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Chromatographic analysis of diesel exhaust indicates a number of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, below C6. Using reactivity index as a criterion, much of the diesel exhaust reactivity can be attributed to ethylene and propylene lausnd by the thermal decomposition of the fuel. Hydrocarbons in the C4-C7 range, including high relative reactivity olefins, are generally low in volume concentration and therefore contribute little to the overall exhaust reactivity. Hydrocarbons, in terms of parts per million carbon above C7, are low in present diesel engine design, so individual volume concentrations are generally fractional parts per million. Reactivity per horsepower hour from diesel engine exhaust is less than that from the one small industrial gasoline engine tested by the heavy-duty truck diesel engine cycle. /GMRL/

A series of tests were conducted to establish the correlation among various sites for vehicle exterior noise measurements. The purpose of this paper is to present the results and the method developed to achieve the correlation in terms of the following: (1) Ford and site equipment differences, (2) driver differences, and (3) differences between site physical qualities. This paper also discusses the results of the analysis performed to determine the overall test repeatability for all sites, the test repeatability for each site and the repeatability of test equipment at various test sites.

This paper is an introductory survey of sensors, displays, and signal processors of potential value to automotive control designers. The sensors section discusses position sensing, pressure sensing, and temperature sensing. The interface section discusses general use semiconductor signal processor-to-sensor interface components and single chip subsystem components. The displays and interface elements section covers standard digital displays and the interface elements required to drive them. The paper makes a case for the ultimate success of "combinational components" which are defined as single chip components that combine the sensor and interface circuit.

Rohr Industries is committed to developing multiple ground technologies to satisfy transportation's varied needs. This paper discusses the company's diversification from aerospace into ground transportation, starting with rapid transit systems and leading to advanced transportation systems. The two most promising advanced transportation developments include an aerotrain, a tracked air cushion vehicle, and the Romag, a magnetically levitated and propelled vehicle. This paper reviews these events and describes in detail the two new developments.

This paper outlines the nature of the measuring equipment used in the investigation of tire-road interactions and presents the results of a study of the interfacial stress distributions of a radial-ply, a bias-belted, and a 4-ply bias-angle tire. There is a discussion of tractive ratios and effective coefficients of friction. Distributions of tractive ratios are displayed for all of the conditions treated and for the three types of tires. The paper also covers the changes in stress distributions that result from steering and the relation of these alterations to the lateral thrust and self-aligning torque of the tires.

This paper describes the results of a program to develop advanced cantilevered transit bus seats. The Department of Transportation's Urban Mass Transportation Administration funded the $26 million Transbus Program. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part describes the results of a detailed analysis of passenger accidents on-board current transit buses. The second part describes the results of sled tests that evaluated the safety of three new cantilevered seat-sidewall section designs proposed for Transbus relative to the safety of current transit buses. The testing facilities and procedures are described, along with a summary of the results of 16 sled test runs that employed four different sizes of anthropometric dummies. The results clearly indicate that the new seats have safety characteristics superior to current transit bus seats, especially in severe crash situations.

This paper discusses how fiber orientation of fiber in fiber- reinforced plastics affects automotive applications. Orientation can adversely affect moldings in applications where stress is important, especially in engine components such as front timing covers, pump flanges, oil sump bosses, and crankshaft housing. The paper examines these problems in detail and suggests ways to avert serious difficulties relating to fiber orientation. (AN)

One of the greatest challenges faced in the design of realistic occupant protection systems is an accurate statistical model of what is really needed. The paucity of data is this realm hinders designers of standards alike. Ideally, a model of crash statistics would correlate, for significant accident modes, injury level (as measured by AMA Abreviated Injury Scale "AIS") with some adequate measure of crash intensity. Having this information, not only could the required level of safety design be ascertained, but also the justifiable economic expenditure could be estimated. This paper treats the statistical basis for deployment of a data retrieval system. It provides a basis for estimates of the amount of data required, the number of vehicles to be instrumented, the crash severity trigger levels, and the economics of recorder installation, for various levels of injury and fatality. Results are presented in graph of time required to achieve N data points versus time value of expected data, as applied to current U. S. statistical information. The paper concludes with a brief outline of one feasible system for crash data recording and retrieval. /AUTHOR/

This paper discusses the cornering characteristics during the progress of tire wear and how the stability and controllability of a vehicle varies in the various stages of tire wear. With the introduction of tire parameters appropriate to represent the characteristics of tire construction, the method of calculation of the cornering characteristics of a tire is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, this paper shows the values of tire parameters in the various stages of tire wear in both cases of bias belted and radial tires.

The evaluation and evolution of direct jet lift V/STOL transport aircraft designs are discussed. The V/STOL transport design selected as an example is a lift-fan design that was evaluated as a candidate configuration for a possible future V/STOL research transport. The paper includes discussion of potential advanced V/STOL landing approach profiles as key design requirements for V/STOL aircraft, description and experimental results of an integrated propulsion/control system designed to achieve desired advanced V/STOL near-terminal operating capabilities, and results from evaluating V/STOL designs on piloted moving-base simulators. This paper discusses use of the piloted moving-base simulator as a design tool for evolving satisfactory V/STOL stabilization and propulsion/control systems. Included are problems and solutions identified during simulation of simultaneous decelerating/descent steep curved landing approaches under instrument flight conditions. Simulation results are also compared to flight results obtained with the DO-31 V/STOL research transport.

This paper discusses the results of a comparison of 41 previously reported test runs and human volunteer runs run by Mertz and Patrick in testing torque versus angular displacement response of the human head to -Gdx impact acceleration. Due to different instrumentation and measuring techniques, there were several differences, but large portions of the data were comparable. The paper points out the need for anatomically based three-dimensional coordinate systems to permit quantitative comparisons between human subjects.

This paper discusses flash x-ray cinematography techniques and equipment used to record high-speed motions occurring during impact injury. Cineangiographic studies of the aortic arch, cardiac ventricle, and intracranial arteries are presented. The paper gives a brief review of x-ray cinematography systems and various high-speed applications of them, and the need for quantitative information of visceral and vascular movements during impact trauma is emphasized.

THIS PAPER REVIEWS TRENDS IN CAR DESIGN AND USAGE THAT HAVE AFFECTED GASOLINE CONSUMPTION IN THE PAST AND DISCUSSES SUCH FACTORS AS EMISSION CONTROLS THAT WILL AFFECT FUTURE CONSUMPTION, ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES. BETWEEN 1973-1985, DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE 50 PERCENT, AND PERHAPS 70 PERCENT IF THE PRESENT 1976 OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSION STANDARD STAYS IN EFFECT. THE PAPER EXPLORES WAYS TO MODERATE THIS DEMAND, IN TERMS OF RELAXATION OF EMISSION STANDARDS, INCREASED USE OF SMALLER CARS, AND INCREASED USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. /AUTHOR/

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE PRESENT AUTOMOBILE SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, EXCESS WEIGHT AND LOW FUEL ECONOMY,AND HOW THE PUBLIC IS FORCED TO DEAL WITH TRAFFIC. THE PAPER STRESSES THAT THE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY CAN ALLEVIATE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS BY DESIGNING AND MARKETING SMALLER, MORE EFFICIENT CARS AND BY BEING ATTUNED TO THE EFFECTS OF PRESENT-DAY AUTOMOBILES. SEVERAL SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE, INCLUDING A MILES-PER-GALLON TAX AND ENVIRONMENTAL STICKERS ON NEW CARS, NEXT TO PRICE STICKERS. /AUTHOR/

THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING DEFROSTER PERFORMANCE USING WAX. THE APPROACH IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR ESTABLISHING BREAKTHROUGH POINTS, AND DEVELOPING BALANCED DEFROSTER AIR DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS PRIOR TO COLD ROOM TESTING. SINCE IT CAN BE CONDUCTED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, THE WAX METHOD IS CONSIDERABLY MORE CONVENIENT AND CAN BE EXECUTED WITH GREATER FREQUENCY THAN IN A COLD ROOM. ALTHOUGH THE WAX PROCEDURE IS A GOOD BAROMETER OF THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT DEFROSTER SYSTEMS, AND DOES PROVIDE VALUABLE PRELIMINARY STUDIES, IT DOES NOT DUPLICATE COLD ROOM CONDITIONS. THE TEST METHOD DESCRIBED, THEREFORE, IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR, NOR CAN IT BE USED IN PLACE OF, ACTUAL COLD ROOM TESTING. THE PAPER PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE TEST FACILITY, TEST EQUIPMENT, TEST PREPARATION, WAX MIXTURE AND APPLICATION, AND CONDUCTING THE TEST.

During recent years, the Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI) has developed and validated two- and three-dimensional models describing the motions and forces acting upon an occupant during a collision. These inexpensive-to-operate models are performing with approximately 90% accuracy in parametric studies of classical crash configurations. In our own validation procedures, contacts with automobile development and design groups, and discussions with federal agencies, certain shortcomings of mathematical modeling procedures have been isolated. These include primarily the inability of the user to determine and input data to the computer programs and also to specify force, motion, velocity, and acceleration output data in a form applicable to the various vehicle design, human tolerance, and compliance tasks for which the models have been developed. As a part of the development of a new six-mass, three-dimensional crash victim simulator, a user-oriented interactive input/output language (OVERLORD) has been developed and is operational at HSRI. The objective of this tool is to make use of the HSRI and other similar models accessible to persons not highly trained in computer use. The program itself selects and positions the occupant in the vehicle and then automatically conducts the simulation. This is accomplished in a "conversation" between the user and the computer. The program asks the user certain basic questions such as: 1. What percentile occupant do you desire? 2. What is the impact velocity as well as type and direction of impact? 3. What standard vehicle geometry is desired~standard, compact, subcompact? The new three-dimensional model and the OVERLOAD program that prepares the input data, executes the computer run, and submits the output back to the user are described in detail in the paper. Comparisons between the predictions of the new model, predictions of the older HSRI three-dimensional crash victim simulator, and experimental data are included in the paper.

A GENERALIZED APPROACH IS TAKEN LOOKING AT AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS AND ENERGY PROBLEMS FROM THE VANTAGEPOINT OF A STATE GOVERNMENT REGULATORY AGENCY. THE AUTO INDUSTRY'S VAST CAPABILITY FOR TECHNOLOGY, MASS PRODUCTION, QUALITY CONTROL, AND MARKETING ABILITY CULMINATES AT THE DEALERSHIP. THEREAFTER,THE VEHICLE IS OFTEN VIEWED BY THE USER MUCH DIFFERENTLY. INITIALLY,THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO OVERLAY MANY OF THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES THAT FORMULATE THE FINAL PRODUCT. BY EXAMINING A WIDE RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ILLS,IN PART CREATED BY THE AUTOMOBILE,AND BY ANALYZING HOW THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY HAS ADAPTED TO PAST CRISES,THE IMPENDING EMISSION AND ENERGY QUESTIONS ARE EXPLORED BY USING VARIOUS ECONOMIC,REGULATORY,AND ENGINE DESIGN TREND INDICATORS. PROSPECTIVES FOR ANALYZING THESE PROBLEMS ARE DEMONSTRATED. SUBSEQUENTLY,BY NARROWING THE PAPER'S OBJECTIVES,SOME PREVIOUS TECHNICAL STUDIES ARE USED TO SHOW POTENTIAL BENEFITS IN EMISSIONS AND FUEL SAVINGS BY THE INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE CONTROL STRATEGY. FIRSTHAND EMISSION SURVEILLANCE AND SERVICE DATA ARE SUPPLIED,ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECT OF NEW JERSEY'S INSPECTION PROGRAM WITH EMPHASIS ON MINIMIZING THE IMPACT TO THE MOTORING PUBLIC. MAXIMUM EMISSION REDUCTION YIELDS OF 10-12 PERCENT ARE EXPECTED FOR CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS. ALSO,AN ADDITIONAL 0.33 PERCENT FUEL SAVING COULD BE REALIZED. IN ADDITION,DUE TO THE CAUSAL EFFECTS OF THIS STRATEGY,OTHER CONSERVATION-ORIENTED INCENTIVES BECOME APPARENT. FINALLY, IN A FURTHER NARROWING OF SCOPE,CONCEPTS FOR ESTIMATING THE INDIVIDUAL MOTORIST'S RATIONAL BEHIND HIS VALUE JUDGMENTS THROUGH ENERGY BALANCING ARE ATTEMPTED. ONLY BY VIEWING THE INDIVIDUAL MOTORIST AND THE MECHANISM IN WHICH HE PERCEIVES HIS ENVIRONMENT AND AUTOMOBILE CAN A MORE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE IMPACTS BE UNDERTAKEN. /AUTHOR/

The frequent use of copper‐lead and cadmium alloy bearings for heavy duty diesel engine use has brought about a number of problems and a lot of troubles that occur with these bearings are frequently blamed on to the lubricating oil. The difficulty of differentiating between failures caused by fatigue and corrosion is a real one and quite apart from these two causes, there may be many contributory factors. A paper recently presented to the Society of Automobile Engineers at California by Mr. Stokely of the California Research Corporation on this subject has provided some valuable guidance on these matters. The following is a condensation of this paper.

This paper discusses the development of adequate criteria and evaluation methods for seat belt restraint design. These criteria should include the effect of seat belts in abdominal injury as well as head injury. It is concluded that belt load limiters and energy-absorbing devices should limit head-to-vehicle contact, ensure that the lap belt maintains proper contact with the bony pelvic girdle, and limit the belt loads. Studies are made of pulse shape and belt fabrics. Currently available mathematical models are used for the studies included in the paper.

As the evidence of the contribution of intoxicated drivers to vehicular fatalities continues to mount, interest has grown in the development of novel countermeasures. One approach now being considered involves the use of a device installed in the automobile which automatically determines if the driver is intoxicated and prevents the driver from operating the vehicle when intoxication is determined. In this paper such devices are discussed with particular consideration given to the method of determining intoxication, the point in time when the determination is made and their applications. The paper also discusses the Transportation Systems Center's research program directed to dealing with this problem.

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE VALUE AND THE NEED FOR THE SIMULATION OF RELEVANT DRIVER INFORMATION PROCESSING AND CONTROL FUNCTONS. THE EMPHASIS IS ON RELEVANCE OF SIMULATION TO ENSURE THAT SUCH A SIMULATION WOULD HAVE THE PRACTICAL UTILITY OF HELPING TO REDUCE SOME ACCIDENTS. AN OVERALL REVIEW IS GIVEN OF ACCIDENT RATE STUDY FINDINGS, RESULTS OF MANUAL CONTROL STUDIES, AND CONCLUSIONS BASED ON PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE SKILLS RESEARCH. IT COULD BE POINTED OUT FROM THIS REVIEW THAT THE PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS OF MOST DRIVERS ARE ADEQUATE UNDER ROUTINE CONDITIONS, BUT THAT THESE SKILLS DETERIORATE UNDER THE STRESSES OF SPEED, ACCURACY, TASK LOAD, AND INFORMATION LOAD. SUCH STRESSES CAN OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY UNDER EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. THEREFORE, THE OVERLEARNING OF EMERGENCY DRIVING SKILLS IS AN IMPORTANT POTENTIAL USE FOR DRIVING SIMULATORS. THUS, THIS PAPER SHOWS THAT THE SIMULATION OF DRIVER INFORMATION PROCESSING AND CONTROL MUST BE AIMED TOWARD THE TRAINING OF SPECIFIC POPULATION GROUPS IN SPECIFIC CONTROL TASKS AND UNDER EMERGENCY-TYPE DRIVING CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS UNDER ROUTINE-TYPE DRIVING CONDITIONS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT HIGH-ACCIDENT RATE DRIVING POPULATIONS WHO RECEIVE SUCH SIMULATION TRAINING WOULD BE MORE ADEQUATELY PREPARED TO HANDLE ROUTINE AND EMERGENCY DRIVING SITUATIONS AND WOULD, THEREBY, REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF THEIR BEING INVOLVED IN A COLLISION. /SAE/

The ideal output characteristic required from an internal combustion engine for vehicle propulsion is constant power output over the working speed range, and the present conventional engine falls very far short of this. The paper describes the development of a diesel engine which is supercharged by a compressor driven by a differential gear in such a way that the boost, and therefore the output torque, increases with decrease in engine speed and which goes some way towards giving the desired output characteristic. The further step is described of including a hydraulic torque converter in the system so that automatic operation by a single pedal control can be achieved over the practical operating range of normal road vehicles. It is shown that the full operating range required by all normal vehicles can be obtained with a gearbox with two speeds only. The results of road tests on a truck with varying payloads are given and the fuel consumptions achieved are shown in comparison with the same engine in both its naturally aspirated and turbocharged forms. Notes are given on the component development and mechanical development of the engine necessary to achieve these results in a reliable way. Details are shown of possible production arrangements of differential gears and drive trains, one of which incorporates a hydraulic retarder which can be done cheaply and effectively. The paper concludes with a note on future developments and a summary of possible advantages.

THIS PAPER REPRESENTS A DISTILLATION AND ANALYSIS OF COLLISION INJURY CASES COLLECTED BY THE UCLA TRAUMA RESEARCH GROUP FROM 1960-69. INJURIES ARE INTERPRETED WITH RELATION TO SPECIFIC VARIABLES WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO REPRESENT IMPORTANT FACTORS IN COLLISION INJURY CAUSATION AND PREVENTION. THE METHODOLOGY IS PRESENTED AS ONE POSSIBLE WAY TO VIEW TRANSPORTATION TRAUMA IN TERMS OF FACTORS WHICH CAN BE ISOLATED AND MAY LEND THEMSELVES TO MANIPULATION IN THE CAUSE OF TRAFFIC SAFETY. THE PAPER CONCENTRATES ON SURVIVABLE INJURIES, IN PART BECAUSE MEASUREMENT OF DEATH ALONE FAILS TO INDICATE DEGREES OF INJURY SEVERITY, AND ALSO BECAUSE DEATH RATES HAVE PROVEN TO BE INSENSITIVE TO MAJOR CHANGES IN INJURY CAUSATION. THE SECOND PART OF THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO RELATE INJURY RATES TO ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTION, SPECIFIC AREAS OF VEHICLE DESIGN, AND DISTRIBUTION OF INJURY SEVERITIES FOR SELECTION GROUPS OF SEAT LOCATIONS. /AUTHOR/

The simulation model of automobile collisions (SMAC) computer program has been developed for the purpose of achieving unfiromity in the use of analytical techniques for interpreatation of physical envidence in investigations of highway accidents. The comprehensive output information of the SMAC program (kinematics, tire tracks, and vehicle damage) permits extensive, detailed comparisons with physical evidence in the iterative runs used to achieve a "best fit," and the predicted vehicle responses provide a basis for relatively refined categorization occupant exposures. The generality included in the inputs of the SMAC program permits approximation of the effects of driver control inputs, damage to vehicle running gear, and traversal of terrain zones with different friction properties. The analytical approach is outlined, and specific assumptions are defined. Comparisons are presented between analytical predictions and results of staged collisions. In one of the presented applications to a staged collision, the initial conditions were kept unknown until completion of the reconstruction process. Results of sample applications to actual highway accidents are included. Computer graphics displays of reconstructed accidents, including rest positions, tracks, and damage, are presented. (A) This paper is published as SAE Paper No. 730980. The number of the covering abstract of the conference is IRRD Abstract No. 211194.

THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE STATE OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY RELATIVE TO THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF ARTICULATED HIGHWAY VEHICLES. THE REVIEW CONTAINS THREE MAJOR SECTIONS CORRESPONDING TO THE TRADITIONAL BREAKDOWN OF VEHICLE PERFORMANCE: DIRECTIONAL PERFORMANCE, BRAKING PERFORMANCE, AND COMBINED DIRECTIONAL AND BRAKING PERFORMANCE. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO TAKE A FRANKLY EVALUATIVE POINT OF VIEW AND TO POINT OUT KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS, IN ADDITION TO DOCUMENTING PREVIOUS ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PROGRESS. THE PAPER CONCLUDES WITH SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH CONSISTENT WITH THE FINDINGS OF THE REVIEW. /AUTHOR/

This paper describes the engine designed for the Monza Spyder by supercharging the engine used previously. An exhaust driven supercharger compressor was chosen. The paper discusses engine modification, induction system, engine output and performance, and testing and development. /GMRL/

A group of specialists was assembled at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) to consider quantitatively the various elements of the entire vehicle mobility problem and to suggest an approach for achieving a substantial degree of solution. One specific purpose of the meeting, and the one that is the subject of this paper, was to design a number of vehicles capable of operating in remote areas of the world where extremely soft soil conditions predominate. This paper describes the application of the design methods and presents the two wheeled-vehicle concepts and the one tracked-vehicle concept that were evolved to satisfy the basic assumptions.

Automotive frames frequently consist of thin-tube members thick enough for much of the structure to be modeled adequately by bar elements. However, previous results show that a typical welded joint cannot be handled by the classical "rigid joint" assumption of frame analysis. Those results include tests of a joint type common in passenger car frames, and establish errors of over 60% in analytical predictions for some of the lower natural frequencies. The present paper attempts to see how much improvement can be achieved by simply accounting for the actual tubular shape in the vicinity of the joint, without allowing for the flexibility of the weld line itself. The study uses the NASTRAN computer program. The joint region is treated as a small substructure in a model otherwise composed of bar elements. This procedure is economical because only those portions which really have to be analyzed using plate elements are so treated.