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Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is a consequence of maternal immune response to fetal red blood cells antigens inherited from the father, that the mother does not possess, stimulated by antepartum or intrapartum fetomaternal hemorrhage. As a result, fetal erythrocytes are destroyed, leading to various degrees of anemia and hyperbilirubinemia, with high perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. This review's purpose is to reveal the importance of the alloantibodies beyond RhD and ABO system, the updated algorithms used in the diagnosis and management of the disease and the importance of RhD universal immune prophylaxis practice. For this purpose, the database from PubMed and UpToDate was searched for literature reviews, case studies, society guidelines and retrospective studies in English regarding hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn from 2013 to March 2022. Anti D prophylaxis protocols, early diagnosis and proper intrauterine and postpartum treatment help significantly reduce the disease's burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is the most important change in white matter in the human brain. Absence of this structure can cause delayed motor development, mental retardation, seizures, language, or comprehension difficulties, with the progressive onset of autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit disorders. Objectives. Advances in prenatal imaging techniques have led to a significant increase in the detection rate of agenesis of corpus callosum or associate anomalies – cranial and extracranial. Through this, we can advise parents earlier and check over time the development of affected children. Materials and methods. We studied 23 cases of agenesis of corpus callosum, from which 15 of the women with this fetal diagnosis chose to give birth to 15 live newborns with this pathology, and we started to do follow up on the neurodevelopmental outcome of this children. Results. The outcome of neurological development for people with corpus callosum abnormalities is highly variable and there is often an overlap in neuropsychological performance between patients with complete agenesis and those with partial agenesis of corpus callosum. The 15 children evaluated showed a diverse evolution from normal to severe, with neuro-psychological regression found and proven over time. Conclusions. Given the unexpected shift from normal neurological, motor and cognitive functions to borderline and even severe ones, prenatal counseling regarding the prognosis of this disease is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Optimization of the quality of cell culture obtained by cultivating amniotic fluid cells and the quality of metaphases preparations and identification of the most important factors that should interfere with prenatal diagnosis of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Material and methods: The effect on the outcome of our standard amniotic fluid cell long-term culture procedure of volume and appearance of the 561 submitted AF specimens, week of gestation and maternal age in which the specimen was taken and culture medium was systematically investigated. Results: Bloody or grossly bloody AF increases culture time and decreases number of clones/slide . On the other side, the maternal and the gestational age at amniocentesis had a great influence on metaphase quality. Conclusions: Variation in appearanc e of the amniotic fluid, maternal and the gestational age have significant effects on quality of cytogenetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]