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Objective: To assess personal, professional, medical, and scientific educational characteristics and issues reported by pediatricians. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on an online survey including 614 pediatricians who graduated in the last 15 years at a University Pediatric Department in Brazil. Results: The response rate was 331/614(54%). The majority were females (82%), the median age was 33 years (27-40) and median years of pediatric practice was 5 (1-13). High workload (>60 hours/week) occurred in 25% and 47% earned ≥15 minimum wages/month. The most work-related issues reported were long working hours, poor social life and a sedentary lifestyle (>50%). Pediatricians were further divided into two groups, according to years of pediatric clinical practice: group 1 (≤5 years) and group 2 (>5 years). The median of overall satisfaction with pediatric residency [8(0-10) vs. 9 (4-10); p=0.002] was significantly reduced in group 1. The frequencies of workload >60 hours, work on pediatric ward and pediatric intensive care were significantly higher in the first group (p5 years). The overall satisfaction with pediatric residency was good, however, reduced in very early career pediatricians.

Objective: To report the case of a child who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from a pulmonary infection by adenovirus. Case description: A female patient aged 2 years and 6 months, weighting 10,295 grams developed fever, productive cough and vomiting, later on progressing to ARDS despite initial therapy in accordance with the institutional protocol for ARDS treatment. The child evolved to refractory hypoxemia and hypercapnia, requiring high parameters of mechanical pulmonary ventilation and use of vasoactive agents. In the treatment escalation, the patient received steroids, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), was submitted to the prone position, started oscillatory high-frequency ventilation (HFOV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was indicated due to severe refractory hypoxemia. During this time, the patient’s clinical response was favorable to HFOV, improving oxygenation index and hypercapnia, allowing the reduction of vasoactive medications and mechanical ventilation parameters, and then the indication of ECMO was suspended. The patient was discharged after 26 days of hospital stay without respiratory or neurological sequelae. Comments: Adenovirus infections occur mainly in infants and children under 5 years of age and represent 2 to 5% of respiratory diseases among pediatric patients. Although most children with adenovirus develop a mild upper respiratory tract disease, more severe cases can occur. ARDS is a serious pulmonary inflammatory process with alveolar damage and hypoxemic respiratory failure; Adenovirus pneumonia in children may manifest as severe pulmonary morbidity and respiratory failure that may require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Exclusive pulmonary recruitment and HFOV are advantageous therapeutic options.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar o caso de um lactente que necessitou de intubação traqueal no setor de emergência pediátrica por conta de laringite aguda grave e que, após a extubação traqueal programada, fez uso, com sucesso, da cânula nasal de alto fluxo, a qual, possivelmente, evitou a falha da extubação traqueal. Descrição do caso: Paciente masculino, 8 meses de idade, admitido no pronto atendimento de pediatria com desconforto respiratório agudo por causa de obstrução alta de vias aéreas secundária à laringite aguda grave. Foi imediatamente intubado e encaminhado para a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) pediátrica. Apresentou falha de extubação em função de edema importante de laringe evidenciado por broncoscopia, o que contraindicou a extubação. Na segunda tentativa de extubação, o paciente apresentou desconforto respiratório, melhorando após uso da cânula nasal de alto fluxo, com redução da frequência cardíaca e respiratória, possibilitando a extubação com sucesso. Comentários: O uso da cânula nasal de alto fluxo foi eficaz e apresentou boa resposta nesse paciente com laringite aguda, sugerindo ser um possível adjuvante para o tratamento, evitando-se a piora do quadro respiratório e da necessidade de reintubação. ABSTRACT Objective: To report a case of a patient who required tracheal intubation in a pediatric emergency department due to acute laryngitis and that, after the planned extubation, has successfully used the high-flow nasal cannula, which possibly prevented extubation failure. Case description: A male 8-month-old child was admitted to the pediatric emergency room with acute respiratory distress due to a high airway obstruction secondary to severe acute laryngitis. He was immediately intubated and referred to the pediatric intensive care unit. He presented extubation failure due to a significant laryngeal edema evidenced by bronchoscopy. In the second attempt to extubate, he presented respiratory distress, but, after the use of the high-flow nasal cannula, he became stable, reducing the heart and respiratory frequencies, and the extubation was successful. Comments: The use of the high-flow nasal cannula was effective and presented good response in this patient with acute laryngitis, suggesting that it is a possible adjuvant for the treatment, avoiding worsening respiratory conditions and the need for reintubation.

OBJETIVO: Identificar as escalas utilizadas para avaliação funcional na doença de Pompe (DP) e descrever seu nível de evidência e recomendação. FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão sistemática sobre as escalas de avaliação funcional na DP. Pesquisa realizada nos bancos de dados Medline, Lilacs, Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados Central (CCTR) e SciELO com artigos (exceto artigos de revisão) publicados entre 2000 e 2010. As palavras-chave utilizadas nos idiomas português e inglês foram: doença de depósito de glicogênio tipo II, atividades cotidianas, avaliação. Os artigos foram classificados em nível de evidência e recomendação. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram incluídos 14 estudos que avaliaram desde recém-nascidos a adultos (amostra total=449). Foram encontradas as seguintes escalas na literatura: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) e sua forma adaptada para DP (Pompe-PEDI), Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Rotterdam Handiscap Scale (RHS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) e Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-II). A maioria dos estudos apresentou nível de evidência III, por serem não randomizados. Grau de recomendação das escalas: C para AIMS e Pompe-PEDI; D para GMFM e PDMS-II; E para RHS e FIM. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das escalas utilizadas para avaliação funcional na DP apresenta baixo nível de evidência e recomendação. As que apresentam melhor grau de recomendação (C) são as escalas AIMS e Pompe-PEDI aplicadas em Pediatria.OBJETIVO: Identificar las escalas utilizadas para evaluación funcional en la enfermedad de Pompe (EP) y describir su nivel de evidencia y recomendación. FUENTES DE DATOS: Revisión sistemática sobre las escalas de evaluación funcional en la EP. Investigaciones realizadas en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs, Registro Cochrane de Ensayos Controlados Central (CCTR) y SciELO con artículos (excepto artículos de revisión) publicados entre 2000 y 2010. Las palabras clave utilizadas en los idiomas portugués e inglés fueron: enfermedad de depósito de glucógeno tipo II, actividades cotidianas, evaluación. Los artículos fueron clasificados en nivel de evidencia y recomendación según Cook et al. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Se incluyeron 14 estudios que evaluaron desde recién-nacidos a adultos (muestra total=449). Se encontraron las siguientes escalas en la literatura: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) y su forma adaptada para 1DP (Pompe-PEDI), Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Rotterdam Handiscap Scale (RHS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) y Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-II). La mayoría de los estudios presentó nivel de evidencia III, por tratarse de estudios no randomizados. Grado de recomendación de las escalas: C para AIMS y Pompe-PEDI; D para GMFM y PDMS-II; E para RHS y FIM. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de las escalas utilizadas para evaluación funcional en la EP presenta bajo nivel de evidencia y recomendación. Las que presentan mejor grado de recomendación (C) son las escalas AIMS y Pompe-PEDI aplicadas en Pediatría.OBJECTIVE: To identify functional assessment scales used in Pompe disease (PD) and to describe their levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. DATA SOURCE: Systematic review of the functional assessment scales used in PD. Review conducted in the databases Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR), and SciELO including articles (except review articles) published between 2000 and 2010. The key-words used in Portuguese and English were: glycogen storage disease type II, activities of daily living, assessment. The articles were classified according to their level of evidence and grade of recommendations. DATA SYNTHESIS: 14 studies assessing patients ranging from newborns to adults were included in the present review (total sample=449). The scales found in the literature were: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and its adapted version for PD (Pompe-PEDI), Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Rotterdam Handicap Scale (RHS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-II). Most studies had level of evidence III because they were non-randomized studies. The grades of recommendation of the scales were C for AIMS and Pompe-PEDI, D for GMFM and PDMS-II; and E for RHS and FIM. CONCLUSIONS: Most functional assessment scales used in PD show low level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The scales showing the highest grade of recommendation (C) were the AIMS and Pompe-PEDI used in Pediatrics.

OBJETIVO: Identificar as escalas utilizadas para avaliação funcional na doença de Pompe (DP) e descrever seu nível de evidência e recomendação. FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão sistemática sobre as escalas de avaliação funcional na DP. Pesquisa realizada nos bancos de dados Medline, Lilacs, Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados Central (CCTR) e SciELO com artigos (exceto artigos de revisão) publicados entre 2000 e 2010. As palavras-chave utilizadas nos idiomas português e inglês foram: doença de depósito de glicogênio tipo II, atividades cotidianas, avaliação. Os artigos foram classificados em nível de evidência e recomendação. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram incluídos 14 estudos que avaliaram desde recém-nascidos a adultos (amostra total=449). Foram encontradas as seguintes escalas na literatura: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) e sua forma adaptada para DP (Pompe-PEDI), Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Rotterdam Handiscap Scale (RHS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) e Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-II). A maioria dos estudos apresentou nível de evidência III, por serem não randomizados. Grau de recomendação das escalas: C para AIMS e Pompe-PEDI; D para GMFM e PDMS-II; E para RHS e FIM. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das escalas utilizadas para avaliação funcional na DP apresenta baixo nível de evidência e recomendação. As que apresentam melhor grau de recomendação (C) são as escalas AIMS e Pompe-PEDI aplicadas em Pediatria. OBJECTIVE: To identify functional assessment scales used in Pompe disease (PD) and to describe their levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. DATA SOURCE: Systematic review of the functional assessment scales used in PD. Review conducted in the databases Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR), and SciELO including articles (except review articles) published between 2000 and 2010. The key-words used in Portuguese and English were: glycogen storage disease type II, activities of daily living, assessment. The articles were classified according to their level of evidence and grade of recommendations. DATA SYNTHESIS: 14 studies assessing patients ranging from newborns to adults were included in the present review (total sample=449). The scales found in the literature were: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and its adapted version for PD (Pompe-PEDI), Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Rotterdam Handicap Scale (RHS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-II). Most studies had level of evidence III because they were non-randomized studies. The grades of recommendation of the scales were C for AIMS and Pompe-PEDI, D for GMFM and PDMS-II; and E for RHS and FIM. CONCLUSIONS: Most functional assessment scales used in PD show low level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The scales showing the highest grade of recommendation (C) were the AIMS and Pompe-PEDI used in Pediatrics. OBJETIVO: Identificar las escalas utilizadas para evaluación funcional en la enfermedad de Pompe (EP) y describir su nivel de evidencia y recomendación. FUENTES DE DATOS: Revisión sistemática sobre las escalas de evaluación funcional en la EP. Investigaciones realizadas en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs, Registro Cochrane de Ensayos Controlados Central (CCTR) y SciELO con artículos (excepto artículos de revisión) publicados entre 2000 y 2010. Las palabras clave utilizadas en los idiomas portugués e inglés fueron: enfermedad de depósito de glucógeno tipo II, actividades cotidianas, evaluación. Los artículos fueron clasificados en nivel de evidencia y recomendación según Cook et al. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Se incluyeron 14 estudios que evaluaron desde recién-nacidos a adultos (muestra total=449). Se encontraron las siguientes escalas en la literatura: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) y su forma adaptada para 1DP (Pompe-PEDI), Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Rotterdam Handiscap Scale (RHS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) y Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-II). La mayoría de los estudios presentó nivel de evidencia III, por tratarse de estudios no randomizados. Grado de recomendación de las escalas: C para AIMS y Pompe-PEDI; D para GMFM y PDMS-II; E para RHS y FIM. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de las escalas utilizadas para evaluación funcional en la EP presenta bajo nivel de evidencia y recomendación. Las que presentan mejor grado de recomendación (C) son las escalas AIMS y Pompe-PEDI aplicadas en Pediatría.

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura médica para identificar as técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória aplicadas em crianças com doença falciforme e síndrome torácica aguda, bem como descrever seu nível de evidência e recomendação. FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão bibliográfica nos bancos de dados Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e Cochrane no período de 1995 e 2009, com os descritores: "doença falciforme", "síndrome torácica aguda", "fisioterapia", "criança", "inspirometria de incentivo", em português e inglês, excluindo-se os estudos de revisão. Os artigos foram classificados por nível de evidência. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram encontrados cinco artigos; destes, três utilizaram a inspirometria de incentivo e observaram que ela evita as complicações pulmonares associadas à síndrome torácica aguda (nível de evidência II, II e IV), um deles (evidência II) comparou a inspirometria de incentivo com o dispositivo de pressão expiratória, sem diferenças entre ambos. Um artigo utilizou uma rotina de cuidados, incluindo a inspirometria de incentivo (evidência V), e observou redução do tempo de internação hospitalar e do uso de medicação oral para dor. Outro estudo com a ventilação não invasiva para crianças com desconforto respiratório e com incapacidade de realizar a inspirometria de incentivo relatou melhora da oxigenação e do desconforto respiratório (nível de evidência V). CONCLUSÕES: As técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória com dispositivos de inspirometria de incentivo, de pressão expiratória e a ventilação não invasiva podem ser aplicadas em crianças com doença falciforme e síndrome torácica aguda; o nível de recomendação é C.OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the medical literature to identify chest physiotherapy techniques applied to children with sickle cell disease and acute chest syndrome, and to report their level of evidence and recommendation. DATA SOURCE: A bibliographic search of published articles found in Medline, Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane databases, between 1995 and 2009, was carried out using the following keywords: "sickle cell disease", "acute chest syndrome", "physical therapy", "child", "incentive spirometry", in English and Portuguese; all review studies were excluded. The recovered studies were then classified according to their level of evidence and recommendation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Five papers were retrieved. Among them, three used incentive spirometry that played an important role in the prevention of pulmonary complications associated with acute chest syndrome (evidence levels II, III and IV); one of these studies (evidence II) compared incentive spirometry versus positive expiratory pressure and did not find differences between them. One paper reported a clinical bundle to improve the quality of care, including incentive spirometry (evidence level V). Incentive spirometry was associated with shorter length of stay and less requirement of oral pain medications. Another study evaluated the effect of non-invasive ventilation on respiratory distress in children that could not perform incentive spirometry and reported improvement in the oxygenation and in the respiratory distress (evidence level V). CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapy techniques with incentive spirometry device, positive expiratory pressure and non-invasive ventilation can be performed in children with sickle cell disease and acute chest syndrome, with a C recommendation level.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a freqüência respiratória (FR), o volume corrente (VC) e a relação FR/VC poderiam prever a falha na extubação em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso submetidos à ventilação mecânica. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, de recém-nascidos com idade gestacional OBJECTIVE: To verify if respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV) and respiratory rate and tidal volume ratio (RR/TV) could predict extubation failure in very low birth weight infants submitted to mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This prospective observational study enrolled newborn infants with gestational age