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Introduction: Public media are essential to offer a service of general interest to the population to have equitable access to information, culture, democratic participation and equal opportunities. However, they continue to transmit biases and gender stereotypes that can have a great social scope, also in its digital editions, where a large part of the imbalances presents in traditional media have been transferred and adapted. Methodology: This paper analyzes the representation of gender on the Twitter profile of the regional channel Canal Sur Noticias. For this, a content analysis of a total of N=754 tweets published in September and October 2022 is carried out to find out if there is an underrepresentation of women in news coverage and if gender biases and stereotypes are perceived in the sections, spheres of action, authorship, external sources and in the audiovisual content. Results: The findings reveal that women are clearly underrepresented in this social network, not only as protagonist, also as authors and external sources, and a relegation to the background, in sections and areas of lesser weight, in addition biases persist and stereotypes such as gender markings, traditional roles, or sexist language in text and images. Discussion and Conclusions: This paper show an imbalance in the representation of gender in the Twitter of the public channel, which adapts the same biases present in its traditional format, hindering the social advancement of women in the digital space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper examines the scientific production related to the public media in digital world, due to the increase in the last decade. Methodology: 292 indexed references in Web of Science between 2012-2022 are selected, carrying out a bibliometric analysis of citation, co-citation and co-words of scientific research on the subject. Results: The aforementioned analysis determines that the countries with the highest number of citations on the subject are Belgium, the United States, England and Austria; the source with the highest number of citations is Journalism Studies; the most cited documents are those of Van Dijck and Poell, (2015) and Aalberg et al. (2013); concerning authors, the most cited are Shanto Iyengar and Hilde Van den Bulck. Concerning the analysis of co-citations, the most mentioned papers are Bardoel, (2003), Hallin y Mancini (2004) and Brevini, B. (2013), and the most cited authors are Hallin, D. C., Van den Bulck, H. and Benson, R. In both cases, the thematic groupings are: public television services, media and politics and influence of the media on public opinion. Regarding the co-citation of sources, Media, Culture & Society; Journal of Communication and Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, among others. The analysis of co-words shows the main research subjects: news communication, mass communication, European journalism and global journalism. Discussion and conclusions: This paper makes it possible the identification of the main trends and theoretical fundamentals in the studied field, as well as to detect emerging trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the production companies in Spanish commercial television for the channels Antena 3 (Atresmedia Televisión) and TeleCinco (Mediaset España), which are the two private television networks with the greatest audience share in Spain. Methods. A quantitative method was used to analyze the programming grid of an 8-day sample based on a content analysis. Results and discussion. The paper shows that the production companies that appeared in both channels are linked in most times with international conglomerates and that, on the contrary, small production companies have scare presence. Conclusion. The tendency of outsourcing contents fosters a high penetration of transnational groups and international capital sources in the production of Spanish TV programs, which impedes formats created in Spain, and consequentially, the presence of national production companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's gradual integration into the European Union through the development of institutions and economic and structural changes is intrinsic to the construction of a pro-European public opinion in which the media have actively participated. Objectives: This research aims to analyse the topics disseminated by the leading Spanish media to detect how the EU is represented in these themes, determine the main, adjacent and counter-discourses and find out the degree of North/South polarisation. Methodology: By content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this paper studies 543 units from the Spanish media El País, El Confidencial, ABC, El Diario.es, RTVE and Antena 3 from July 2021 to March 2022. Discussion and conclusion: Following the methodological application, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the construction of Europeanisation in the Spanish media is constructed about specific issues, and after an in-depth analysis of the energy issue, we can affirm that media coverage is neutral in general terms. Europeanisation is presented from a role with the greater weight of Spain in the common project than in previous historical stages presented in the introduction to this paper. Likewise, there is a certain unanimity in the Spanish media, both in the thematic selection and in the actors who are given a voice in the information, as well as in the pre-European construction of public opinion, regardless of their editorial line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO, hereafter) reported the first case of a new respiratory infection, in the city of Wuhan.This study focuses on how political communication 2.0 has contributed to prevent and protect citizens, during early stages the COVID-19 crisis, in a comparative perspective between USA and Spain. Specifically, the paper focuses during the first 90 days of 2020 (from January 1 to March 31), in the latency phases - oriented to preparedness and prevention- and of crisis outbreak. Methodology: The paper analyzes the content of the messages through the Twitter accounts of Donald Trump -@realdonaldtrump-, the White House -@ WhiteHouse-, and the CDC - @cdcgov; and Pedro Sánchez -@sanchezcastejon-, the Ministry of Health -@sanidadgob-, and the account of the Moncloa -@desdelamoncloa-. By conducting quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: the findings show a divergent communication strategy. While the Spanish actors followed closely the guidelines of health crisis communication; in the US, only the official accounts of @WhiteHouse y @cdcgov followed those guidelines, while in President Trump´s account, it is observed a politicized communication strategy rejecting messages from public health sources. Conclusions: Political communication is an essential element in a major crisis not only for good governance and management but also for the preparation and awareness of a citizenry. This study shows that the official institutional communication strategy was appropriate in both countries and that it helped to face an unprecedented major health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research on how children process advertising is still in its infancy. This article reviews the published academic literature on advertising literacy and children. The aim is to offer an updated view of how this subject has been studied in the last decade, a term used to refer to children's skills and abilities to deal with advertising. Methodology: 105 articles indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases between 2010-2022 were analysed. Results: only three authors have published more than a dozen papers on this topic, with two European universities (one Belgian and one Dutch) concentrating their scientific production. The year in which the most papers were published was 2020 and the main journals that published these papers belong to the fields of communication, marketing and psychology. The main tool for this research was the survey. Discussion: the review yielded six lines of research: advertising literacy programmes and minors facing new formats; influence of food advertising; influencer marketing and influencers; purchasing decisions; identification of advertising and privacy. Conclusions: the article provides proposals for future research on advertising literacy and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The research analyzes 6 scientific and pseudoscientific magazines in terms of web 2.0 tool usage and informational treatment. Methodology. The digital ecosystem of the journals is explored and described, and subsequently a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 232 units is elaborated. This sample is probabilistic and selected randomly from a universe of 1,434 publications of the journal web, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram accounts. Results and conclusions. The results show that use of 2.0 resources is basic and features of social networks are hardly exploited. In addition, although many images are used, news are not accompanied by videos, info-graphics or other types of interactive resources. The information treatment presents a need of improvement, more news should be accompanied by their authorship and the source of images more often captioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper aims to study the gendered representations of robots, cyborgs, ginoids, clones, holograms, and female artificial intelligences in science fiction film. It is hypothesized that the sexist stereotypes widely studied in female film characters are perpetuated in female artificial creations in science fiction film. Methodology: A sample of 83 characters was taken from the IMdB database. After their classification, we proceeded to carry out a qualitative analysis on representation, gender roles and stereotypes of the characters. Results: The results obtained confirm that the science fiction genre is intensely masculinized and vertical occupational segregation is the dominant note. In addition, gender roles and stereotypes that are common in other film genres are also replicated in science fiction. Discussion: The representations do not manage to get rid of sexist precepts that are maintained over time as a result of the persistence of a male gaze. Conclusions: This study confirms the need to establish tools that allow women to access a highly masculinized cultural industry as well as the need to carry out a representation of female fictional characters far from the gender stereotypes traditionally associated with women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The notion of objectivity is the cornerstone of the liberal model of journalism. Following that scheme, one of the aims of news stories is to foster citizens’ understanding of the world they live in, but this can only be achieved through journalists’ vision. In that sense, the aim of this article is to analyze the level of interpretation and contextualization that Mexican journalists deliver when they report on organized crime. Methodology: In doing so, this paper draws on 24 in-depth interviews with news workers who cover this beat across the country. Results and discussion: The findings suggest that journalists do interpret and contextualize the information. This is because they are interested in helping their audiences to better understand this highly complex phenomenon. Although most of the informants said that they separate facts from opinion, they constantly interpret the information by relying upon their amplified subjectivity; which represents the main contribution of this inquiry. Conclusions: The main conclusions suggest that criminals’ pressure constrains reporters’ freedom to interpret the information they publish. Therefore, despite journalists’ efforts, the average Mexican news consumer cannot fully understand the organized crime phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyzes the perceptions of communities in depopulated territories and of a group of journalists regarding local media and identifies which journalistic functions and roles they consider most valuable. The findings are an opportunity to reflect on the connection between media deserts, community expectations about journalism and the future of local media in the context of a potential media reform. Methodology: Five focus groups have been conducted: four of them held in two towns located in the province of Cuenca, Ledaña (1,563 inhabitants) and Priego (885 inhabitants) and a fifth focus group was held online with journalists and professionals selected for their specialization in depopulated territories and rural areas. Results: The analysis shows that professionals and citizens are committed to “militant journalism” when working in depopulated areas; they value an attentive and caring approach to communities, constructive criticism, the generation of interaction networks and depth when addressing their problems. Three roles are identified for media: instrumental, recognition and mediation. Discussion and conclusions: In the current context there is a space of opportunity to explore formulas that incorporate the media as strategic actors in public policies facing the demographic challenge, at the same time this opportunity could catalyze the implementation of some media reform proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of journalistic style guides is to provide media practitioners with guidance on language to convey a neutral and objective presentation of information. This paper investigates thematic style guides published with a focus on Palestine and analyzes how these style guides construct media bias. Literature Review: In the literature reviewed a structural media bias against Palestinians that favors Israeli narratives is documented in research as an integral part of anglophone mainstream media through the reproduction of Orientalism, Zionist narratives, and anti-Palestinian racism. Methodology: A comparative content analysis was conducted on four thematic style guides, sampling common terms through a grounded theory approach. Results:The results show similarities and differences in the style guides’ definitions, sourcing, and explanations of key terms related to Palestine and its historical, legal, and geographic contexts. Discussion: The style guides notably differ in their content with some perpetuating anti-Palestinian bias in various implicit and explicit ways, such as Nakba denial, questioning Palestinian history, and reproducing Israeli sources and narratives. Conclusions: Our analysis concludes that anti-Palestinian bias and racism are an integral part of some anglophone newsroom policies and practices as implemented in style and editorial guidelines. Thematic style guides on Palestine thus can further perpetuate colonial conquest and anti-indigenous violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyzes the impact of the contents about Banksy in the four main Spanish newspapers. The aim is to detect the treatment that the press makes about this figure and determine if these newspapers publish content in the same proportion, which is the main theme, what are the graphic resources they use, if there are evaluative connotations, etc. Methodology: Some of the hypotheses suggest that Banksy manages to put the media focus on the cause that his actions vindicate and that the more conservative newspapers are more critical and limit the space dedicated to him. All the publications that contain the word Banksy have been analyzed with a sheet elaborated ad hoc for this study. A total of 2248 items have been recorded, out of 221 pieces analyzed. Results: The ABC newspaper is where the negative evaluative connotations emerges to a greater extent, but also the one that offers the most space to Banksy or his work, followed by El País. The case claimed by Banksy is barely covered by all the newspapers, being null in the case of El Mundo. Conclusions: It is verified that a conservative newspaper such as ABC does not necessarily limit its space to this type of content. In general, the figure of Banksy and his actions, highly adjectived in all the newspapers, take center stage against the cause that he vindicates. The iconic nature of the Banksy concept, used often by newspapers as a brand, can be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pandemic of misinformation has shaped the journalistic coverage of COVID-19, so it is interesting to see how different journalistic models have used source management as a quality criterion to address it. Methodology: This paper analyses the journalistic sources - from the indicators of number, identification and typology - used in 420 articles on the coverage of COVID-19 corresponding to four journalistic professional models: traditional press, digital native media, popular press and verification platforms. Results: The analysis reflects an adequate management of sources by the Spanish press during the coverage of the pandemic, mostly using a higher than standard number of sources; identifying them correctly in almost all cases; and using an adequate variety. Therefore, despite the clear predominance of official sources, there is also a notable presence of expert sources from the scientific and health fields. Discussion and conclusions: The quality of source management has contributed to fighting disinformation in the Spanish press, although there are important differences between professional models. Verification platforms are those with the highest quality standards when managing their information sources, which helps to reinforce key criteria in the fight against disinformation, such as verification, relevance, credibility and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The text departs from a theoretical review in order to distinguish two specific dynamics involving the use of commercial tools by activists on the one hand, and the development of autonomous technologies driven by social movements themselves on the other. Objectives: The aim of this article is to define various logics of digital activism by engaging critically with several scholar contributions that, generally through a historical analysis, allow us to establish theoretical distinctions and recognize differentiated logics of action when it comes to determining how social movements actually use digital technology. In the paper, critical engagement with the literature is examined against our empirical findings to challenge pre-existing assumptions, as well as evolutionary approaches sometimes observed in some of these contributions. The text also makes a point of transcending closed historical stages. Conclusions: The article’s conclusions point towards a multidimensionality of factors (pragmatic-utilitarian, strategic-tactical and ideological/identity-related) regulating the ways in which social movement leverage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: media use different interpretive frames when covering political scandals. This paper studies two of them –attack and defense frame. These ones clearly reflect the political positioning of the media and their attitude towards cases of political corruption. Methodology: this work carries out a quantitative content analysis of the coverage given by the traditional and digital Spanish press to the corruption scandals linked to the figure of the Spanish King Emeritus, Juan Carlos I. The complete theoretical framework pointed out by Robert Entman, which was empirically developed by Jürgen Maier et al., is followed for its analysis. Results: the main results show that the Spanish press generally framed the scandal associated with the King Emeritus, Juan Carlos I, especially presenting the facts from the attack approach, although significant differences were found depending on the headline analyzed. Discussion: the analyzed data corroborate other international research on political scandals, although the Spanish press seems to offer fragmented approaches more often than the German press studied by Maier et al. Conclusions: we finally found out that in the case of the alleged scandal concerning Juan Carlos I the Spanish media, more traditional than digital press, does offer an interpretive bias and is polarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cities are competing to become the global community’s choice in investment, trade, tourism, and partnerships. In this context, the redefinition of their communication strategy, especially at the digital level, has become an urgent challenge. On the other side, COVID-19 has directly impacted all facets of life and, particularly in the world of travel and tourism, has transformed into a communication crisis for cities. On this basis, this paper, using a methodology already proven on websites of different thematic areas, presents a descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory research on the websites of the 26 most visited cities in the world. Conceiving websites as the nerve center of cities communication strategy, the study has applied an analysis tool based on six variables (usability, interactivity, information offered, content typology and updating, social networks and transmedia content, and accessibility) and organized around 75 thematic categories. This made it possible to deepen among other topics, on how the city is shown through its digital channels, what and how it tells the story, and, very relevantly, how cities have tackled COVID-19 related information on their websites. The research highlights, among other aspects, a trend towards the mediatization of processes following routines typical of cybermedia, warning of the need to increase the role of websites as informative spaces on COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The main objective of this paper is to reflect about the success of Spanish TV adaptation abroad. This paper collects the Spanish television series that have been adapted in other markets in the time of consolidation of this phenomenon (2005-2017), and there is an analysis of the production values of the RTVE Spanish series Los Misterios de Laura (La 1, 2009-2014), adapted in USA by NBC under the title The Mysteries of Laura (NBC, 2014-2016). Methodology. For the empirical part of this research, we have analyzed the production of Spanish TV adaptations, and an in depth interview to the Spanish writers of Los Misterios de Laura' creators was conducted, as well as the analysis of chapters and the bible of the program. Conclusions and discussion. This paper highlights the development phase of the idea, where the concept, style and the design of characters are key issues in the adaptation process of a Spanish television series abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The paper studies different examples of correct or mistaken crisis communication, especially in the field of politics, and its effect on the approval ratings of a political leadership. Special emphasis is placed on the sequence of the three terrorist attacks that happened this year in Great Britain, on how the prime minister Theresa May dealt with it, and how the communicative failures she made provoked the loss of the absolute majority in the 8th of June general election. Methodology: In order to elaborate this paper, 32 articles from up to 10 British media have been studied, including The Guardian, BBC and The Independent, with special attention to the events of those days. Additionally, several books and investigation papers on political communication and particular aspects of it have been consulted. Five days have specially taken as samples: the 22nd of March, the date of the terrorist attack in the Westminster Bridge; the 22nd of May, the attack in Manchester Arena; the 3rd of June, day when the London Bridge attack happened; the 8th of June, the general election; and the 14th of June, when the Grenfell tower caught fire. Conclusions and results: On the basis of the studied documents, and after finishing the investigation, the conclusion is that an incorrect management of communication during a crisis provokes a sudden drop of public confidence on the political leader in charge, and, on an occasion like this, disaffection that can be rapidly reflected on the polls. Theresa May made many political and communicative mistakes during these crisis, which resulted on her not obtaining the election outcome she hoped when she called the election. At the same time, if a crisis is well managed, the popular support of the politician raises exponentially, thanks to the 'round the flag effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the field of politics, while influencing television shows, did so in a few genres' news and political information programs' whose conventions acted as a break on its treatment as a spectacle or reality show. But recent years have seen quite a transformation which is the focus of this paper. This is the takeover of the realm of politics by the spectacle of the real with no limits on the hyping of topics, characters and political conflicts. This paper conducts both a quantitative and qualitative investigation of this topic. More specifically, we carry out a test for such a transformation via textual analysis of a Spanish TV program: El objetivo [The Target/Lens] on La Sexta Spanish TV channel. The results of the analysis confirm a fundamental transformation of the interview format in which the presenter acquires a more prominent role than the interviewee in terms of both her continual visual presence and of imposing the rules of the game. In this new format, she constantly interrupts the interviewee and demands headline-grabbing responses. Finally, the results confirm how this rise of the interview as spectacle involves an emphasis of the issues aiming to the trivialization of political content and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper studies opera films of centuries XX and XXI, in order to identify whether the language used is closer to the theater standards of the performing arts typical of live or those of audiovisual media. Methodology: We have performed an exhaustive contents analysis of the end of the first act from 29 filmed versions of Mozart's Don Giovanni, according to three categories: type of film, type of camera shots used and type of editing. From these, we evaluated 41 variables. Results: We conclude that, with the purpose to expand a performance such as the operatic outside theaters, even in the XXI century, live still limits the form of films. Our paper highlights that it is not enough to transfer operatic contents to mediatic platforms, but making the most of the audiovisual language to generate narrative sense is also needed. We suggest several ways to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The following paper describes the effects of the past economic crisis on cultural and creative industries (CCI) in Aragon. It seeks to measure the social and economic impact suffered by CCIs and provides comparable data on these industries and their development. The study covers the time span between 2008 -previous to the crisis- and 2013, when the economic decline slowed down. Methodology: Official statistics, obtained exclusively for the purpose of this paper, have been used, considering four reference variables (turnover, added value, employment and number of companies) in seven CCI subsectors (Architecture; Performing Arts, Visual Arts; Film and Video; Libraries, Archives and Museums; Books and Press; and Advertising). Results and conclusions: CCIs have little impact in Aragon, where Books and press dominate the market. Generally speaking, all subsectors suffer a significant decline regarding the aforementioned economic indicators within the selected time span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The importance that media professionals give to search engine positioning in journalistic writing and its different dimensions is analyzed. Specifically, the perception of journalism professionals is studied after the recent application of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) strategies in the Diario de Sevilla, a Joly Group cybermedia, with a tradition on paper and that, as of May 2018, created a specific web positioning department that would be its pilot project for the gradual transformation of the rest of its headers. Methodology. For the development of this research, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and frequency analysis of terms from the company's internal manual on search engine positioning strategies have been applied. Conclusions. All this has made it possible to know the perception that professionals in this sector have of SEO, identify the possibilities of its application in news production, and propose a framework for the location of SEO in a digital newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since December 2019, when talk began in Spain about the coronavirus that was affecting China, rumors and vague news populated the world. When the disease reached Europe, the proliferation of information multiplied. Since the State of Alert was decreed, hoaxes and fake news have been a constant, which has been reflected in media reports. Methodology: This paper analyses the information published in the Spanish press about fake news related to politics, the controversial declarations of the Chief of Staff of the Guardia Civil and social networks; to know the volume of news and the treatment that the media has given to them. A mixed, qualitative/quantitative methodology has been used with the support of the MAXQDA 2020 tool. Results: After the analysis of 229 texts, it can be stated that the topic of which most information has been published about politics (48.47%), followed by social networks (28.8%) and the controversial statements of the Chief of Staff of the Guardia Civil (22.7%); although at all times the political debate has been present in the information. Discussion: This work opens a line of investigation on whether the spread of harmful information can be limited in a pandemic or whether freedom of expression is above it. Conclusions: The media on the ideological right have published more information with greater political content (73.87%), compared to the left-wing media with only 26.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the areas of technology and virtualization from provide online services in pandemic times there is a possibility psychology online acquiring services thinking that web sites are confidence for users and good quality. This paper proposes a number of indicators to websites evaluation that provide online services psychology in Latin American. Methodology: Whit experimental methodology were tracked 144 websites online services psychology assessing objectives variables with the purpose of factor analysis to the indicators building. Results: According the proposed indicators Brazil (...=2.00) is identified that scored best indicator, followed by Argentina (...=2.5), Chile (...=2.67) y Colombia (...=3.5); Integra Medical (Chile) (IMPOL=0.4629) get the better calification in Latin America, Discussion: Despite the pandemics conditions of the world actually, latent need the persons to access psychology online therapy, the web site aspects lacking to web quality with safety, accessibility and web positioning. Conclusions: Measurement indicator to psychology online (MIPOL) is a tool that permit to evaluate websites this category and detected strengths and weaknesses each web sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which is part of the field of immersive journalism studies, compares the narrative of contents published in El País VR, Folha 360°, Estadão RV and NYT VR, specific applications for 360-degree productions of the newspapers El País (Spain), Folha de S. Paulo and Estado de S. Paulo (Brazil) and New York Times (United States). In addition to identify the main characteristics of 51 publications, the main of this study is to verify the level of immersion these contents provide to the users. Due to this, a content analysis has been carried out, based on methodological contributions by authors from different countries. The final result points out that the spatial immersion level is much higher than the sensory level in most of the sample, which leads to a relative virtual reality experience for the user. Hence, with the exception of the content of NYT VR, the user does not usually feel involved psychologically about to immerse totally in the story and forget reality. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage the creation of more innovative initiatives with digital avatar narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyses the pressures that journalism has exerted or attempted to exert from politics. Methodology: The study uses a combination of qualitative methodologies, such as focus groups discussion, and quantitative ones, such as surveys of journalists; both methodologies allows to know how politics influence journalists and how it can limit media instruments of accountability. Results: this study presents the results of an investigation that shows that journalists and citizens share the perception that political influence is one of the main assumptions that affect the development of good journalism. Discussion/conclusion: Although journalists recognize political and government pressures, the study concludes that they do not give in or feel responsible to political parties or governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper presents the partial results of an interdisciplinary research following an innovation project funded by the University of Salamanca. Gender studies within the framework of intersectionality emerge as an analytical tool through which to understand the complexity of the world, the diversity of people and experiences. Social inequalities, in this case related to gender, sexuality, age or life skills, after youth are the driving forces behind research. The media is all-powerful as a reflection screen of social and cultural models, of male and female patterns. Methodology: The chosen methodology was based on the application of the Bechdel test, to differentiate the presence and the dialogical issue between the two female protagonists, and on the Rydel Inclusion, to evaluate the gender representation on the artistic-technical teams. The purpose is the identification of gender stereotypes and their disruption on the series Grace and Frankie, where protagonists are over 70 years old and keep on overcome the psychological barrier of the 70 years showing continuously vital expectations, on an active and intense way Results: There is a paradigm change of the traditional stereotypes presentation so that senior protagonists continue to have important vital principles, accepting weaknesses as an age result, or as something natural and existential. Conclusions: The outcome show surprising data on the Rydel test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This is a research paper that focuses on the Spanish General Elections of 2015 and the subsequent elections, which were held in 2016 as a result of the former ones not producing any agreements leading to the creation of a stable executive. During that period and, in particular, since 2015, politics in Spain overcame a historical two-party domination for the first time in its democracy - on the one hand, the Popular Party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) - giving way to new political parties aspiring to reach national government, for example, Podemos and Ciudadanos. The main elements of the research deal with studies in agenda setting including an analysis of the Spanish public and media agendas, with a particular emphasis on political coverage. Methodology: A content analysis of the press has been carried out (El Mundo and El País) during the campaign period of the aforementioned elections, revealing the most significant topics on the agenda. Results and Discussion: The data produced by the study indicate that the problems deemed important for the country by Spanish voters have been relegated to a second tier during the electoral campaign. Leaders and different groups prefer to highlight issues linked to politics and governance called "meta-topics" in their speeches, centering on pacts, agreements and self-reference rather than the usual issues of the political agenda such as employment, health and education, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyses the effects of the electoral debates on citizens' perceptions about the candidates and on the vote for the main parties in the General Elections of April 2019. Methodology: Descriptive analysis and generalized linear models with link logit to explain the vote, through the use of the Post-Election Study No. 3248 of the General Elections, 2019 prepared by the Center for Sociological Research (CIS by its acronym in Spanish). Results: The models show that the perception about which candidate was the most convincing in the electoral debates significantly influences the vote. Discussion and conclusions: Electoral debates have mainly a reinforcing effect on both the vote and the leadership of the participants in these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Verbal aggressiveness and attack strategy towards the rival have been two of the main characteristics of political speeches during the April 2019 Spanish national election campaign. Methodology: This paper analyses the two only TV debates, which were held on April 22 (RTVE) and April 23 (Atresmedia), using a linguistic and pragmatic approach. The objective is to identify, through discourse analysis, the argumentative strategies that the four leaders of the parties invited to use to define and construct the enemy. Results and conclusions: Analysis of their speeches shows that Pedro Sánchez (PSOE), Pablo Casado (PP), Albert Rivera (Ciudadanos) and Pablo Iglesias (Unidas Podemos) create frames and develop their arguments to reinforce the image of their adversaries as enemies of Spain. The four candidates use numerous linguistic and rhetorical resources and pragmatic mechanisms of linguistic (im)politeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The electoral debates on television are consistent with previously agreed conditions, within the legal canons established by the LOREG. However, in the current communicative environment, there exists a parallel debate on the second screen which is not subjected to any control. This paper analyzes the conversation generated on Twitter during eight debates, broadcasted by the regional television corporations during the campaign of May 26, 2019. Methodology: Using the hashtag provided for each TV entity, an analysis of the main nodes interaction and the activity of the official Twitter profiles of televisions during the meetings has been performed. Results and conclusions: The results indicate that only in some cases televisions manage to be relevant in the parallel debate on Twitter and that they hardly use the potential of the social network to generate conversation. On the other hand, equity from TV corporations is subjected to their own deontology, when they mention to different political parties on Twitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The main objective of this paper is to analyse the relevance that Spanish digital newspapers grant to the struggles of a part of the Spanish population to access a sufficient nutrition. Concepts like hidden hunger and food accessibility are used to understand this. Methodology: the contents published in 2017 by our digital mastheads (elpais.com, lavanguardia.com, abc.es and eldiario.es) were analysed by means of content analysis and the framing theory. Results and conclusions: The findings of this study disclose the complexity of the subject and the diversity of framings: Solidarity, Hunger/ Famine, Waste and Access. Likewise, a translation from the international to the national scope is confirmed. The hunger in Spain is a "hidden hunger" and it is constructed as a problem that impacts "disadvantaged" individuals, faceless, where causes are generally avoided, and the solutions are monopolised by supportive initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institutional framework supporting Spanish Communication research has changed radically over the past 30 years, affecting the internal structure of the academic community and the characteristics of scientific production in this field. This paper reconstructs that process by attending to four factors: the increase since the early 1990s in universities offering Communication studies; the establishment of three distinct Communication degree programmes (1991); the deployment and consolidation of a culture of evaluation of research activity (1989-2008); and the recognition of Communication as a specific area in the National RD&I Plan (2010). Such institutional changes have had a significant impact on the structure of the scientific community (exponential growth, incorporation of women, growing internationalisation, etc.) and the general direction of scientific production (publication formats, collaborative research, methodological quality, etc.). The various identified indicators showed a turning point in Spanish Communication research in the mid-2000s, situating it within parameters that differed considerably from those of the previous period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Local journalism is emerging as a central political element in the shaping of local communities on the Internet. In an hyperconnected context, this research aims to conceptualize a form of public service: "localized" journalism. Method: This paper employs the study of cases research strategy to assess the journalistic "location" of the European Union in three local digital media from different countries: Berliner Zeitung, This is Local London and Sevilla Actualidad. This empirical approach through the study of cases works as a frame for a critical review of the literature on local journalism. Results and discussion: Superficiality and lack of digital languages are found in the examples. This can be counteracted by simple and practical information, as showed in the analyzed text of This is Local London addressing European seasonal clock change. The "localized" information requires a utilitarian view and new formulas that connect more with the audience, like transmedia narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The world of yesterday, as with that of today, needs references. Building heroes, figures elevated to the status of extraordinary beings, responds to that human need to know that there have been others who achieved great things before them. Methodology. In this paper, a qualitative method based on an established model, i.e. that of the hero's journey, was employed, along with an ad hoc tool with a number of supplementary variables relating to the morphological and functional attributes of the hero. Results. Two literary works were reviewed with an eye to detecting the principal mechanisms used to convert Magellan into the hero of the first circumnavigation of the globe. Discussion and conclusions. In light of the above considerations, Magellan was lionised from the moment that he embarked on his adventure. Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler accompanying him, was responsible for making him into a hero in his writings, due to the admiration that he felt for him, while paving the way for others who would follow in the navigator's footsteps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In light of economic and social threats and challenges such as globalization, economic crises, child labor, climate change and technological transformation, this paper presents the results, conclusions and recommendations of a study and conceptualization of the Valometer, a system of business indicators designed to facilitate management with values. Methodology. It focuses on the use of three complementary techniques. The first phase comprised the exhaustive diagnosis of four bibliographic reviews focused on inclusiveness, sustainability, technology and communication. In the second phase, theoretical intentional sampling was used to select 50 professionals-experts (scientists and professors from different academic disciplines, businesspeople, entrepreneurs, managers and advisors from different business sectors) to participate in three semi-structured discussion groups combined with qualitative in-depth interviews to jointly conceptualize the Valometer. Results The resulting tool consists of 50 criteria and indicators constructed scientifically and divided into 5 spheres: A) Identity; B) Administration and management; C) People; D) Sustainability; and E) Technology. Conclusions The data obtained from a small sample of companies that have used the tool in pilot mode suggest that the Valometer may be a useful tool for facilitating business management with values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social trust has long attracted the interest of researchers across different disciplines. Most of previous studies rely on singlecountry data and consider only one dimension of social trust at a time (e.g., trust in science, the media or political institutions). This research extends a framework developed by the Global Trust Inventory (GTI) by discussing several dimensions of social trust, while simultaneously analyzing how trust in institutions varies across societies. Drawing on an online panel survey collected in 22 countries (N = 22,033), we examine cross-country differences in social trust--including government trust, trust in governing bodies, security, and knowledge producers. Additionally, this paper fills a gap in current literature by including a measure of trust in the media. Findings are discussed in the context of comparing emerging and developed countries based on the Human Development Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When configuring transmedia universes, it is necessary to design a map of contents that complies with a design of platforms and channels with its potential incidence on audience. In order to do this, we need to operate in a parallel manner between narrative displays and production design, which include the aesthetic line, technological devices and the design of potential audiences. In this paper these two broad perspectives converge, the production designer's and the storyteller's, delving into the joint processes that operate when it comes to building an architecture of transmedia contents, an operation that must be hand in hand with the corresponding technological solutions. All this is summarized in the case of Plot 28, a transmedia universe pioneer in Spanish language launched in January 2013 associated to a transmedia format (Total fiction). The creation experience interacts with the analytical and theoretical approach to offer a rather uncommon enriching perspective of the case of study. This way we will analyze, from a creator praxis, already corroborated but justified by the latest theoretical and hermeneutical approaches, narrative, interaction and gamification strategies, contents management and their scalability, the design of browsing maps, seeking the audience's empathy with the designed diegetic world. All this accompanied by data obtained from direct sources in this production and dissemination experience that may enlighten future projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of the research project 08/20 of the University of the Basque Country about the news published in the front pages of the basque newspapers in the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. The researchers have analyzed the front pages of the basque press to determine if they match the demands and interests of their readers. This study also shows which are the most important topics for this newspapers. This research analyzes 2.448 front pages of the main 5 basque newspapers, with a total 19.156 news items. For this work, a specific methodology has been developed, for either a quantitative and qualitative analysis. The data shown in this paper are a briefing of the more accurate results of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gap that separates the European political economists of communication -more Marxistrooted- from their American counterparts -who tend to profess more liberal political ideas-, as well as the epistemological and methodological confusion, which has burdened this approach from the beginning, about what is and what is not the political economy of communication and culture (PECC) (probably due to this lack of consensus or of a common basis), have led some scholars to talk about the need for refounding the approach or even to declare it obsolete. On the contrary, this paper argues that the point is not to redefine the PECC but to recover its true dimensions, to reclaim it as a critical approach that aspires to comprehensiveness and is influenced by moral philosophers. With this aim in mind, this paper goes back to the historical roots of the approach, especially emphasizing the role of the classical economists. That is, we propose to rediscover the classical economists for the PECC and for political economy in general. In all of this we have a main purpose: to stress the enormous wealth contained in an epistemological approach that has been underexploited in spite of its vast democratizing potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global crisis of the traditional press, some regional and local newspapers have been able to survive and get stronger thanks to adequate strategies that have been planned during the past few years and that now are beginning to bear fruit. This paper aims at analysing one of these models, exploring the keys of a particular case such as the North American newspaper The News & Observer, in North Carolina. This newspaper, that belongs to the McClatchy group, has gone for a hybrid paper-online model, with meticulous spaces for citizen participation, and for a hyperlocal press with a character all of its own. A comparative analysis of that model with the Spanish daily newspaper Información is also carried out. This newspaper is published in Alicante and belongs to the Prensa Ibérica group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the press means to distinguish or delay a piece of news, whether because of liking or disliking, is to deliberately display it in a better or worse place on the issues' pages. Neither objectivity nor neutrality are usually present when the piece of news to be edited is somehow against the interests of the publishing company. Subjectivity is at its height. From that remark, the author has created a method to take into account neutrality deviation in the cases of controversy between two characters, a "duel" which becomes a mass media one as it's on the papers for various weeks, with obvious sympathies favouring one of the contenders and manifest antipathies against the other participant in the controversy, with expressions of mass media preferences. The devised methodology has been applied to the analysis of the message originated between 23rd November 2007 and 10th January 2008, with the controversy between the Presidents of the Republics of Colombia, Álvaro Uribe, and Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, because of the steps given by the latter in favour of the release of hostages of the Colombian FARCs. The units of analyses have been the 43 texts published by El País (Madrid), a newspaper in open belligerence against the Bolivarian government of Caracas and with great investments in Bogotá, whose president decorated the owner of the paper's publishing company. The rehearsed method is applicable to any treatment which a newspaper may give during weeks to any other "mass media duel". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the ideological discourse of the local print and television news media of the eighties in the city of Monterrey, Mexico according to the biographical narratives of four leading journalists. The purpose is to pay attention to the role of ideology in the media as emphasized by cultural studies in its beginnings. The main question posed was: What was the role of the media in the eighties in the reproduction of the ideology of the economic and industrial elite of Monterrey and its relationship with the value system and civic identity of the audience members? According to the journalists interviewed, members of the industrial elite had a direct and explicit influence in the policies and contents of the main local newspapers and television stations, except for a daily newspaper that lost its predominance when rejecting that influence. The paper discusses the close relationship between media, audiences and the structures of ideological reproduction of the local industrial group, and the ways in which all these elements continously interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the management style of the Spanish advertising agencies. For this purpose, it explores the way in which the dimensions that define the nature of this concept arise in the sector chosen. The analysis begins with the definition of management style as concept followed by an exposition of its main functions and its fundamental dimensions. Then, the paper presents the methodology used to verify how these dimensions appear among managers as well as the results obtained during the fieldwork. Such methodology includes the achievement of in-depth interviews, with the help of a questionnaire of semi-structured questions, and the descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative information obtained from those interviews. The revision of these aspects enriches the study of management at the advertising agencies since it contributes to understand why certain actions have as a consequence one particular kind of relationship between directors and collaborators or another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a literature review and experiment results from pilot-doctoral research "assembly language visual narrative for the documentary film interactive," which defend the thesis that there are features interactive audio and video editing of the movie, even as causing agent of interactivity. The search for interactive audio-visual formats are present in international investigations, but sob glances technology. He believes that this paper is to propose possible formats for interactive audiovisual production film, video, television, computer and cell phone from the postmodern society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]