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ABSTRACT Background and aims: infliximab has changed the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The advent of biosimilar treatments such as CT-P13 will hopefully improve the availability of biological therapies. Data with regard to drug switching are currently limited. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of switching from the reference product (RP), infliximab, to CT-P13 in patients with IBD. Methods: this was a multicenter prospective observational study in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). All patients had switched from infliximab RP (Remicade(r)) to CT-P13 treatment and were followed up for 12 months. The efficacy endpoint was the change in clinical remission assessed at 0 and 12 months, according to the Harvey-Bradshaw score and partial Mayo score for patients with CD and UC, respectively. Adverse events were monitored and recorded throughout the study. Results: a total of 167 patients (116 CD/51 UC) were included; 88.8% (103/116) of patients with CD were in remission at the time of the drug switch and 69.7% were in remission at 12 months. The Harvey-Bradshaw (HB) score significantly changed at 12 months (p = 0.001); 84.3% (43/51) of patients with UC were in remission at the time of the drug switch and 76.7% were in remission at 12 months. No significant changes in the median partial Mayo score (p = 0.87) were observed at 12 months. Serious adverse events related to medication were reported in 12/167 (7.2%) cases. Conclusion: switching from infliximab RP to CT-P13 is safe and effective at 12 months. The loss of efficacy at 12 months was 15.7%.

Introduction: Capsule endoscopy (CE) has become a first-line tool for small bowel (SB) examination. However, adverse events (AEs), such as CE retention or aspiration, may occur. The aims of this study were to evaluate incidence, clinical outcomes and therapeutic approaches of CE-related AEs in the largest series published to date. Methods: Data from 5428 procedures performed at 12 institutions between August 2001 and January 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics; procedure; type, localization and symptoms before/after AEs; previous patency tests performed; therapeutic management and patient's outcome were recorded. Results: The overall incidence of CE-related AEs was 1.9%: 2.0% for SB, 0.9% for esophageal and 0.5% for colon CE. The incidence of capsule retention was significantly higher than capsule aspiration (1.87% vs. 0.003%; p < 0.05), in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in obscure GI bleeding (OGIB) (3.3% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.05) and in patients with the combination of nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain and distension. The SB was the most frequent localization of retention (88.2%). The use of patency tests -except for Patency© capsule- before CE was not a good predictor for AEs. Most of the patients with AEs developed no or mild symptoms (97%) and were managed by non-surgical methods (64.4%). Conclusions: CE-related AEs are uncommon and difficult to predict by imagiological examinations. SB retention, that is usually asymptomatic, is the most frequent AE. In absence of symptoms, non-surgical management of CE-related AEs is recommended.

Introduction: PillCam© colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) enables the study of colonic diseases in a safe and non-invasive way, although there are aspects that need to be improved. Current methods of bowel preparation lead to discordant rates of adequate cleansing and CCE excretion. Aims: To compare the efficacy of colon cleansing using two different regimes (2L PEG plus ascorbic acid versus 4L PEG alone) for PillCam Colon (C2) capsule endoscopy. Methods: Fifty eight patients included in this prospective study and randomized to: Group A, PEG plus ascorbic acid regimen (n = 28, 12 F/16 M) or group B, PEG alone regimen (n = 30, 14 F/16 M). The degree of cleansing was categorized into "excellent-good" or "fair-poor", according to Leighton's recently published preparation scale. CCE excretion rate and colon cleansing were assessed. Patients underwent to PillCam colon of second generation (C2). Results: Cleansing was considered to be excellent-good in 78 % of cases in group A and in 64 % of cases in group B, with no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.252). Nevertheless, when the grade of cleansing was analyzed in segments, a significant difference was found in the cecum and transverse colon. No differences were observed in the bubble effect between preparations. The excretion rate was 93 % in group A versus 70 % in group B (p = 0.043). Conclusions: These results suggest that a 2L PEG plus ascorbic acid regimen is at least as effective as a 4L PEG regimen. This regimen may be considered an effective alternative which would improve compliance because a smaller volume is required.

Background: adalimumab, a human anti-TNF, is an effective induction and maintenance therapy for patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. It seems to be effective in patients with resistance to infliximab, too, though the experience is more limited. Aim: to evaluate the efficacy of adalimumab, in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and failure to previous treatment with infliximab. B twenty-five patients with CD and failure to previous treatment with infliximab were enrolled; they were treated with 160/80 (24 patients) and 80/40 (1 patient) induction doses. We analyze clinical response to treatment with adalimumab by the Crohn's disease Activity Index (CDAI) and plasma concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), steroid sparing and complete fistula closure at week 48. Results: eighteen out of twenty-five patients (72%) achieved clinical remission (CDAI score < 150) at week 24 and 15/25 (60%) patients at week 48. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in CRP serum levels from 21 to 8 mg/dl at week 48. Nine out of fifteen patients (60%) treated with corticosteroids were able to discontinue steroids. Three out of eleven patients (27%) with fistulizing Crohn's disease had complete fistula closure after the treatment. Seventy two percent of the patients (18/25) needed to increase adalimumab to weekly dose, in order to maintain clinical response. Five out of twenty-five patients (20%) had adverse events; two of them (8%) with serious adverse events (tuberculous meningitis and abdominal abscess) that forced the withdrawal of treatment. Conclusions: according to these data, adalimumab provides a clinical and analytical improvement in patients with CD and failure to previous therapy with infliximab.Introducción: adalimumab, un anti-TNF humano, ha demostrado ser efectivo en la inducción y tratamiento de mantenimiento de la enfermedad de Crohn moderada-grave. Existe menos experiencia, pero este fármaco parece también eficaz en los pacientes con pérdida de respuesta o intolerancia al infliximab. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de adalimumab durante un año, en nuestra serie de pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y fracaso en el tratamiento previo con infliximab. Métodos: se incluyen 25 pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn y fracaso previo a la terapia con infliximab, que son tratados con adalimumab. Se utilizaron dosis de inducción de 160/80 mg en 24 pacientes y dosis de 80/40 en un paciente. Analizamos la respuesta clínica al tratamiento con adalimumab mediante el Índice de actividad de la enfermedad de Crohn (CDAI) y las concentraciones plasmáticas de proteína C reactiva (PCR), el cese de la corticoterapia y el cierre completo de las fistulas en la semana 48. Resultados: dieciocho de veinticinco pacientes (72%) alcanzan la remisión clínica (CDAI < 150) en la semana 24 y 15/25 pacientes (60%) en la semana 48. Esto se acompañó de un descenso de los niveles de PCR de 21 a 8 mg/l en la semana 48. En nueve de quince pacientes (60%) que tomaban corticoides, se consiguió su retirada. Tres de once pacientes (27%) con enfermedad fistulosa presentaron un cierre completo de las fístulas tras el tratamiento con adalimumab. Un 72% de los pacientes (18/25) necesitaron, a lo largo del seguimiento, acortar el intervalo de tratamiento a una semana para mantener la respuesta. Cinco de veinticinco pacientes (20%) presentan efectos secundarios y en 2 de ellos (8%) fue precisa la retirada del fármaco (meningitis tuberculosa y absceso abdominal). Conclusiones: el tratamiento con adalimumab proporciona una mejoría clínica y analítica en un número significativo de pacientes con EC y fracaso previo a la terapia con infliximab.

Introduction: several studies have pointed out the effectiveness of the PillCam© colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) compared with the colonoscopy in the study of the colonic pathology. Aims and methods: the objective of our study was to assess the agreement in the diagnosis of CCE with conventional colonoscopy as well as its sensitivity and specificity, and to describe the findings of the CCE in our clinical practice. Consecutive patients with abdominal symptoms were included in the study. The CCE was performed as previously reported (with PEG and sodium phosphate as laxative agents). The nature and location of the findings, colonic transit time, complications, cleanliness degree and consistency with diagnostic colonoscopy, when performed, were analyzed. Results: a total of 144 subjects (67 women and 77 men); (52.17±16.71 years) with the following indications were included: screening of Colorectal cancer (88 patients), control after polipectomy (24), incomplete colonoscopy (7), rectal bleeding (10), anemia (8), diarrhea (7). The CCE exploration was complete in 134/144 cases (93%), with no case of retention. The preparation was good-very good in 88/134 (65,6%), fair in 26/134 (19,4%) and poor in 20/134 (15%) of the cases. The average colonic transit was of 140.76 min (9-603). Any adverse effect was notified. In 44 cases a colonoscopy was carried out after CCE (results were hidden from another endoscopist). Compared to colonoscopy, the rate of agreement was 75,6%, the sensitivity was 84% and the specificity 62,5%, PPV was 77,7% and NPV was 71,4 %. The colonic findings in 134 CCE were: in 34 cases CCE it did not show lesions, diverticulosis in 63 explorations, polyps in 43, angiodysplasias in 15, Crohn's Disease in 9 and ulcerative colitis in other 8 cases. Conclusions: the CCE is an effective and reliable technique for the detection of lesions in colon, and because of its high agree-ment with the colonoscopy, it could be useful in clinical practice. Further studies with large seria and cost-effectiveness analysis are needed to confirm these data.

Objective: to evaluate the type, frequency, and severity of macroscopic small bowel mucosal injury after chronic NSAID intake as assessed by capsule endoscopy (CE), as well as to correlate the severity of gastroduodenal and intestinal damage in these patients. Material and methods:a prospective, endoscopist-blind, controlled trial. Sixteen patients (14F/2M; age: 57.06 ± 10.16 yrs) with osteoarthritis (OA) on chronic therapy with NSAIDs underwent CE and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE). Seventeen patients with OA (9F/2M; age: 57.47 ± 9.82 yrs) who did not take NSAIDs were included as a control group. A scale ranging from 0 to 2 (0 = no lesions, 1-minor = red spots or petechiae, denuded areas and/or 1-5 mucosal breaks; 2-major = > 5 mucosal breaks and/or strictures, or hemorrhage) was designed to assess the severity of small bowel mucosal injuries. Results: CE found intestinal lesions in 75% (12/16) of patients in the study group and in 11.76% (2/17) of controls (p < 0.01). Seven out of 16 NSAID consumers (43.75%) and none in the control group (0%) had a major small bowel mucosal injury (p < 0.01). The percentages of patients with grade 1 and 2 gastroduodenopathy in the study group, as assessed by UGE, were 37.14 and 23.81%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of major enteropathy between patients with none or minor gastroduodenal injury, and those with major gastroduodenopathy (43.75 vs. 40%; p = N.S.). Conclusions: chronic NSAID intake is associated with a high rate of small bowel mucosal injuries. Our data have failed to demonstrate a relationship between the severity of gastroduodenal and intestinal injury.

Background and objectives: the diagnostic yield of push enteroscopy (PE) varies widely from 13 to 78% of cases, according to the various series. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to determine the endoscopic and histological yield of PE in our health area. Patients and methods: a total of 355 consecutive patients (190 males/165 females; mean age 45 years, range 15-89) underwent PE over a 6-year period, from 1997 to 2003. PE was performed under sedation and without overtube. Small-bowel mucosa biopsies were taken in 199 explorations (56%). Clinical indications for PE included: chronic diarrhea (35%), occult digestive bleeding (ODB) or iron-deficiency anemia (28%), suspected small-bowel malignancy (16%), chronic abdominal pain (28/355; 8%), follow-up of polyposis or malabsorption syndromes (7%), and abnormal radiographic findings (6%). Results: PE detected lesions in 122 cases (34%); in 6 cases (6%) lesions were within the reach of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A normal macroscopic appearance of the small intestinal mucosa with an abnormal histological study was seen in 16 patients (6%). Major findings included: malabsorptive diseases (14%), nonspecific enteropathy (5%), angiodysplasia (3,5%), lymphangiectasia (3%); jejunal polyps (2%), Crohn's disease (2%), intestinal tumors (2%), extrinsic jejunal strictures (0.5%), and other (10/355; 3%). Abnormal radiographic findings (62%), chronic diarrhea (37%) and ODB (31%) were the indications with a higher diagnostic yield. No major complications were seen. Conclusions: according to our experience, PE is a safe and useful tool for the evaluation of small-bowel disease, especially in some indications (abnormal radiographic findings, chronic diarrhea, and ODB). Small-bowel biopsy increases PE's diagnostic yield in patients with chronic diarrhea.Introducción y objetivos: el rendimiento diagnóstico de la enteroscopia por pulsión (EP) varía ampliamente (13-78%) según las series. El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo fue determinar el rendimiento endoscópico e histológico de la EP en nuestra área sanitaria. Pacientes y métodos: un total de 355 pacientes consecutivos (190 hombres/165 mujeres; media de edad 45 años, rango 15-89), fueron sometidos a EP en un periodo de 6 años, entre 1997 y 2003. Las EP fueron realizadas bajo sedación y sin sobretubo, tomándose biopsias de la mucosa de intestino delgado en 199 exploraciones (56%). Las indicaciones clínicas fueron: diarrea crónica (126/355; 35%), hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro o anemia ferropénica (99/355; 28%), sospecha de tumor intestinal (56/355; 16%), dolor abdominal crónico (28/355; 8%), seguimiento de síndromes de poliposis o cuadros malabsortivos (25/355; 7%), y confirmación de anormalidades radiográficas (21/355; 6%). Resultados: la EP identificó lesiones en 122 pacientes (34%), observándose lesiones al alcance del gastroscopio convencional en 6 casos (6%). En 16 pacientes (6%) el aspecto macroscópico de la mucosa intestinal fue normal, objetivándose hallazgos diagnósticos en el estudio histológico. Los principales hallazgos encontrados fueron: proceso malabsortivo (50/355; 14%), enteropatía inespecífica (19/355, 5%), angiodisplasia (13/355; 3,5%), linfangiectasia (10/355; 3%), pólipos yeyunales (6/355; 2%), enfermedad de Crohn (6/355; 2%), tumor intestinal (6/355; 2%), estenosis intestinal extrínseca (2/355; 0,5%), y otros (10/355; 3%). Las indicaciones con mayor rendimiento diagnóstico fueron: confirmación de anormalidades radiográficas (13/21; 62%), diarrea crónica (46/126; 37%), y hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro (31/99; 31%). No se objetivaron complicaciones graves. Conclusiones: según nuestra experiencia, la EP es una técnica segura y útil para la evaluación de las patologías del intestino delgado, especialmente en ciertas indicaciones (anormalidades radiográficas, diarrea crónica, y hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro). La biopsia intestinal aumenta el rendimiento diagnóstico de la EP en pacientes con diarrea crónica.

Radiation enteritis is a complex clinical entity secondary to the affectation of intestinal epithelial cells as a result of radiation in the management of pelvic malignancies that may occasionally cause intestinal strictures. We present the case of a 60 year-old woman who had been diagnosed ten years before with endometrial adenocarcinoma, and who underwent hysterectomy with double adnexectomy and subsequent radiation therapy. The patient consulted for abdominal pain and ferropenic anemia of several years' standing, and had negative results following radiographic and endoscopic conventional techniques, reason why she was subjected to a capsule endoscopy study that revealed the presence of an ulcerated ileal stricture, which caused the asymptomatic retention of the capsule within the ileum. A laparotomy was subsequently performed - the strictured segment was resected and the capsule retrieved. The histologic examination of the resected segment confirmed the capsule endoscopy-raised suspicion of radiation enteritis. This case shows the role capsule endoscopy may play in the diagnosis of this condition.La enteritis actínica es una entidad producida por la afectación de las células intestinales como consecuencia del tratamiento radioterápico de tumores abdomino-ginecológicos, que en ocasiones puede causar áreas estenóticas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 60 años, diagnosticada diez años antes de adenocarcinoma de endometrio, que fue tratada con resección intestinal y radioterapia abdomino-pélvica. La paciente acudió por dolor abdominal y anemia ferropénica de años de evolución, con técnicas radiológicas y endoscópicas convencionales negativas. La realización de una capsuloendoscopia reveló la presencia de una estenosis ileal ulcerada, que causó la retención asintomática de la cápsula en íleon. Se indicó de forma electiva la realización de una laparotomía con resección del segmento estenótico y extracción de la cápsula, confirmándose histológicamente la sospecha capsuloendoscópica de enteritis actínica. Este caso ilustra el papel que la capsuloendoscopia puede jugar en esta entidad de difícil diagnóstico.

Aim: to study the usefulness and safety of capsule endoscopy as a diagnostic tool in various small bowel disorders. Design: a retrospective analysis of a series of cases. Material and methods: between August 2001 and August 2002, 92 capsule endoscopy procedures were performed in 88 patients (53M/39F, age: 43.87 ± 16.78). Indications included: chronic diarrhea (n = 33); unknown abdominal pain (n = 29); occult gastrointestinal bleeding or iron-deficiency anemia (n = 13); abdominal discomfort in NSAID takers (n = 7); staging of gastrointestinal tumors (n = 4), and asymptomatic controls (n = 2). Previously performed gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and small-bowel follow-through were not conclusive in all patients. Results: most frequently relevant findings included: jejuno-ileal apthas and ulcerations (29 patients), vascular malformations (13 patients), and intestinal neoplasm (6 patients). The groups with a higher rate of findings related to this indication were occult gastrointestinal bleeding (76.92%) and chronic diarrhea (67.85%), with the lowest rate in the abdominal pain group (34.48%). Therapeutic strategy was directly changed in 36 of 88 patients (40.90%) because of capsule-endoscopic findings. The only observed complication was the failed excretion of one of the capsules because of an unknown ulcerated intestinal stricture. Conclusions: capsule endoscopy is a safe procedure which can study the entire small bowel, meaning a valuable tool for the management of patients with suggestive signs and symptoms of intestinal disorders.Objetivo: estudiar la utilidad y seguridad de la cápsula endoscópica como prueba diagnóstica en distintas patologías de intestino delgado. Diseño: análisis retrospectivo de una serie de casos. Material y métodos: entre agosto de 2001 y agosto de 2002 se realizaron 92 cápsulo-endoscopias a 88 pacientes (53H/39M, edad: 43,87± 16,78). Las indicaciones fueron: diarrea crónica (n = 33); dolor abdominal no filiado (n = 29); hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro o anemia ferropénica (n = 13); molestias abdominales en pacientes consumidores de AINE (n = 7); estudio de extensión de tumores gastrointestinales (n = 4); y controles asintomáticos (n = 2). Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos previamente a tránsito intestinal, gastroscopia y colonoscopia, cuyos hallazgos no fueron concluyentes para el diagnóstico. Resultados: los hallazgos relevantes más frecuentemente encontrados fueron ulceraciones y aftas yeyunoileales (29 pacientes), malformaciones vasculares (13 pacientes) y neoplasias intestinales (6 pacientes). Los grupos con mayor tasa de hallazgos relacionados con la indicación fueron el de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro (76,92%) y el de diarrea crónica (67,85%), mostrando el grupo de pacientes con dolor abdominal el porcentaje más bajo (34,48%). En el 40,90% de casos (36/88) se cambió directamente la estrategia terapéutica del paciente a la luz de los resultados capsuloendoscópicos. La única complicación observada consistió en la falta de excreción de una de las cápsulas por la existencia de una estenosis ulcerada no conocida. Conclusiones: la cápsula endoscópica es una técnica segura y capaz de estudiar el intestino delgado en su totalidad, suponiendo una valiosa herramienta para el manejo de pacientes con clínica sugestiva de patología intestinal.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a quadruple regimen (BMTO) of the "3-in-1 capsule" (containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole and tetracycline) plus omeprazole in naïve and previously treated patients diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the clinical setting in Seville (Spain). Methods: This is a prospective study carried out on consecutive patients with a confirmed H. pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal symptoms. After providing their informed consent, the patients were treated for ten days with a 3-in-1 capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium (140 mg), metronidazole (125 mg) and tetracycline (125 mg: Pylera®), three capsules four times daily, plus omeprazole (20 or 40 mg) twice daily. Eradication of infection was determined by a negative urea breath test at least 28 days after the end of treatment. Results: A total of 58 consecutive patients were enrolled into this study, two of whom withdrew early due to vomiting on days three and five, respectively. In this cohort, 17 patients (29.3%) had a prior history of medication to treat H. pylori. In the intent-to-treat population, eradication was achieved in 97.6% (40/41) and 82.4% (14/17) of cases in patients treated with BMTO as a first-line or rescue therapy, respectively. At least one adverse event was reported by 28 (48%) patients, mostly mild effects (86%). Conclusion: A ten day treatment with BMTO is an effective and safe strategy to combat confirmed H. pylori infection in patients.

Background: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing in Europe and in Spain. However, there is no recent data from Southern Spain. Objectives: To determine the evolution of the hospital incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Southern Spain. Material and methods: A retrospective study was performed in two hospitals in Southern Spain. Data was collected from inflammatory bowel disease patients, divided into two periods (1995-2000 and 2001-2014) and compared. The reference population from both areas was 1,011,555 inhabitants. Results: A total of 430 patients were registered during the first period (1995-2000); 50% (215) had Crohn's disease that resulted in a cumulative incidence rate of 7.08 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year. The overall inflammatory bowel disease incidence was 3.54 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year. During the second period (2001-2014), 2,089 patients were collected; 51.7% had ulcerative colitis (1,081). The rate of cumulative incidence of inflammatory bowel disease was 14.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year (7.6 cases of ulcerative colitis/100,000 inhabitants/year and 7.1 cases of Crohn's disease/100,000 inhabitants/year). Conclusions: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Southern Spain has doubled in the last decade and is similar to that of the rest of the country and Europe.

Background: Golimumab is a TNF-blocking agent indicated as a second-line therapy in ulcerative colitis. Purpose: To research the effectiveness and safety of golimumab in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical practice. Methods: Retrospective study of the effectiveness and safety of golimumab in patients with ulcerative colitis. All patients received golimumab 200 mg subcutaneously at week 0, and golimumab 100 mg subcutaneously at week 2. After the induction treatment, each patient received 50 mg sc. every 4 weeks in patients with body weight less than 80 kg, and 100 mg every 4 weeks in patients with body weight greater than or equal to 80 kg. Results: Study of a group of 23 ulcerative colitis patients, 7 of whom were naive to any anti-TNF therapy, and 16 patients who had previously been treated with an anti-TNF agent other than golimumab (non-naive patients). The average treatment time with golimumab was 14.3 weeks. Globally, withdrawal of corticosteroids was observed in 74% of cases. Clinical response was observed in 85.5% of patients who had not received biological treatment previously, and in patients who had previously received biological treatment the response rate was 75%. Conclusions: In this short study, golimumab seems to be an alternative treatment in naive and non-naive anti-TNF ulcerative colitis patients. It is also a safe therapy, given that there were no adverse effects in the patients studied.

Background: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an acquired disease defined by the presence of intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells in the distal esophagus. The prevalence of BE has increased dramatically over the last years. Aims: The primary aims of the study were to analyze the characteristics of BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in a Spanish health district during a follow-up period. Methodology: Sociodemographic factors, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking were analyzed. We also studied the histological behavior and cause of death in each group. Results: In the present study 430 patients were included, 338 with BE and 92 with EAC. Incidence rates have risen from 2.25 and 1.25 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1996 to 6.5 and 4.75 per 100,000 in 2011, respectively. In the EAC group, male gender, age and alcohol consumption were higher in comparison to the BE group, and the overall survival was 23 months. In the BE group, the main causes of death were non-esophageal cancer and cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: The incidence and prevalence rates of AEC and BE have risen over the past years. Risk factors for these conditions were male gender, age and alcohol consumption. Long BE (> 3 cm) is involved in dysplasia progression. AEC diagnosis mainly occurs after neoplasia is detected and, in a few cases, due to a previous BE. Cardiovascular diseases and non-esophageal cancers have been found to be the main cause of death in BE patients.