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Mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscles are supplied by a branch from the inferior alveolar nerve called the mylohyoid branch. Here we present an unusual finding in a 60-year-old male cadaver in which the mylohyoid muscle is supplied by a branch from hypoglossal nerve in addition to its usual nerve supply. Hypoglossal nerve after giving superior root of the ansa cervicalis and muscular branches to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles gave another branch to supply the mylohyoid muscle. Any variation in the formation and/or branching pattern of ansa cervicalis or hypoglossal nerve can cause confusion and may complicate the procedures involving this nerve such as skull base surgery, neck dissection, and anterior cervical spinal approach. Developmentally mylohyoid muscle is from the mesoderm of the first arch, therefore, must be innervated by the mandibular nerve. Hence, we report this uncommon variation based on embryology and the clinical implications.

The functional morphology and evolution of the superficial forearm flexor, the palmaris longus, have long fascinated kinesiologists, physical anthropologists and anatomists alike. The anomalies, agenesis, variations and polymorphic presentation of the muscle, coupled with its biomechanical role in the performance of flexion and supination through distal articulations in the upper limb, have formed the base for many studies found in medical literature. We present data from published sources, along with our observations on the kinetics of palmaris longus, drawn from a series of dissections done on 30 cadavers. Complete agenesis was seen in four limbs. Reversal in the muscle-tendon orientation was seen in two limbs and duplication in one limb. The functional dynamics of the muscle and the clinical implication of its modifications in humans are discussed. We believe that every surgeon must be aware of the variations, since this, otherwise unimportant muscle, provides a very useful graft in tendon surgery.

We present a case of an anomalous accessory iliacus muscle in the iliac fossa which gets originated from the iliac crest and inserting along with iliopsoas, and appear to compress the L4 root of femoral nerve. During the routine dissection of a male cadaver aged 58 years, we found an accessory iliacus muscle. The L2 and L3 nerve roots joined the L4 root distal to the accessory iliacus muscle. The L4 root of the femoral nerve supplied accessory iliacus muscle. Accessory iliacus muscle might cause tension on the femoral nerve resulting in referred pain to the hip and knee joints and to the lumbar dermatome L4. The clinical significance of this variant muscle and its importance in the femoral nerve entrapment has been discussed.