stands out among the industries with the highest accident rates. Our first hypothesis posits that the accident rate has a linear and negative effect on a company's economic performance. Alternatively, our second hypothesis suggests that the impact is not linear and varies based on the level of accidents, with higher rates leading to a more rapid decline in profitability. We used regression analyses incorporating pooled, random, and fixed-effect estimators while controlling for endogeneity using dynamic panel data estimation. We employed the U test and the Fieller test to verify whether a nonlinear relationship exists. Contrary to our first hypothesis, our findings show that the accident rate alone does not reduce a company's profitability across all levels of accidents. However, supporting our second hypothesis, we observe an inverted U-shaped relationship between accidents and profitability. This result suggests that there exists a level of accident rate associated with a maximum in profitability, beyond which profitability begins to decline. This study's results have practical implications, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to address the high incidence of accidents and protect the well-being of workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fire and explosion causalities in maritime industry were ranked 4th on the top in 2022. • Risk analysis for fire and explosion (Vapor/gas explosion) on bulk carriers onboard. • Risk assessment is of paramount importance to enhance operational safety. Fire and explosion are one of the fatal causalities frequently encountered in maritime transportation. Due to technical or/and human error, fire and explosion can be occurred either in the cargo hold or deck of bulk carriers. According to the EMSA report (2022), fire and explosion causalities were ranked 4th on the top. Fire and explosion accidents onboard may pose hazards for human life and the maritime environment. In this context, performing a comprehensive risk assessment is of paramount importance for safer navigation, cargo operation, and the marine environment. This study aims to assess the risks, including human errors, of fire and explosion accidents in cargo holds and decks of bulk carriers under the fuzzy Bayesian networks (BN) approach. Since BN provides a robust tool for calculating the conditional probability of risk, fuzzy sets deal with uncertainty and ambiguity during expert judgments. The outcomes of the paper are expected to contribute to bulk carrier ship owners, safety superintendents, HSEQ managers, Master, Chief officers, and crew on-board ships to understand basic events that may cause fire and explosion and to improve safety at the operational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A STAMP framework was developed to map the control structure relating to prevention of MSDs and MHDs. • Workplace MSD and MHD risk management practices were limited to the use of reductionist approaches. • Information transfer to/from the lower levels of the WHS system is hindered by a high number of actors at the upper levels. • Multiple legislative requirements create complexity for organisations, adding to competing challenges to manage WHS. • Regulation of individuals engaged by workplaces to implement training or interventions to prevent MSDs/MHDs is lacking. Despite extensive research to demonstrate the influence of psychosocial hazards on the development of musculoskeletal and mental health disorders (MSDs and MHDs), current research demonstrates a significant evidence to practice gap in this area. This study investigated current risk management practices for prevention of these complex disorders in the Victorian Heavy Vehicle (HV) sector. A preliminary Systems Theoretic and Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) framework was constructed to represent management of Work Health and Safety (WHS) in this sector, based on Leveson's generic socio-technical control model, and review of grey literature and peer reviewed papers. The model was refined and updated following feedback from 13 subject matter experts. Key findings included: 1) risk management practices for preventing MSDs and MHDs were limited to reductionist approaches, including a narrow focus on management of physical hazards (MSDs) and modifying individuals' behaviour (MSDs and MHDs); and 2) a high number of actors at the upper levels of the WHS system are a key barrier to the transfer of critical information to and from actors at the lower levels of the WHS system. In conclusion, to reduce the high prevalence of MSDs and MHDs in the Victorian HV sector, an urgent need exists for HV organisations to expand the current focus on safety and trauma outcomes to include health and wellbeing risks (such as MSDs and MHDs), and transition from a reductionist approach to systems thinking that reflects the complex aetiology of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Empowering leadership predicts mindful organizing in air traffic controllers. • Empowering leadership predicts trust in leadership. • Trust in leadership predicts critical upward communication. • Empowering leadership predicts critical upward communication. Mindful organizing, a critical capability within high-reliability organizations like air traffic control, encompasses the ability of team members to foresee, identify, rectify errors, and adapt to unforeseen occurrences. This study primarily investigates the influence of empowering leadership on mindful organizing among air traffic controllers, exploring the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. We hypothesized that employee participation enhances the effect of empowering leadership on trust in leadership. Furthermore, we posited that trust in leadership and critical upward communication would act as sequential mediators between empowering leadership and mindful organizing. Our hypotheses were tested on a sample of 73 employees from six air traffic control towers and their headquarters in Spain. Utilizing Process Macro in SPSS 26.0 for analysis, our findings indicate a positive correlation between empowering leadership and mindful organizing. Significant associations were also observed between empowering leadership, trust, and critical upward communication. These results unveil pivotal interrelations among key variables for safety performance. This paper concludes with suggestions for future research and potential implications of these findings for organizational safety strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PG&E locate and mark provides a case study of organizational lying. • Despite cultural value of honesty, some lying is needed for social cohesion. • At work, lying may start almost accidentally and/or by omission. • Lying becomes entrenched when formal and informal incentives support it. • Keys to prevention are open lines of reporting, just culture and reliable regulation. This paper addresses lying among workers throughout an organizational hierarchy in the US company Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), who falsified their locate and mark records for nearly a decade. The investigation into the way in which locate and mark activities were managed and monitored gives unique insights into how lying about safety performance starts in corporations, how particular lies become part of a norm in work groups, and how they are justified when they are called out. Our analysis addresses the role of operational systems, bonus arrangements, day-to-day management instructions, and the regulatory environment. We argue that once lying about achieving specific goals becomes entrenched in an organization it is very difficult to uncover and to stop. Key to guarding against such conditions, and hopefully changing them, is focus on the safety requirements in terms of accident prevention, open lines of reporting throughout organizations, a 'just' culture, and reliable regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Workers are exposed to airborne contaminants during their shifts. • OELs have been developed to protect worker health. • Standard OELs are based on exposure during conventional shifts. • OELs must be adjusted to ensure that workers with unusual shifts are protected. • OELs in the SAMI should be adjusted using the OSHA or Québec models. Workers are exposed to various stressors in their workplace and in many industries, exposure is prolonged due to unusual work schedules. Unfortunately, current Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) are derived from calculations based on a conventional work schedule of five consecutive, eight-hour days (40 h per week) and do not compensate for prolonged exposure and shortened recovery time. Therefore, standard OELs must be adjusted to ensure worker protection. The aim of this paper was to review different mathematical models available in the literature to adjust OELs for unusual work schedules. Based on the advantages, disadvantages and practical feasibility of the different models, the Brief and Scala, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Québec models were selected to calculate reduction factors (RFs, i.e., adjustment factors) for three unusual work schedules encountered in the South African Mining Industry (SAMI). Subsequently, the calculated RFs were used to establish adjusted OELs (OEL A) for 15 chemical substances of interest. The Brief and Scala model yielded the most conservative RFs for all work schedule examples. However, this model may overestimate the degree to which the OELs should be lowered. The OSHA and Québec models incorporate pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e., primary health effects) and generated more realistic RFs compared to the Brief and Scala model. Although pharmacokinetic-based models are more accurate from a toxicological viewpoint, the anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and physiochemical parameters required to apply these models are not available for many chemical substances and therefore the use of such pharmacokinetic-based models is not practically feasible in South Africa. Based on the findings of this study, the authors recommend using the OSHA or Québec models for OEL adjustments in the SAMI. OELs adjusted in this manner will provide an equivalent degree of worker protection during unusual work schedules compared to conventional work shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper presents a study investigating the intricate relationship between work demands, off-work demands, persistent fatigue, sleep patterns, and daily unsafe driving behaviors among hospital nurses. • By using an intensive diary study employing a multilevel longitudinal approach, the study identifies sleep duration as a key factor that mitigates the indirect relationships between demands, persistent fatigue, and unsafe driving. The study, however, did not find statistically significant evidence regarding the conditional indirect effect of sleep quality on unsafe driving via persistent fatigue. • These findings highlight the critical role of sleep duration as a potential mitigating factor against fatigue-induced unsafe driving among nurses, emphasizing the importance of sleep in promoting commuter safety. Hospital nurses frequently experience persistent fatigue and suboptimal sleep, potentially leading to unsafe driving behaviours. The increasing demands placed on nursing services may exacerbate this issue, given the global shortage of nurses, yet this complex relationship and how it affects nurses on a day-to-day basis remains largely underexplored. This study investigates the relationships between work demands, off-work demands, persistent fatigue, and daily unsafe driving among nurses while commuting. Using a multilevel diary study spanning five to seven consecutive days, 172 hospital nurses provided 976 data points with three momentary points per day (T1-T3). Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) and Monte-Carlo methods for assessing mediation (2–1-1) and moderated mediation were applied to explore the complex interactions between work demands, off-work demands, persistent fatigue, sleep duration, sleep quality, and unsafe driving. The model was controlled for various factors such as age, gender, number of children, commuting impedance, within-person work demands, and off-work demands. Results revealed positive associations between between-person work demands, off-work demands, persistent fatigue, and unsafe driving while commuting to work on the next shift. Sleep duration was identified as a key factor mitigating the indirect relationships between individual demands, persistent fatigue, and unsafe driving. However, the study did not find significant evidence regarding sleep quality's influence on unsafe driving through persistent fatigue. Overall, this research sheds light on the intricate relationships among work demands, persistent fatigue, sleep, and daily unsafe driving, emphasizing the critical role of sleep in attenuating fatigue-induced risks during nurses' commutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Behavioural study investigated transmission risks and mitigations for UK mass events in 2021. • Explored non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs); e.g. social distancing and face coverings. • 21 events observed. Data collection method presented with overview of data. The Events Research Programme (ERP) was a multi-disciplinary study undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission risks and mitigations around the reopening of mass events in the UK in 2021 – including a behavioural study, exploring how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social distancing, pre-event virus testing, and the use of face coverings might enable people to attend events safely. This behavioural study is discussed here. A total of 21 pilot events were involved in the study between April and July 2021. The venues used for the pilots varied in size, layout, occupancy level, and crowd management approaches. Data was extracted from manual qualitative observations and venue CCTV cameras which recorded routinely at venues. In addition, 890 cameras were installed during the events to capture attendee movement outside the venues, during arrival, in event areas, circulation spaces, bars and restaurants, and on exiting. A mixed method approach was adopted to ensure locations and activities of interest were captured, quantitative data gathered, and that this data could be placed in context. This enabled a behavioural study, quantifying crowd performance behaviours for comparison between and within events. This paper describes the background to this work, the method adopted and provides a brief overview of the data collected, relating primarily to (i) crowd densities, (ii) social distancing (captured here as contact distancing), and (iii) the use of face coverings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the problem of categorising, describing and generating the dynamic properties and behaviours of crowds over time. Previous work has tended to focus on a relatively static "typology"-based approach, which does not account for the fact that crowds can change , often quite rapidly. Moreover, the labels attached to crowd behaviours are often subjective and/or value-laden. Here, we present an alternative approach which uses relatively "agnostic" labels. This means that we do not prescribe the behaviour of an individual, but provide a context within which an individual might behave. This naturally describes the time-series evolution of a crowd, and allows for the dynamic handling of an arbitrary number of "sub-crowds". Apart from its descriptive power (capturing, in a standardised manner, descriptions of known events), our model may also be used generatively to produce plausible patterns of crowd dynamics and as a component of machine learning-based approaches to investigating behaviour and interventions. • Paper describes a general framework for the description of the evolution of crowd events. • Our model is sufficiently general to capture a wide range of crowd types and incidents, and is well-suited to the description of historical events. • It may offer insights into the future generation of plausible/realistic crowd event histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Physical security culture is an understudied aspect of organizational culture. • Information security, physical security, and safety are all separate, yet related, constructs. • Information security, physical security, and safety are important for soft targets. • More research is needed to understand the impact physical security culture has on soft targets. Those tasked with protecting soft targets, including organizations, have tried to counteract threats against them by increasing security, yet the effectiveness of these measures remains largely unknown. Organizations, researchers, and practitioners can gain a more holistic understanding of how, when, why, and where security measures are effective (or ineffective) by examining organizational culture. The purpose of this paper more specifically is to build upon the current security culture models (i.e., Security Culture: Hofreiter et al., 2020: Nuclear Security Culture, IAEA, 2017) to propose a more comprehensive framework and nomological network of physical security culture that can be applied to organizations and soft targets. This article reviews the current understanding of physical security culture. Further, this article looks to the more developed information security culture and safety culture literatures to better understand how physical security culture may impact security outcomes in soft targets. This article also explores multiple avenues for future research that is needed to understand how physical security culture develops and how to best promote it for the health, safety, and security of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-rise residential buildings vary by height, floorplate size, stair provisions. • Different evacuation simulation tools give similar results when suitably configured. • Number and width of stairs, number of flats, may impact total evacuation times. • Simulating slower moving agents may impede the movement of other agents. Currently there are numerous emergency evacuation simulation tools with varying levels of sophistication and differing capabilities. It is expected that investigating the same scenarios using different tools might not give the same outcome. This paper illustrates how a microscopic agent-based modelling tool (Pathfinder) and a macroscopic flow-based modelling tool (Evacuationz) can be setup to investigate high-rise residential building evacuations in comparable ways by varying configuration parameters. Both tools represent individual agents with associated characteristics (e.g., walking speed and pre-evacuation delay). These are varied in the scenarios examined to stress-test the designs or explore the impact of design/procedural changes. The two tools differ in how they deal with the building geometry and therefore have different algorithms to manage evacuee movement. In this work, assumed performance parameters (e.g., travel speeds, spacing, etc.) have been calibrated to better align the conditions represented in the tools and the outcomes produced across the scenarios examined. This then allows the tools to function at their respective levels of sophistication and granularity (providing different perspectives on performance) but adopt a more equivalent performance baseline given the calibration effort. The use of two tools increased confidence in the predictions, and also allowed for an examination of a wider range of scenario conditions such as number of stairs, stair width, and building size, given the different computational expense associated with the tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evacuation drills are frequently required components of health and safety processes, but they are often documented poorly (if at all), and thus might generate very little useful or actionable information. Given how much drills cost (in terms of potential risk to participants, financial overhead of downtime and restart time, etc.) it is perhaps surprising that even large organizations often lack a standardized form for recording important information about their conduct. The starting point for this paper was the development of such a template form for a large organization. After producing an initial design based on well-established principles, we obtained both quantitative and qualitative feedback from fire safety and evacuation experts. This then generated a final version of the form design, which was adopted and modified by end-users/emergency planners within the organization to document evacuations. Interviews with three end-users confirmed the usability and usefulness of the form, but they also highlighted second-order observations into emergency procedures (i.e., they generated new information about the organization's protocols that would not otherwise have been foregrounded or recorded). Our form offers a useful starting point for any organization that wishes to record the details of evacuation drills, but a perhaps more unexpected and abiding conclusion is that the process of generating such a form from first principles can – in itself – offer useful and previously inaccessible insights into how an organization conceptualizes and manages its evacuation drills. • A reporting template for planned and unplanned evacuations was developed & evaluated. • Experts shared feedback on usability, relevance, and availability of information. • This resulted in a baseline template for use by a range of organizations. • The development yielded useful & non-obvious insights into evacuation procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Debriefing interventions are supported by staff skills practice, roles, and emotions. • Co-designed simulation-based facilitator training provides immediate learning on AAR practice. • For successful training implementation, skill reinforcement is an important action. • Structured leadership support in early weeks and months after training supports facilitators to develop skill and confidence. After Action Review (AAR) is a debriefing methodology for learning from events. The method is a facilitated discussion among a team exploring what they expected to happen, what did happen, and what they learned. Ireland's Health Service Executive includes the AAR methodology as part of its national Incident Management Framework. This paper explores enablers and barriers to AAR implementation in an Irish tertiary specialist hospital. Fifty staff were trained as AAR facilitators in a 1.5 day simulation training programme. Six months after training, focus group discussions explored facilitator perceptions of enablers and barriers to AAR implementation. Framework analysis was applied to the data, informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Four focus group discussions with 14 AAR facilitators were conducted. Seven enablers, twelve barriers and eight enablers/barriers were identified across all 14 TDF domains. Three domains of reinforcement; professional role and identity; and emotion contained the richest data on processes acting as enablers and barriers to AAR implementation. To promote implementation of AAR, practical experience must be reinforced in the aftermath of training; professional position in teams and units must be considered in initiating and facilitating AAR; and staff emotions around facilitation must be supported as enablers through practice and skill development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The relevant areas for digital technologies application in construction health and safety were assessed. • The trend for categorizing health and safety technologies were discussed. • From the areas and trends, a digital workflow guideline for construction site incidents management was developed. • The challenges and strategies for adopting digital health and safety management in a project delivery system was explored. The drive to digitalise the construction industry has led to attempts to mitigate health and safety (H&S) risks by employing digital technologies to manage construction safety. However, despite these efforts, the CI is still considered as a high-risk industry due to the frequency and severity of accidents recorded annually. This is because health and safety is best managed when integrated at the very onset of project planning in a collaborative project delivery system. However, the current consideration of health and safety at the construction stage results in lesser control and mitigation of hazards, and the underutilization of health and safety technologies. To fill this gap, this paper identified the integrated digital delivery (IDD) system as the optimal collaborative strategy for integrating H&S management into project delivery. As a result, a digital workflow guideline for managing construction site incidents was proposed. Also, considering the relationship between H&S performance and project delivery systems, a novel IDD-Health and Safety Management (IDD-HSM) framework was developed to enhance the integration of digital technologies for H&S management in a delivery system. This study makes distinctive contribution to knowledge by proposing guidelines for mitigating construction hazards through a novel IDD-HSM framework to establish a proactive real-time lifecycle approach to managing construction H&S. Prospective case applications of the digital workflow guidelines and the novel IDD-HSM framework have been presented in this study. However, it may require real life application and expert judgement to verify its validity and reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper provides an enhanced understanding of the rationale of the PP. • And of the relationship between the precautionary principle and decision analysis. • And how the saying "better safe than sorry" relates to the precautionary principle. • New knowledge is obtained by taking a risk and safety science perspective. The precautionary principle is strongly debated as a policy for handling risk and safety concerns. It is commonly claimed that the principle is paralyzing, unscientific and promotes a culture of irrational fear. The risk and safety literature contains considerable work providing support for such claims but also argumentation backing the principle. The present paper aims at contributing to this discussion by investigating the principle in view of what is here referred to as contemporary risk and safety science. Common beliefs about the principle are revisited. New insights are obtained by clarifying the risk and safety fundamentals necessary to understand the principle's motivation, applicability and limitations. The paper concludes that the precautionary principle is only relevant when the uncertainties and risks are considerable and scientific. Confusion arises, as the principle is mixed with the basic idea of risk management to give weight to uncertainties, in order to prudently handle risk. Properly understood and implemented, the precautionary principle can be aligned with decision analysis and other scientific methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ergonomics application in HSE management research for construction workers were evaluated. • Influential journals, scholars, and articles in applying ergonomics to enhance HSE were identified. • Research status and trends were analyzed by keyword co-occurrence, burst detection, and cluster analysis. • Five research themes and their relationships were qualitatively discussed. • A conceptual framework was proposed by linking research areas into future research directions. T he construction industry is one of the industries with worst safety records. With the increasing application of ergonomics, health, safety, and environment (HSE) management of construction workers has been improved. However, a thorough evaluation of ergonomics application in HSE management research for construction workers remains unavailable. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating relevant peer-reviewed journal papers published from 2000 to 2021 to ascertain the status of this research area and identify future directions. After a literature search in Scopus and Web of Science and careful manual screening, a total of 252 articles were identified. The papers were analyzed in terms of contributing journals, prominent scholars, and critical articles as well as keyword co-occurrence, burst detection, and term clustering. A conceptual framework linking five research themes (ergonomic interventions, ergonomic training, ergonomic risk factors identification and evaluation, ergonomic posture recognition, and physiological monitoring) into corresponding future research directions was proposed based on a qualitative evaluation. The findings of this study provide useful references for future application of ergonomics in the enhanced HSE management of construction workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper analyses the extent to which aspects of labour and working conditions are included in twenty CSR/ESG instruments. • A framework of six main themes emerged from the analysis: corporate governance; business and human rights; diversity, equity, and inclusion; industrial relations; occupational health, safety and wellbeing; and human resource practices. • Our findings highlight the extent of inclusivity of these instruments as well as support the global efforts for harmonisation by identifying common labour and working conditions topics. • Our framework can be also used as a guidance to analyse corporate social responsibility initiatives and/or corporate reporting with a focus on labour and working conditions. In the last few years important efforts have been made to rationalise the growing corporate sustainability or CSR/ESG standards field aiming at achieving some degree of harmonisation. Yet, these efforts might be unable to capture the diversity of CSR/ESG issues, particularly those that relate to the promotion of sustainable work. This paper aims to analyse the extent to which aspects of labour and working conditions are included in selected CSR/ESG standards and frameworks. We consider the need for a 'CSR/ESG inspired' approach to promote good practice and discuss the current state of the art. Twenty CSR/ESG instruments were thematically analysed using key international labour standards as benchmark. A framework of six main themes emerged from the analysis: corporate governance; business and human rights; diversity, equity, and inclusion; industrial relations; occupational health, safety and wellbeing; and human resource practices. Our findings highlight the extent of inclusivity of these instruments as well as support the global efforts for harmonisation by identifying common labour and working conditions topics. The framework that has been developed in this paper can be also used as a guidance to analyse corporate social responsibility initiatives and/or corporate reporting with a focus on labour and working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical evacuation drills are pre-planned activities to train building occupants in facing emergencies and evaluate safety performances. Nowadays, technologies including Virtual Reality (VR) and Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) are shifting from the physical to the virtual paradigm. AR enables just to extend real-world environment, while VR and IVR allow to (re)create and manipulate digital environments. VR and IVR simulation systems have been observed to guarantee higher involvement and long-term information retention — leveraging more attractive experiences and psychological arousal. However, efforts should be provided to improve end-user training while assessing occupants' behaviors and the effectiveness of the emergency plan. This paper proposes a systematic literature review of VR and IVR evacuation solutions. To support and guide such effort, we formulated thirteen structured research questions investigating scenarios, recipients, requirements, objectives, methods, and technologies. The results mainly show that VR and IVR drills almost entirely tackle a single hazard, considers occupants as sole system recipients, and lack systems formalization. Among the most relevant outcomes, the paper analyzes the need for enhancing the modeling of emergency systems (e.g., signage, alarms), user inclusiveness (i.e., impaired individuals), devices, non-player characters, and additional effects (e.g., heat reproduction, sounds, and smells). These measures can improve the level of realism experienced by the user of IVR simulators and pave the way to more reliable outcomes. • Investigating (Immersive) Virtual Reality (I)VR evacuation drill systems. • Applying a systematic literature review methodology. • Environment, User, Interaction, hazards, and Technology characterization. • Perspectives, Strengths, and drawbacks analysis of current solutions. • Need for impaired user inclusiveness and (multi)-hazard characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the recent increase in cyber attacks targeting Critical National Infrastructure, governments and organisations alike have invested considerably into improving the security of their underlying infrastructure, commonly known as Operational Technology (OT). The use of adversary-centric security tests such as vulnerability assessments, penetration tests and red team engagements has gained significant traction due to these engagements' goal to emulate threat actors in preparation for genuine cyber attacks. Challenges arise, however, when performing security tests on these as the nature of OT requires additional safety and operation risks to be considered. This paper proposes a framework for incorporating the assessment of safety and operational risks within an overall scoping methodology for adversary-centric security testing in OT environments. Within this framework, we also propose a hybrid testing model derived from the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture and the Defense in Depth model to identify and quantify safety and operational risk at a per-layer level, separating high and low-risk layers and being subsequently used for defining the rules of engagement. As a result, this framework can aid vendors and clients in appropriately scoping adversary-centric security tests so that depth-of-testing is maximised while minimising the risk to safety and to the operational process. The framework is then evaluated through a qualitative study involving industry experts, confirming the framework's validity for implementation in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]