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Introduction: Although today we live in a globalised world, the ties established between the Iberian Peninsula and the countries of Latin America are particularly strong, with important migratory flows. This connection may condition the development of diseases that involve a genetic influence, which may in turn be modulated by various environmental factors. The aim of this review is to determine the descriptive epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in the Iberian Peninsula and in Latin America., Development: A literature search was conducted in Medline, LILACS and Google Scholar for the different countries of interest using the terms 'prevalence', 'incidence', 'epidemiology' and 'myasthenia gravis'. The methodology and quality were reviewed, and descriptive data about the study population as well as data on prevalence were extracted., Conclusions: Many countries lack epidemiological studies on myasthenia gravis and in others the data reported focus on one referral hospital, making it difficult to compare prevalence between countries. In the Iberian Peninsula, the prevalence is consistently above 100 cases x 106 inhabitants, the highest figures being found in the area of Osona (Barcelona) and in the province of Ourense. In Latin America, much lower prevalence figures are reported, generally below 100 x 106 inhabitants. There is a predominance of females in the early-onset forms (<50 years) and a clear increase in prevalence in the elderly population, especially in the very late onset forms (>65 years), where it is more frequent in men.

Many patients that survive stroke have to face serious functional disabilities for the rest of their lives, which is a personal drama for themselves and their relatives, and an elevated charge for society. Thus, functional recovery after stroke must be a key aspect of the development of new therapeutic approaches. This is the second of a series of two works on which we review the strategies and tools available nowadays for the assessment of multiple aspects related to brain function (both in humans and research animals) and that are helping neuroscientist to better understand the processes of functional restoration and reorganization of the brain, that are triggered following stroke. We have assumed that a multidisciplinary approach is able to provide us with a wider perspective of the underlying mechanisms behind tissue repair, plastic reorganization of the brain and compensatory mechanisms, that can be triggered after stroke. In the second of the works of this series we are focusing in a series of techniques, complementary to the already discussed in the first work, and that are based on MR. These techniques are discussed separately from those ones, because they tackle with aspects not directly related to brain function, although they somehow do in indirect ways, or because they are based on physicochemical or physiological principles different from those discussed on the first work of this series.

Introduction: Cerebral ischaemia triggers a very intense inflammatory response that is characterised by the infiltration of leukocytes in the brain parenchyma. The first of these cells to reach the brain are the neutrophils. Nevertheless, the role played by neutrophils and the expression of their innate immunity receptors TLR2 and TLR 4 (toll-like receptors 2 and 4) in cerebral ischaemia is still not fully understood., Aim: To examine the association between the levels of neutrophils and the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in those cells and the prognosis of ischaemic stroke patients., Patients and Methods: The study involved a sample of 110 patients with an ischaemic stroke that had started less than 12 hours earlier. The main variables that were taken into account were the modified Rankin scale at three months (poor prognosis > 2) and the volume of the infarction (measured by means of computerised tomography between days 4 and 7). We analysed the percentage of neutrophils and the mean expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in neutrophils by means of flow cytometry on admission, at 24 h, at 72 h and at 7 days., Results: The TLR4 expression in neutrophils at 72 h (odds ratio, OR = 2.1; confidence interval of 95%, CI 95% = 1.4-3.2) and at 7 days (OR = 3.2; CI 95% = 1.7-6.1) was associated independently with the patients' prognosis and with the volume of the infarction at 72 h (B = 5.4; CI 95% = 2.9-7.8) and at 7 days (B = 7.0; CI 95% = 4.5-9.6)., Conclusions: Neutrophils are associated with the prognosis of patients with ischaemic stroke through the expression of their TLR4.