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This paper discusses the relation between variable input and sociolinguistic development in mother-tongue acquisition process. During language acquisition, children can acquire a linguistic system that differs - to some degree - from that of their primary caregivers. This fact emphasizes the close relationship that exists between language acquisition, linguistic variation and linguistic change. However, the presence of variation in primary linguistic data does not guarantee linguistic change. At this point, it is worthy to say that, although the attribution of social values to linguistic forms is a particular phase of the acquisition process, the perception of linguistic variability per se does not seem to be sufficient for such attribution to be made by children. By adopting the psycholinguistic assumptions, this paper aims at discussing some relevant aspects of language acquisition, linguistic variation and sociolinguistic development by analyzing the phenomenon of variable nominal and verbal number agreement in Brazilian Portuguese. Naturalistic data were analyzed in order to verify the input received by children and their own linguistic production. Formal education - and its normative effects in language -, speaker identity and the different dimensions of communicative interaction, as well as methodology issues, seem to be crucial for a deeper understanding of the topics under discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As did Cantoni (2013) for the Portuguese stress system as a whole, I propose in the present paper a diachronic explanation for a difference between verbs and nonverbs in Portuguese: the fact that verbs have mobile stress, whereas non-verbs do not. I adopt a diachronic perspective, considering, as proposed in dynamic systems approaches, that the knowledge of the initial state of a system helps us understand its current state. Based on that, I examine inflectional paradigms of Latin nouns and the changes that have taken place from Latin to Portuguese with the purpose of assessing to what extent those morphological changes have determined characteristics of the Portuguese stress system. The vast majority of nouns showed a stress shift in their paradigms in Latin. As is shown in the present paper, however, the accusative was the only case in which there was practically no change in stress between singular and plural. The fact that the accusative was the lexicogenic case in Portuguese, i.e., the fact that nouns and adjectives in Portuguese have their forms derived from the accusative of corresponding Latin words eventually produced fixed stress in Portuguese non-verbs. The accusative was the most frequent case in Latin and, as would be expected from a usage-based perspective, it was the only surviving case. The final section of the paper additionally discusses the fact that the same diachronic changes have kept noun and adjective theme vowels from ever being stressed in Portuguese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the hypothesis of parameters for the expression of comparison and degree constructions discussing data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Beck et alii (2009) and Beck, Oda and Sugisaki (2004) propose three parameters: i) the language has degree predicates (DSP -- Degree Structure Parameter); ii) the language has or does not have binding of degree variables in the syntax (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); and iii) the language has a syntactic degree argument filled (DegPP -- Degree Phrase Parameter). Languages with negative setting in the DSP do not show any degree construction at all, especially comparative constructions with an expression like "more". The DAP explains structures with binding of degree variables in the syntax, like comparative clauses with scope ambiguities. At last, there is the impossibility of filling the syntactic degree argument of gradable adjectives with measure phrases (cf. *2 metros alto/2 meters tall). This fact is explained by a negative setting in the DegPP. It is shown that BP receives positive setting in the first ones but negative setting in the last. It is also discussed degree interrogatives and measure phrases like 2 metros de altura "2 meters of height". The paper concludes that these structures should be better discussed to understand their place in the degree parameter hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper models grammar functionally for the purposes of teaching foregrounding its systemic organization. Genre Pedagogy - a usage-based model of language teaching - selects models of texts for teaching based on the efficacy of language choices are made according contextual patterns. However, a problem that may occur is that 'model texts' selected to serve as example texts for teaching could rely not on patterns of usage alone, but also on the subjectivity of the person who implements the model (being them a teacher, a tutor, an educator and so on). The paper offers a model of text synthesis as a as a basis for application of Genre Pedagogy departing from non-systematic text selection and replacing it with a quantitative approach of language patterning based on use for the selection of 'model texts'. More specifically, it presents the process of modelling a synthetic text from systemic and quantitative criteria as the baseline of 'model texts'. The paper goes on to assesses the contributions of this modelling to the effectiveness of text production by means of an experiment in which texts written by a group of students is compared with synthetic texts generated by quantitative usage-based choices in language systems. Results show how text synthesis modelling can be an effective approach for applications of Genre Pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the construction of coherence, specifically causal coherence, in children's narratives of personal experience. The study focused on the examination of causal relations and other types of connections established between the narrated events, as well as the presence of fragments of unrelated events. The corpus consists of 66 narratives produced by Argentinian Spanish-speaking children aged 3, 4 and 5 years. Narratives were obtained in individual interviews carried out in the kindergartens where children attended, located in urban-marginalized neighborhoods of Buenos Aires (Argentina). For the analysis of the narratives, we used a heuristic approach of an adapted version of Trabasso et al. Causal Network Narrative Model. The analysis combined qualitative and quantitative procedures. The results showed that children managed to connect the narrated events causally, temporally, and thematically. During this period, there predominated causal connections related to the physical (vs. mental) domain. The diversity of causal relations established within the same narrative increased with age. The narratives also contained unrelated events: breaks in the causal chain, dead-end events. The latter mostly referred to different components of narrative information (action, orientation, evaluation) that contribute to the coherence of the narrative in other non-causal dimensions. The results acquire special relevance for the study of children's narrative production, considering the role of narrative in cognition, communication, socialization, and the transmission of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand a polemical episode (Amossy, 2017) on social network Twitter headed by Xuxa Meneghel about the use of prisoners as human guinea pigs (Boyd; Ellison, 2008; Cabral, 2022; Kwak et al., 2010; Recuero; Zago, 2010), from the perspective of the Dialogical Model of Argumentation (Plantin, 2008). The analysis of internet users' interactions was undertaken so that we could see the argumentative strategies used by interactants in contexts of disagreement of opinions, as is common in web 2.0 (Paveau, 2021). Disagreements are here part of a stase, like we may observe in DMA. After a detailed examination of the corpus, we noted the "spreading of the argumentative stasis", that is, a divergence of opinions so deep that leads the interlocutor to the silence. It was verified that the polemical interactions were materialized by the use of ad hominem, ad personam and ad populum arguments (Grácio, 2013; Plantin, 2016; Walton, 2006), in order to invalidate, disallow and generalize the position of the opponent and to discourage interactional mechanics of the interaction, leading the actantial opponent to the abandon of the dialogue. Thus, we verified the supressing of the interlocutors' voice, a procedure of the eristic ancient Rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how participants in a storytelling course of Portuguese as an Additional Language use repair practices (i.e. identify and solve eventual problems in the production and comprehension of utterances in order to maintain the intersubjectivity) during the lessons. We focus on three main questions: 1) how do participants use visual repair (i.e., the sequentially coordenated use of gestures and other embodied practices in order to solve interactional issues) resources to maintain the intersubjectivity in the classes observed?; 2) what is the relationship between verbal and non-verbal conducts in the organisation of repair during the activities carried out in the abovementioned course?; 3) based on data from this and other studies in the field, what is the particularity of the organisation of repair in the classroom we observed when compared to the repair conducts produced in classrooms organised in the traditional way (with seats arranged behind each other forming rows)? The results of this study point to the use of visual repair as a practical method (i.e. common and taken-for-granted method) used by teacher and students in the pedagogical activities observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld; Mackenzie, 2008) account of concessive constructions articulated by two specific complex conjunctions: ainda que and mesmo que. Based on contemporary Portuguese data from Corpus do Português corpora (Davies; Ferreira, 2006), the analysis proposes an association between concessivity and scalarity underlying the use of concessive constructions with ainda que and mesmo que (König, 1985a, 1985b). This association is evidence of an in-between position of these conjunctions in the lexical-grammatical continuum. These results demand, for a FDG representation, two directions: (i) a multilayered representation that aligns properties from formulation levels (Interpersonal and Representational), arriving to impacts on Morphosyntactic encoding, and (ii) the distinction of a new morphosyntactic primitive, the semi-fixed conjunctional template (Keizer, 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is aimed to carry out a comparative-terminological study on the terms designating the agents involved in the celebration and registration of official marriages and in the issuance of marriage certificates in Brazil and France. Thus, it is intended to find the degrees of equivalence that are maintained between these terms, reflecting on the terminological differences and similarities that underlie them. To do so, this study is based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Terminology, more specifically on Bilingual Terminology. Therefore, criteria to establish the equivalence degrees between the terminological units studied were adopted according with this approach. As main results, this research reveals that there are more differences than similarities between the terms analyzed in Portuguese from Brazil (PB) and French from France (FF). In this sense, eleven cases of empty equivalence and seven cases of partial equivalence were found. Based on these data, it was observed that, when it was possible to establish an equivalence relation between the studied terms, this equivalence is partial. Furthermore, this study found that most terminological units in BP do not have an equivalent in FF in the domain in question. These particularities are mainly due to legislative differences regarding the way according with the rules of official marriages are organized in these two countries. In turn, these nations are influenced by socio-cultural issues underlying the area of civil law, as that they are two distinct historical and social realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: À semelhança do que fez Cantoni (2013) para o sistema de acento do português como um todo, proponho neste trabalho uma explicação diacrônica para o fato de os verbos terem acento móvel e os não verbos terem acento fixo em português. Adoto uma perspectiva diacrônica, considerando, como proposto nas abordagens de sistemas dinâmicos, que o conhecimento do estado inicial de um sistema nos ajuda a entender seu estado atual. Nesse sentido, examino os paradigmas flexionais de substantivos latinos e as mudanças que ocorreram desde o latim até o português com o intuito de verificar em que medida essas mudanças morfológicas acabaram determinando características do sistema acentual do português. Em sua grande maioria, os substantivos apresentavam deslocamento do acento em seu paradigma em latim. Como é demonstrado neste trabalho, no entanto, o acusativo era o único caso em que praticamente não havia deslocamento de acento em latim do singular para o plural. O fato de o acusativo ter sido o caso lexicogênico do português, isto é, o caso cujas formas deram origem aos substantivos e adjetivos correspondentes do português, acabou tendo como resultado a imobilidade do acento nos não verbos. Ele era o caso de realização mais frequente e, como seria de se esperar numa perspectiva baseada no uso, foi o único caso que sobreviveu. A seção final do texto discute ainda o fato de que as mesmas mudanças diacrônicas fizeram com que as vogais temáticas nominais e adjetivais nunca sejam acentuadas em português. Palavras-Chave: acento; português; diacronia. Abstract: As did Cantoni (2013) for the Portuguese stress system as a whole, I propose in the present paper a diachronic explanation for a difference between verbs and non-verbs in Portuguese: the fact that verbs have mobile stress, whereas non-verbs do not. I adopt a diachronic perspective, considering, as proposed in dynamic systems approaches, that the knowledge of the initial state of a system helps us understand its current state. Based on that, I examine inflectional paradigms of Latin nouns and the changes that have taken place from Latin to Portuguese with the purpose of assessing to what extent those morphological changes have determined characteristics of the Portuguese stress system. The vast majority of nouns showed a stress shift in their paradigms in Latin. As is shown in the present paper, however, the accusative was the only case in which there was practically no change in stress between singular and plural. The fact that the accusative was the lexicogenic case in Portuguese, i.e., the fact that nouns and adjectives in Portuguese have their forms derived from the accusative of corresponding Latin words eventually produced fixed stress in Portuguese non-verbs. The accusative was the most frequent case in Latin and, as would be expected from a usage-based perspective, it was the only surviving case. The final section of the paper additionally discusses the fact that the same diachronic changes have kept noun and adjective theme vowels from ever being stressed in Portuguese. Keywords: stress; Portuguese; diachrony.

In an articulation between psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, and from a formalist-like approach of language, this paper discusses possible adaptative effects caused by operant priming effects in language variation processing, and how these effects impact processing costs associated with third-person plural variable subjectverb agreement. To do so, we ran a self-paced reading experiment that included not only constructions attested for variable verb agreement but also ungrammatical instances, aiming to check for differences in cost proportionality between variable (then grammatical) and ungrammatical instances. The experiment also included the manipulation of long stimuli, which allowed adaptive effects to be verified as a result of an operant priming effect. This type of manipulation, as far as we know, is unprecedented in studies of the psycho-sociolinguistic interface in Brazil. The results suggested different costs and adaptative effects associated with grammatical conditions (redundant and non-redundant agreements) that were not attested in the ungrammatical condition. In other words: processing variable grammatical instances is different from processing ungrammatical ones. This study, therefore, shed light on questions concerning the online processing of linguistic variation, an increasingly productive topic in linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the processing of linguistic variation is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and cognitive neuroscience. In order to contribute to descriptive and explanatory accounts regarding the processing and acquisition of variable input, considering the effects of external social pressure, this thematic volume presents 14 papers. The studies contribute to observational and experimental approaches exploring a variety of topics: morphosyntactic phenomena, such as verbal and nominal agreement, grammatical gender inflection, grammatical imperative and relative clauses, as well phenomena at the level of social conscience and linguistic ideologies regarding taboo, prejudice and attitudes towards, especially, minority languages. The results of these studies show the way to broaden existing methodological-theoretic approaches, especially those that seek to reconcile the strictly controlled nature of experimental paradigms and stimuli with the observer's paradox as defined by sociolinguistics. This endeavor is complex and requires overcoming technological limitations and the current difficulty of theoretical models in dealing with language variability and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: O artigo discute a hipótese dos parâmetros para expressão da comparação e das construções graduais analisando dados do português brasileiro (PB). Beck et alii (2009) e Beck, Oda e Sugisaki (2004) estipulam três parâmetros: i) a língua tem predicados graduais (DSP – Degree Structure Parameter); ii) a língua tem ligação de variáveis na sintaxe (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); e iii) a língua tem a posição sintática de grau preenchida (DegPP – Degree Phrase Parameter). Línguas com marcação negativa no DSP não exibem qualquer construção gradual, enquanto as marcadas positivamente exibem uma variedade de construções graduais, especialmente comparativas tradicionais com algo semelhante a “mais”. O DAP dá conta de estruturas que envolvem ligação de variáveis de grau na sintaxe, como comparativas que exibem ambiguidades de escopo. Por fim, também há a impossibilidade de se preencher o argumento de grau dos adjetivos com sintagmas de medida (cf. *2 metros alto), um fato explicado pela marcação negativa no DegPP. Mostramos que o PB recebe marcação positiva nos dois primeiros parâmetros e negativa no último. Discutimos estruturas interrogativas graduais, bem como sintagmas de medida como 2 metros de altura. O artigo conclui que essas estruturas precisam ser melhor discutidas para entendermos sua relação com os parâmetros. Palavras-chave: Semântica; Universais Semânticos; Modificadores Graduais; Orações Comparativas. Abstract: The paper discusses the hypothesis of parameters for the expression of comparison and degree constructions discussing data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Beck et alii (2009) and Beck, Oda and Sugisaki (2004) propose three parameters: i) the language has degree predicates (DSP – Degree Structure Parameter); ii) the language has or does not have binding of degree variables in the syntax (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); and iii) the language has a syntactic degree argument filled (DegPP – Degree Phrase Parameter). Languages with negative setting in the DSP do not show any degree construction at all, especially comparative constructions with an expression like “more”. The DAP explains structures with binding of degree variables in the syntax, like comparative clauses with scope ambiguities. At last, there is the impossibility of filling the syntactic degree argument of gradable adjectives with measure phrases (cf. *2 metros alto/2 meters tall). This fact is explained by a negative setting in the DegPP. It is shown that BP receives positive setting in the first ones but negative setting in the last. It is also discussed degree interrogatives and measure phrases like 2 metros de altura “2 meters of height”. The paper concludes that these structures should be better discussed to understand their place in the degree parameter hypothesis. Keywords: Semantics; Semantic Universals; Degree Modifiers; Comparative Clauses.

Resumo: O presente trabalho objetiva investigar a estrutura silábica da libras, a partir de pressupostos estabelecidos sobre as línguas orais e sobre as línguas de sinais, especialmente sobre a American Sign Language (ASL). Para tanto, na tentativa de apontar aspectos relevantes que corroboraram a compreensão da sílaba em libras, retoma-se importantes trabalhos sobre a sílaba nessa língua, como o de Cunha (2011) e o de Aguiar (2013). Neste trabalho, todavia, a base metodológica para tal análise segue o modelo fonológico MLMov (Mão-Locação-Movimento), proposto por Lessa-de-Oliveira (2012; 2019), que estabelece que a estrutura articulatória dos sinais da libras é constituída em quatro níveis hierárquicos. Objetiva-se ainda identificar o núcleo da unidade silábica da libras e descrever se há ou não funcionalidade no Princípio da Sonoridade para identificação desse núcleo. Verifica-se que um critério funcional que dê conta de identificar o núcleo silábico não seria a sonoridade, mas a obrigatoriedade. Como resultados, aponta-se que uma sílaba em libras se constitui de uma unidade MLMov, que poderá ter as seguintes combinações em sua estrutura interna: [MLMov], [ML], [MMov] ou [M]. Dessa forma, compreende-se, por fim, que o segmento presente em todas as unidades MLMov componentes de sinais é Mão, sendo esse, portanto, o núcleo silábico nessa língua. Palavras-chave: libras; fonologia; sílaba; MLMov. Abstract: In this paper, we aim to make an analysis of the syllabic structure of libras, from the assumptions established about oral languages and about sign languages, especially about the American Sign Language (ASL). Therefore, in an attempt to demonstrate relevant aspects that corroborate the understanding of the syllable in libras, important works on the syllable in this language are resumed, such as those by Cunha (2011) and Aguiar (2013). In this paper, however, the methodological basis for such analysis follows the MLMov (Hand-Location-Movement) phonological model, proposed by Lessa-de-Oliveira (2012; 2019), which establishes that the articulatory structure of libras signs is constituted in four hierarchical levels. It also aims to identify the core of the syllabic unit of libras and describe there is or there isn’t functionality in the sound principle to identify this nucleus. It is verified that a functional criterion that is able to identify the syllabic core would not be the sonority, but the obligation. As a result, it is pointed out that a syllable in libras constitutes an MLMov unit, which may have the following combinations in its internal structure: [MLMov], [ML], [MMov] or [M]. Thus, it is finally understood that the segment present in all MLMov units of sign components is Hand, which is therefore the syllabic core in this language. Keywords: libras; phonology; syllable; MLMov

Abstract: This paper analyzes the Brazilian Portuguese adjective mesmo with anaphoric reading (MOLTMANN, 1993; FERREIRA, 2010). Expanding the functional layer of the determiner phrase (e. g., CINQUE, 2010), this analysis proposes that mesmo has “pronominal” properties and that there is a specific position in the functional structure of DP/NP which hosts both possessive pronouns and anaphoric mesmo, at least in the end of derivation, and such a position is in fact a host for adjectives with pronominal properties. In the last sections the article (using tools of formal semantics: e. g. HEIM; KRATZER, 1998) presents a semantic definition for anaphoric mesmo, arguing that it is a sort of implicit comparative item (CARLSON, 1987), with a “comparison function” as part of its very definition. We propose, taking advantage of insights of the pertinent literature (ALRENGA, 2010; HEIM, 1985; LASERSOHN, 2000; among others), that the semantics of mesmo is composed of an assignment function and a function which establishes a contextual equivalence by means of the sharing of relevant properties between the referent or kind introduced by the DP with mesmo and an individual or kind mentioned in previous discourse. In the end of the paper, we briefly speculate on the semantics of what is here called “explicit” comparative mesmo (that includes a comparative CP after the noun), which, as well as the distributive mesmo (CARLSON, 1987, among others), and as this text intends to show in the following pages, is hierarchically lower, in the syntax of DPs, than anaphoric mesmo. Keywords: Mesmo; Determiner Phrase; Adjectives; Comparative Semantics. Resumo: Este trabalho analisa o adjetivo mesmo do português brasileiro com a leitura anafórica (MOLTMANN, 1993; FERREIRA, 2010). Expandindo a camada funcional do sintagma determinante (e. g., CINQUE, 2010), esta análise propõe que mesmo tem propriedades “pronominais” e que há uma posição específica na estrutura funcional do DP/NP que alberga, pelo menos ao fim da derivação, tanto pronomes possessivos quanto o adjetivo mesmo anafórico, e tal posição recebe, de fato, adjetivos com propriedades pronominais. Nas últimas seções o artigo apresenta (usando ferramentas da semântica formal: por exemplo, HEIM; KRATZER, 1998) uma definição semântica para o mesmo anafórico, defendendo que ele é uma espécie de item de comparação implícita (CARLSON, 1987), tendo uma “função de comparação” como parte de sua definição. Propomos, aproveitando insights da literatura pertinente (ALRENGA, 2010; HEIM, 1985; LASERSOHN, 2000; entre outros), que a semântica de mesmo é composta por uma função de assinalamento e uma função que estabelece uma equivalência contextual por meio de um compartilhamento de propriedades relevantes entre o referente ou tipo introduzido pelo DP que contém mesmo e um indivíduo ou tipo mencionado no discurso prévio. Por fim, o artigo especula sobre a semântica do que aqui é chamado mesmo “explicitamente” comparativo (que inclui um CP comparativo após o nome), que, assim como o mesmo distributivo (CARLSON, 1987, entre outros), e como este texto deseja mostrar nas páginas a seguir, é mais baixo hierarquicamente, na sintaxe do DP, que o mesmo anafórico. Palavras-chave: Mesmo; Sintagma Determinante; Adjetivos; Semântica de Comparativos.

Rio de Janeiro is the state with the highest number of homicides due to police brutality (largely Black people). Faced with this situation and seeking justice, the victims' mothers engage in social movements such as the Rede de Comunidades e Movimentos contra a Violência. This paper focuses on what I will refer to as the narratives of engagement of these family members, especially mothers. It aims to understand how important narratives are for these women in the process of transforming grief into political action. The methodology encompasses a qualitative-interpretative research approach with participant observation. The data was generated in the protests organized by the Rede. The analysis was guided by the notion of narrative as a discursive and interactional practice which organizes human experience. Such practice also serves as a tool for social movements to make demands of the state. The analysis suggests the existence of a pattern that organizes the narratives of engagement; it further identifies two discursive mechanisms that interact with each other: i) the rationalization of events leading to the death of their children by using coherence systems; ii) a spiral movement that relates microsocial and macrosocial events in the narrative. The article concludes by highlighting narratives of engagement as a tool for this social movement to raise its demands in the public sphere, as well as a way of resisting structural racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to propose a description of three processes of external vowel sandhi in São Tomé vernacular Portuguese (PST): degemination (DG), elision (EL) and diphthongization (DT). All three processes are found in PST: 32% DG; 36% EL; 52.5% DT. Working with six Santomean informants, we analyzed a corpus of 113 sentences with vowel encounters in word boundaries (V#V). Then, we measured the duration of vowel encounters or the single resulting vowel when the encounter was undone. Factors such as the nature of the prosodic boundaries (phonological word, phonological phrase, and intonational phrase), prosodic stress (lexical and phonological word), and vowel quality are crucial to implementing sandhi processes. However, they occur in different prosodic settings: diphthongization occurs between intonation phrases (IP+IP) insofar their boundary is not limited by a pause. In contrast, elision and degemination occur in phonological word boundaries (ω + ω) and phonological phrase boundaries (ϕ + ϕ). The prominence of the phonological phrase was the preponderant factor in preventing all processes, blocking degemination whenever phonological phrase stress matches with a stressed second vowel. For elision and diphthongization, sandhi was blocked when two stressed vowels co-occurred with the stress of a phonological phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the presence of multiple chronotopes manifested in the testimony of graduate students about the writing process of their dissertations and theses. Based on Bakhtinian theory and guided by the metalinguistic analysis (BAKHTIN, [1975] 2002; [1924] 2011; VOLÓCHINOV, [1929] 2017), the work highlights three chronotopes that constitute and transform the experience of writing in graduate context. These notes propose the perspective that there are different factors that collide with this linguistic-discursive activity, which should become a joint agenda for the new researcher's formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the postposition of the indefinite "algum" (some) in relation to the noun to instantiate the negative polarity in the nominal phrase in the Portuguese language diachrony, seeking to understand: (i) the nature of the structure [N+algum] in sixteenth-, seventeenth-, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Portuguese texts, and in nineteenth-century Brazilian texts; and (ii) the process of grammaticalization of the structure as a Negative Polarity Item (IPN, in Portuguese Item de Polaridade Negativa) in the history of the language. It has been found that the structure [N+algum], with inversion, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Classical Portuguese (PCL, in Portuguese Português Clássico), could be used with non-negative value and that other elements could occur in a noun phrase (NP), including the possibility of inflection and non-adjacency between the noun and the indefinite. Such facts supported the hypothesis that in PCL the structure [N+algum] was not grammaticalized as an IPN and the negative value was valued by the presence of a sentential negation operator, preposition or negative conjunction in a higher syntactic domain. It has been concluded that the indefinite in PCL is a determiner (D) even in structures with inversion, these being derived from the movement of the lexical part of the phrase to the specifier position of Determiner Phrase (DP) a fact that contemplates the D properties of "algum" in PCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Givón (2001), the lexicon is a repository of concepts which are relatively stable in time, socially shared and well encoded. They are well organized in a network where similar concepts are grouped next to each other. On a similar note, the lexicographer Georges Matoré proposes associative relationships between words and defines the concepts of notional field and testimonial words, which are organizational elements of the lexicon. Using computational techniques such as Word Embeddings, which represent words as vectors in a vector space, it is possible to analyze groupings of words based on their semantic features. This paper aims to explore the viability of such methods in semantic change. The occurrences of the word forms "deus", "homem", "mulher", "pai", "mae" and "terra" were analyzed in the Tycho Brahe corpus for Portuguese. Word Embeddings were created using the Skip-gram algorithm, and visualizations for a semantic feature network were created for each word in three different time slices. Evidence of the semantic organization of the lexicon and its reorganization was observed through the generated visualizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our aim is to present the results of our researchs about the anaphoric accusative object in the Spanish variety of Madrid and in the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo and to propose a theoretical analysis to these constructions based on minimalist developments (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2004). Interviews of the Spanish variety of Madrid (CESTERO MANCERA et al. 2014) and Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo (LIMA-HERNANDES; VICENTE, 2012) were analysed. Regarding the theoretical approach, the biological (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986) and social (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009) perspectives on language were combined. We observed the effect of the antecedent referenciality, of the determinant indefinite features, of the bare nouns, of the structure and lexical aspect of verbs on possibility of elipsis in the Spanish variety of Madrid. Concerning the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo, the null objects were almost categorical and the lexical pronoun presented restrictions to less referencial antecedents. These results ressemble the tendencies of our previous research (SIMÕES, 2015) and the Spanish varieties of País Vasco (LANDA, 1993) and Quito (SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines and compares, in the light of French Discourse Analysis, four life stories - collected through interviews - that were produced by Brazilian migrants that live illegally in France or in England. The main objective is to find out the discursive representations (of themselves, of the others, of the world) constructed by such individuals in their narratives and, at the same time, verify if and how their irregular situation interferes with their routine in the new country. In order to analyze and compare the four stories, some categories that integrate Maingueneau's Global Semantics (2005) were used: themes, vocabulary, enunciative deixis and enunciation mode. If the results reveal differences in the way of telling and evaluating the migratory experience, they also allow us to apprehend similarities, such as the primarily economic motivation to migrate, the difficulties (cultural, linguistic etc.) faced especially when arriving in the destination country and the precarious working conditions to which Brazilian migrants are submitted due to being in an irregular situation. Even though two of the interviewed subjetcts have preferred to be silent on this issue, their opinions can be implicitly identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relations between Historical Linguistics and Corpus Linguistics are quite close and fruitful, especially from the 90's, when the former gains renewed breath in Brazil, having in the edition of diachronic corpora one of the basic drivers for its progressive development. Under the sign of this intertwining between the two areas, this work, through content analysis, presents a case of reedition of a diachronic corpus, the Rio Grande do Norte official letters (1713-1950), and, through bibliographic research, proposes some reflections about the contact between these two fields of study in Brazil and the impacts, positive and negative, of the digital medium in this connection. The paper reveals how changes in research guidelines can justify a fruitful process of reedition and highlights both ethical risks and functional improvements to which these corpora are subject due to factors such as technology and the internet, proposing, in the end, a greater visibility of the issues raised in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to analyze rhotic deletion in coda in Santomean Portuguese (PST), a Portuguese variety spoken in Sao Tome and Principe. This process was analyzed based on Variationist Sociolinguistics. Quantitative analyses have been carried out by softwares RStudio and Rbrul. Thus, we consider social (sex, age and education level) and linguistic (grammatical class, syllable stress, position in morphological word and quality of preceding vowels) variables that might favor or not the phenomenon. By examining 1523 rhotic occurrences in coda, we verified r-deletion in 56,53% of the data. The most significant variable is Segmental Position with the highest rate of r-deletion in word-final syllables (P. R. 71). Then, the sample was divided into two samples separately analyzed: 712 occurrences in word-medial coda and 811 occurrences in word-final coda. In word-medial coda, 32,6% of rhotics are deleted. The highest rates of loss are associated to elementary school (P.R. .62) and women (P.R. .59). In word-final coda, 77.5% of rhotics are deleted, Speakers with elementary school (P.R. .75) and younger speakers (P.R. .76) are more likely to delete the rhotic in coda. Considering Grammatical Class, r-deletion is favored in verbs (P.R. .62). These outcomes are compared with previous studies (BOUCHARD, 2017; BRANDÃO, 2018; BRANDÃO; DE PAULA, 2018; BRANDÃO et al., 2017) and with studies on PB and PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates specific manifestations of fictivity, such as the cognitive pattern of discrepant representations (TALMY, 2000), in oral language data collected by Cadilhe (2013) from undergraduate medical classes. More specifically, we use the concept of Fictive Interaction (PASCUAL, 2014), according to which language users use the Conversation Frame to structure thought, grammar and discourse, so as to highlight its potential for application as a communicative teaching and learning strategy. As a methodology, we use the blend of corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches to balance theoretical categories and empiricism. As a result, four formal and functional patterns of fictivity were mapped: fictive question-answer, fictive question, fictive deixis, and fictive direct speech. It was found, especially in teaching speech, that fictivity is often used in discursive moments of argumentation and explanation. However, teacher and students demonstrate to know how to operate with non-true scenarios in order to gain access to effective scenarios that involve medical practice. It is also noted that the phenomenon is a moderating device of teaching and learning, as a communicative strategy that appeals to the Conversation Frame to take advantage of what is most pervasive and entrenched in cognitive and interaction subjects, which is the everyday conversation itself. INSET: Q. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the behavior of the verb deixar in Brazilian Portuguese using spontaneous speech data extracted from the C-ORAL-BRASIL I (RASO; MELLO, 2012) corpus. Considering the multifunctionality of this verb, reported in other studies (cf. PINTO, 2008; TRAVAGLIA, 2017), we sought to observe its occurrences, in order to verify whether its distribution, in spontaneous speech, is equivalent to that found in aforementioned studies, which reported greater productivity of this item as a grammatical verb. In the midst of this discussion, an acoustic analysis of the construction [deixa eu] was carried out in comparison with the third-person form of the present tense, in order to measure the degree of reduction of the construction and verify if it is more reduced from a paradigmatic point of view in relation to [deixa], as can be inferred by Bybee et al. (2016)'s study, and also from a syntagmatic point of view, i.e., in relation to its contiguous words, which would allow to effectively attest its degree of reduction compared to [deixa]. This research revealed that there are more uses of the verb with a discursive function, attested by the construction [deixa eu], followed by the grammatical function and the lexical function. Nevertheless, it was considered that the grammatical function is not rooted in the verb, but in the construction which it participates, which allow us to assume that it goes through a constructionalization process. The acoustic analysis, in turn, revealed that the construction [deixa eu] is, from a syntagmatic point of view, smaller than the form [deixa], which shows that it is at a more advanced stage of change, characterized by its function as a discourse marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to propose an argumentative rationale about the intersection of the concept of 'construction', proposed by Cognitive Grammar, with the practice of linguistic analysis in first language classes, aligned to a usage-based approach. To do so, a brief review of the concepts relevant to the proposed dialogue is presented and the analysis of a special case is developed. During the analysis, constructions with verbs of movement (ir 'to go', vir 'to come' and chegar 'to arrive') followed by the prepositions a 'at', em 'in' and para 'to' were identified and descripted in the TecEM corpus, composed of texts written by high school students in their Portuguese language classes. It is argued that the concept of 'construction' in LC informs and instrumentalizes the practice of linguistic analysis in first language classes, based on the understanding that the meaning goes beyond the level of the lexical item, being in the syntactic structure as well. Finally, the potentialities and challenges associated with the inclusion of the concept of 'construction', associated with the fundamental theoretical constructs of Cognitive Linguistics, in didactic practices in first language teaching are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at tracing a profile of the most recent research carried out in the field of Use-Based Linguistic Models, this paper brings together studies that relied on empirical data, mainly within the scope of two specific projects: CAPB Project (Corpus Acadêmico do Português Brasileiro - UFMG/UFV) and D&G (Grupo Discurso e Gramática-UFRN/UFRJ). In an attempt to show the prominence of the area, especially regarding training high-level researchers, the studies gathered here intertwine with each other, underscoring the relevance of the results found in Brazilian Portuguese, as well as pointing to an important and sustained growth in the field of research in discourse and grammar in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seek to aim for pronominal variation and forms of treatment in the construction of personas in the memoir literary text, História da Minha Infância (1999), by Gilberto Amado. Thus, we resorted to the notion of persona, worked on in Sociolinguistics both by Eckert (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005) and by Coupland (2001), who argue that style, defined in terms of formality and informality, should to be taken beyond a continuum, and to be observed as a different modus operandi to perform the same task, and the theory of a developed by Brown and Gilman (1960) was taken into account, which is usually referred to as a theory of Power and Solidarity. According to these scholars, such theory would have two principles, power and solidarity, through which they are manifested as existing relationships between interlocutors. This work was also based on the Labovian theory of variation - which takes variation as directly correlated to social factors. Thus, this article takes the approach of style as a factor associated with other factors of a social, historical, economic, cultural, nature, etc. We sought to demonstrate how the social profiles of certain characters are built based on the linkage of specific linguistic variants, which, among other occurrences, denote linguistically marked hierarchical relationships, among ones stand out which symmetrical (equality / affinity) and asymmetric (inferiority and superiority) through the use of pronouns and pronominal forms you, you, you, sir, your lordship, colonel, and directly correlated to the social role played in the society portrayed there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper presents a systematic survey of publications and proposes a qualitative discussion on the scientific production of studies in Morphology Acquisition in comparison to other levels of linguistic analysis within the field of Language Acquisition and Development in Brazil. The results show that in the last 30 years there have been fewer studies on morphological phenomena during first language acquisition than studies on the acquisition of phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects in the selected corpus. The greatest interest of research on Brazilian Portuguese is in the acquisition of the verbal system and addresses the phenomenon of regularization and the existence of variant morphological forms in the acquisition of morphophonological rules. Then, the development of the nominal system arouses interest, with the investigation of the variable number agreement, with control of the occurrence of redundant and non-redundant agreement, followed by the acquisition of the gender category with special interest in the variation promoted by the morphemic exchanges carried out by the kids. Among the little representative studies on derivational morphology, there are few studies that carry out an investigation in relation to research questions defined in a specific theoretical framework. Studies on the survey of affix occurrences and the investigation of children's morphological awareness are more present. Finally, a research agenda is drawn up for studies on the acquisition of morphological and lexical aspects and it is emphasized that the study of such empirical issues is only justified insofar as it appears behind a language model for morphology and for the lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the semantic-syntactic behavior of a group of bare singular count nominals in Rioplatense Spanish. In particular, we study bare nominals that appear in argument position, as complements of the directional preposition a (to) (Ana va a consultorio/'Ana goes to the clinic'), of the locative preposition en (in) (Los jugadores están en cancha/'The players are in the football field') and of transitive verbs (Juan mira tele/'Juan watches tv'). First, some diagnostics are provided in order to show that these bare nominals behave like typical weak definites, as has been originally described in Carlson and Sussman (2005). After describing their distribution, we explore their semantic and syntactic nature using a non-pseudoincorporationist proposal -inspired by de de Swart (2015)-. In a nutshell, our analysis argues that these bare nominals project a defective syntactic structure, without overt phonological realization of D and without NumP. Furthermore, we assume that the determiner preserves its uniqueness and familiarity and we postulate that, in combination with the noun, it denotes an abstract entity or kind, and not a particular object (AGUILARGUEVARA, 2014). Finally, this study aims to contribute to the hypothesis that weak definiteness is a crosslinguistic phenomenon, that comprises both overt NPs and DPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the elaboration of grammars for the Portuguese and Spanish languages, describing textual and extratextual aspects that characterize this process in the respective linguistic traditions and comparing them in order to find points of convergence and divergence. For that purpose, by consulting the physical and electronic collections of different research centers, it was possible to build a bibliographic corpus which allowed the fulfillment of the study's objective based on the analysis of 172 Portuguese and 138 Spanish grammars distributed since the 15th century. As a result, it was possible to observe that both codification traditions bring historical compatibilities which resulted in a process of linguistic normalization in which many features converge, while others diverge. They converge, for instance, in the intensification of this process from the 19th century onwards, marking a movement of constant growth. They diverge, on the other hand, in the number of countries engaged in the process and in the relation of school grammar to the descriptive model, for instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the formation processes of ballot names of candidates for the office of federal representatives in the period between 2002 and 2018. Theoretical assumptions of Socio-onomastics, which aims at studying the social origin of proper names and the usage of their different variations in various situations and contexts, taking into consideration name-bearers, name-givers and name-users, were adopted. The sample is composed of 15,068 ballot names, extracted from the Repositório de Dados Eleitorais ('Electoral Data Repository') of the Superior Electoral Court (TSE). Among the results obtained, an increase in the usage of names which do not belong to the vital records in the formation of ballot names is seen over the past few years, especially in a comparison between the 2014 and the 2018 elections. Moreover, when considering the internal features of the names, an increase in the use of nicknames, hypocoristics, military and professional qualifiers, as well as other elements, in contrast with a reduction in religious qualifiers, is observed throughout the whole period concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to describe and analyze the deontic modals expressions constituting President Donald Trump's speeches, under a functionalist approach, according to the postulates of Hengeveld (2004) and Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). To understand the modality category, we will work with the Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), which seeks to integrate the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects. Starting from the understanding that deontic modals expressions are at the service of argumentation, we will also take the concept of Discourse Analysis (AD) ethos to understand President Trump's ethos, constructed discursively. Our corpus consists of four speeches, translated into Spanish, delivered by President Donald Trump after taking office, and disseminated on digital social media. We undertake reading of the speeches, according to the following aspects: (i) contextual: what is the theme of the speech and the type of audience to which the president is addressed; (ii) semantics: what is the installed semantic value and the source of the modal assessment; and (iii) discursive: what kind of ethos is projected by the speaker. We observed that the speeches aimed at a wide public, therefore more heterogeneous, favor the construction of attenuated deontic values, corroborating the construction of a non-authoritarian presidential ethos. In turn, speeches aimed at the American people, whose theme is the Trump administration platform, favor the construction of asserted deontic values, thus building an authoritarian image. We found that the semantic value of obligation and the deontic source of the enunciator type was the most frequent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Global media have reported widely on the (in)actions of the Brazilian federal government, particularly of president Jair Bolsonaro, in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to describe media representations in terms of their transitivity choices (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and to discuss how emerged language patterns may be indicative of particular ways life and death have been controlled in terms of a coupled conceptualization between biopolitics (FOUCAULT, 2008) and necropolitics (MBEMBE, 2019) which we call necrobiopolitics. Overall results indicate how the death of babies and mothers, the collapse of hospital and health service, the spike in hunger, the dismissal of the severity of the pandemic, and the purposeful delay in purchasing vaccines are instrumental in the way president Jair Bolsonaro has implemented a political agenda that defines whose lives are worthy and whose deaths are tolerated. Keywords: global media; COVID-19; Brazil; transitivity; necrobiopolitics. Resumo: A mídia global tem noticiado amplamente as (in)ações do governo federal brasileiro, em particular do presidente Jair Bolsonaro, no enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19. Este artigo objetiva descrever representações midiáticas em termos de suas escolhas de transitividade (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) e discutir como os padrões de linguagem emergentes podem ser indicativos de maneiras particulares de como a vida e a morte foram controladas em termos de uma conceituação combinada entre biopolítica (FOUCAULT, 2008) e necropolítica (MBEMBE, 2019) que chamamos de necrobiopolítica. Os resultados gerais indicam como a morte de bebês e de mães, o colapso da rede de hospitais e do serviço de saúde, o aumento da fome, a negação da gravidade da pandemia e o atraso proposital na compra de vacinas são fundamentais na forma como o presidente Jair Bolsonaro implementou uma agenda política que define quais vidas têm valor e quais mortes são toleradas. Palavras-chave: mídia global; COVID-19; Brasil; transitividade; necrobiopolítica.

Resumo: Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a presença de múltiplos cronotopos manifestados no depoimento de alunas de pós-graduação a respeito do processo da escrita de suas dissertações e tese. Com base na teoria bakhtiniana e guiado pela análise metalinguística (BAKHTIN, [1975] 2002; [1924] 2011; VOLOCHÍNOV, [1929] 2017), o trabalho evidencia três cronotopos que constituem e transformam a experiência de se escrever na pós-graduação. Esses apontamentos propõem a perspectiva de que há diversos fatores que colidem com essa atividade linguístico-discursiva, devendo-se tornar pauta conjunta à formação de novos pesquisadores. Palavras-chave: cronotopo; escrita acadêmica; pós-graduação. Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the presence of multiple chronotopes manifested in the testimony of graduate students about the writing process of their dissertations and theses. Based on Bakhtinian theory and guided by the metalinguistic analysis (BAKHTIN, [1975] 2002; [1924] 2011; VOLÓCHINOV, [1929] 2017), the work highlights three chronotopes that constitute and transform the experience of writing in graduate context. These notes propose the perspective that there are different factors that collide with this linguistic-discursive activity, which should become a joint agenda for the new researcher’s formation. Keywords: chronotope; academic writing; graduation school.

Resumo: O estado do Rio de Janeiro soma o maior número de civis mortos (negros, em sua maioria) durante incursões policiais nas favelas. Contra essa violência e em busca de justiça, os familiares das vítimas têm se engajado em movimentos sociais como a Rede de Comunidades e Movimentos contra a Violência. Este artigo estuda o que chamo de narrativas de engajamento veiculadas nas manifestações por esses familiares, especialmente as mães, objetivando compreender a importância da narrativa para a transformação do luto dessas mulheres em ação política. A metodologia engloba a perspectiva qualitativa-interpretativista de pesquisa, com observação participante. Os dados foram gerados nas manifestações organizadas pela Rede. A análise foi orientada pela compreensão da narrativa como prática discursivo-interacional que organiza a experiência humana e sugere a existência de uma espécie de “padrão” que organiza as narrativas de engajamento dos participantes da Rede. A análise ainda identifica dois mecanismos discursivos entrelaçados: i) a racionalização dos eventos que levaram à morte do filho por meio de sistemas de coerência; ii) um movimento espiral que relaciona os eventos de ordem micro e macro na narrativa. O artigo finaliza destacando as narrativas de engajamento enquanto ferramenta desse movimento social para reivindicar suas demandas na esfera pública e resistir ao racismo estrutural. Palavras-chave: narrativa; movimentos sociais, violência policial. Abstract: Rio de Janeiro is the state with the highest number of homicides due to police brutality (largely Black people). Faced with this situation and seeking justice, the victims’ mothers engage in social movements such as the Rede de Comunidades e Movimentos contra a Violência. This paper focuses on what I will refer to as the narratives of engagement of these family members, especially mothers. It aims to understand how important narratives are for these women in the process of transforming grief into political action. The methodology encompasses a qualitative-interpretative research approach with participant observation. The data was generated in the protests organized by the Rede. The analysis was guided by the notion of narrative as a discursive and interactional practice which organizes human experience. Such practice also serves as a tool for social movements to make demands of the state. The analysis suggests the existence of a pattern that organizes the narratives of engagement; it further identifies two discursive mechanisms that interact with each other: i) the rationalization of events leading to the death of their children by using coherence systems; ii) a spiral movement that relates microsocial and macrosocial events in the narrative. The article concludes by highlighting narratives of engagement as a tool for this social movement to raise its demands in the public sphere, as well as a way of resisting structural racism. Keywords: narrative; social movements; police violence.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é propor uma descrição dos três processos de sândi vocálico externo no português vernacular de São Tomé (PST): a degeminação (DG), a elisão (EL) e a ditongação (DT). A partir de um corpus composto por 113 sentenças distintas que apresentavam o encontro vocálico em fronteira de palavra (V#V), analisamos a produção de seis informantes santomenses, totalizando 216 ocorrências por falante ou 1315 tokens totais. Com auxílio do Praat, inspecionamos os dados e mensuramos o encontro vocálico e, quando este era desfeito, a vogal resultante, de modo a detectarmos a implementação dos fenômenos. Esses, por sua vez, também foram analisados conforme diferentes fronteiras (palavra e frase fonológica; sintagma entoacional) e proeminências prosódicas (lexical e de palavra fonológica), além de serem considerados fatores segmentais como a qualidade vocálica dos segmentos-alvo. Constatamos que os três processos são produtivos no PST: 32% DG; 36% EL; 52.5% DT. Ademais, ocorrem em diferentes fronteiras prosódicas: palavra fonológica (ω + ω), frase fonológica (ϕ + ϕ), e, no caso da ditongação, entre sintagmas entoacionas (IP+IP) desde que sua fronteira não seja delimitada por pausa. Em relação ao acento, a proeminência da frase fonológica foi o fator preponderante para impedir os processos em evidência, bloqueando a degeminação, caso o acento da segunda vogal coincidisse com o acento da frase fonológica. Já para a elisão e para a ditongação, o bloqueio ocorreu quando as duas vogais portavam o acento da frase fonológica. Palavras-chave: Sândi; Fonologia; Português; Elisão; Degeminação; Ditongação. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to propose a description of three processes of external vowel sandhi in São Tomé vernacular Portuguese (PST): degemination (DG), elision (EL) and diphthongization (DT). All three processes are found in PST: 32% DG; 36% EL; 52.5% DT. Working with six Santomean informants, we analyzed a corpus of 113 sentences with vowel encounters in word boundaries (V#V). Then, we measured the duration of vowel encounters or the single resulting vowel when the encounter was undone. Factors such as the nature of the prosodic boundaries (phonological word, phonological phrase, and intonational phrase), prosodic stress (lexical and phonological word), and vowel quality are crucial to implementing sandhi processes. However, they occur in different prosodic settings: diphthongization occurs between intonation phrases (IP+IP) insofar their boundary is not limited by a pause. In contrast, elision and degemination occur in phonological word boundaries (ω + ω) and phonological phrase boundaries (ϕ + ϕ). The prominence of the phonological phrase was the preponderant factor in preventing all processes, blocking degemination whenever phonological phrase stress matches with a stressed second vowel. For elision and diphthongization, sandhi was blocked when two stressed vowels co-occurred with the stress of a phonological phrase. Keywords: External vowel sandhi; Phonology; Portuguese; Degemination; Elision; Diphthongization.

Resumo: O presente artigo trata da posposição do indefinido “algum” em relação ao nome substantivo para instanciar a polaridade negativa no sintagma nominal na diacronia da língua portuguesa, buscando compreender: (i) a natureza da estrutura [N+algum] em textos portugueses do século XVI, XVII, XVIII e XIX, e em textos brasileiros do século XIX; e (ii) o processo de gramaticalização da estrutura como um Item de polaridade Negativa (IPN) na história da língua. Verificou-se que a estrutura [N+algum], com inversão, nos séculos XVI e XVII, Português Clássico (PCL), podia ser usada com valor não negativo e que outros elementos podiam ocorrer no interior do sintagma nominal, inclusive com a possibilidade da flexão e não adjacência entre o nome e o indefinido. Tais fatos corroboraram a hipótese de que no PCL a estrutura [N+algum] não estava gramaticalizada como um IPN e o valor negativo era valorado pela presença de um operador de negação sentencial, preposição ou conjunção negativa em domínio sintático superior. Conclui-se que o indefinido no PCL realiza o núcleo da categoria determinante (D) mesmo nas estruturas com inversão, sendo estas derivadas do movimento da parte lexical do sintagma à posição de especificador do sintagma determinante (DP, do inglês Determiner Phrase) fato que contempla as propriedades de categoria D de “algum” no PCL. Palavras-chave: sintagma nominal; indefinido “algum”; polaridade negativa. Abstract: The present paper deals with the posposition of the indefinite “algum” (some) in relation to the noun to instantiate the negative polarity in the nominal phrase in the Portuguese language diachrony, seeking to understand: (i) the nature of the structure [N+algum] in sixteenth-, seventeenth-, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Portuguese texts, and in nineteenth-century Brazilian texts; and (ii) the process of grammaticalization of the structure as a Negative Polarity Item (IPN, in Portuguese Item de Polaridade Negativa) in the history of the language. It has been found that the structure [N+algum], with inversion, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Classical Portuguese (PCL, in Portuguese Português Clássico), could be used with non-negative value and that other elements could occur in a noun phrase (NP), including the possibility of inflection and non-adjacency between the noun and the indefinite. Such facts supported the hypothesis that in PCL the structure [N+algum] was not grammaticalized as an IPN and the negative value was valued by the presence of a sentential negation operator, preposition or negative conjunction in a higher syntactic domain. It has been concluded that the indefinite in PCL is a determiner (D) even in structures with inversion, these being derived from the movement of the lexical part of the phrase to the specifier position of Determiner Phrase (DP) a fact that contemplates the D properties of “algum” in PCL. Keywords: noun phrase; indefinite “algum”(“some”); negative polarity.

Abstract: In this paper, I claim that a parametric view on change in pro-drop does not contradict the fact that not all the Partial Null Subject (PNS) languages display identical properties. I show that the contingent nature of diachronic change is the reason for the slight differences between PNS languages. Modern Russian (MR) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) are two PNS languages that developed from Consistent Null Subject antecessors (Old Russian and European Portuguese) independently from each other. I account for the change in pro-drop experienced by these two languages, analyzing the properties usually related to the null subject parameter (verbal inflection, clitics, null objects, embedded and arbitrary null subjects), and show that the final parametric setting in both MR and BP was almost identical, with small differences that can be attributed to the different initial conditions for the change. Keywords: Pro-drop; null subjects; null objects; clitics; Consistent Null Subject languages; Partial Null Subject languages; Brazilian Portuguese; European Portuguese; Modern Russian; Old Russian. Resumo: Neste artigo, afirmo que uma visão paramétrica sobre a mudança em pro-drop não está em conflito com o fato de que nem todas as línguas de sujeito nulo parcial (PNS) apresentam propriedades idênticas. Mostro que a natureza contingente da mudança diacrônica é a razão para as pequenas diferenças entre as línguas PNS. O russo moderno (MR) e o português brasileiro (BP) são duas línguas PNS que se desenvolveram a partir dos antecessores de sujeito nulo consistente (antigo russo e português europeu) independentemente uma da outra. Relato a mudança de pro-drop experimentada por essas duas línguas, analisando as propriedades geralmente relacionadas ao parâmetro de sujeito nulo (inflexão verbal, clíticos, objetos nulos, sujeitos nulos subordinados e arbitrários), e mostro que a configuração paramétrica final em ambas MR e BP foi quase idêntica, com pequenas diferenças que podem ser atribuídas às diferentes condições iniciais para a mudança. Palavras-chave: Pro-drop; sujeitos nulos; objetos nulos; clíticos; línguas de sujeito nulo consistente; línguas de sujeito nulo parcial; português brasileiro; português europeu; russo moderno; russo antigo.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, nosso objetivo é apresentar os resultados de nossas pesquisas sobre o objeto acusativo anafórico na variedade de espanhol de Madri e na variedade do português brasileiro de São Paulo, assim como sugerir uma análise teórica para essas construções a partir dos desenvolvimentos minimalistas (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2004). Analisamos entrevistas da variedade de espanhol de Madri (CESTERO MANCERA et al. 2014) e do português brasileiro (LIMA-HERNANDES; VICENTE, 2012). Como referencial teórico, aliamos as perspectivas biológica (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986) e social de língua (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009). Observamos a atuação da referencialidade do antecedente, do traço de indefinitude do determinante, da ausência de determinante, da estrutura verbal e do aspecto lexical na possibilidade de elipses na variedade de espanhol de Madri. Em relação à variedade do português brasileiro de São Paulo, observamos objetos nulos quase categóricos e que os pronomes lexicais apresentam restrições na expressão de antecedentes menos referenciais. Esses resultados se assemelham aos de nossa pesquisa anterior (SIMÕES, 2015) e às variedades de espanhol do País Basco (LANDA, 1993) e de Quito (SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988). Palavras-chave: espanhol; português brasileiro; objeto acusativo anafórico, variação linguística; concordância de objeto. Abstract: In this paper, our aim is to present the results of our researchs about the anaphoric accusative object in the Spanish variety of Madrid and in the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo and to propose a theoretical analysis to these constructions based on minimalist developments (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2004). Interviews of the Spanish variety of Madrid (CESTERO MANCERA et al. 2014) and Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo (LIMA-HERNANDES; VICENTE, 2012) were analysed. Regarding the theoretical approach, the biological (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986) and social (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009) perspectives on language were combined. We observed the effect of the antecedent referenciality, of the determinant indefinite features, of the bare nouns, of the structure and lexical aspect of verbs on possibility of elipsis in the Spanish variety of Madrid. Concerning the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo, the null objects were almost categorical and the lexical pronoun presented restrictions to less referencial antecedents. These results ressemble the tendencies of our previous research (SIMÕES, 2015) and the Spanish varieties of País Vasco (LANDA, 1993) and Quito (SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988). Keywords: Spanish; Brazilian Portuguese; anaphoric accusative object; linguistic variation; object agreement.

Resumo: De acordo com Givón (2001) o léxico é um repositório de conceitos relativamente estáveis no tempo, compartilhados socialmente e bem codificados, além de ser organizado em forma de rede, onde conceitos similares estão agrupados próximos uns aos outros. Em viés similar, o lexicólogo Georges Matoré propõe que palavras estabelecem relações associativas entre si e define os conceitos de campos nocionais e palavras-testemunho, elementos em torno dos quais o léxico se organiza. Com o uso de técnicas computacionais como word embeddings, que permitem a representação de palavras como vetores em um espaço vetorial, é possível analisar palavras agrupadas pelos mesmos traços semânticos. Este trabalho se propõe investigar a viabilidade de tais métodos para análise de mudança semântica. Para isso, foram analisadas ocorrências das formas “deus”, “homem”, “mulher”, “pai”, “mae” e “terra” no corpus Tycho Brahe do português. Através do algoritmo Skip-gram foram gerados Word Embeddings, e, posteriormente, visualizações para a rede de relações semânticas de cada palavra em três diferentes recortes temporais. Através das visualizações foram observadas evidências da organização semântica do léxico, além de sua reorganização através do tempo. Palavras-chave: Linguística Computacional; Estudos Diacrônicos; Processamento de Língua Natural; Mudança Linguística; Vetorização de Palavras. Abstract: According to Givón (2001), the lexicon is a repository of concepts which are relatively stable in time, socially shared and well encoded. They are well organized in a network where similar concepts are grouped next to each other. On a similar note, the lexicographer Georges Matoré proposes associative relationships between words and defines the concepts of notional field and testimonial words, which are organizational elements of the lexicon. Using computational techniques such as Word Embeddings, which represent words as vectors in a vector space, it is possible to analyze groupings of words based on their semantic features. This paper aims to explore the viability of such methods in semantic change. The occurrences of the word forms “deus”, “homem”, “mulher”, “pai”, “mae” and “terra” were analyzed in the Tycho Brahe corpus for Portuguese. Word Embeddings were created using the Skip-gram algorithm, and visualizations for a semantic feature network were created for each word in three different time slices. Evidence of the semantic organization of the lexicon and its reorganization was observed through the generated visualizations. Keywords: Computational Linguistics; Diachronic Studies; Natural Language Processing; Linguistic Change; Word Embeddings.

Resumo: Assumindo-se as premissas teórico-metodológicas da abordagem construcional, que define a língua como sistema adaptativo complexo e organizada em redes de construções, as quais, ligadas via elos verticais e horizontais, se unem por traços de forma e de significado, constituindo famílias (BYBEE, 2016; DIESSEL, 2019; GOLDBERG 1995; 2006; 2019; SOMMERER, 2020; TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2021; inter alia); investiga-se, neste trabalho, em perspectiva diacrônica, a gênese e o desenvolvimento da família construcional de aspecto final no português, a partir do estudo de três microconstruções: [deixar+de+Vinf.], [parar+de+Vinf.] e [largar+de+Vinf.]. Para tanto, empregam-se os métodos quantitativo e qualitativo na análise de dados recolhidos do Corpus do Português (DAVIES; FERREIRA, 2006; 2016) entre os séculos XIII e XXI; ademais, a fim de averiguar a extensibilidade dos pareamentos nas redes, arrola-se, como parâmetro, a apuração dos tipos semântico-pragmáticos de verbos sancionados no slot de Vinf. . Os resultados obtidos atestam que a formação do grupo aspectual final tem origem na família transitiva, cuja semântica denota o afastamento entre os participantes da predicação. Membro dessa família, a microconstrução conteudística com deixar tem seu slot de objeto neoanalisado, promovendo a emergência do pareamento [deixar+de+Vinf.], que, pelo mecanismo de ativação expandida, se torna membro da família aspectual na rede auxiliar. Posteriormente, surgem, via analogização, as microconstruções [parar+de+Vinf.] e [largar+de+Vinf.], que, compartilhando similaridades, também se consolidam nesse agrupamento procedural. Portanto, esta investigação ratifica a importância de se aliar trajetórias diacrônicas e processos cognitivos na explicação de como redes multiformes se conectam e promovem a (re) configuração de famílias construcionais. Palavras-chave: família construcional; aspecto final; diacronia. Abstract: Founded on the theoretical and methodological premises of the constructional approach, which defines language as a complex adaptative system, organized in networks of constructions that, linked by vertical and horizontal links and united by form and meaning traces, constitute families (BYBEE, 2016; DIESSEL, 2019; GOLDBERG 1995; 2006; 2019; SOMMERER, 2020; TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2021; inter alia); this paper investigates, in diachronic perspective, the genesis and the development of the egressive aspectual constructional family in Portuguese, through three microconstructions’ analysis: [deixar+de+Vinf.], [parar+de+Vinf.] e [largar+de+Vinf.]. Thus, quantitative and qualitative methods are used in the examination of the data collected from Corpus do Português (DAVIES; FERREIRA, 2006; 2016) between 13th and 21st centuries; moreover, in order to verify the extensibility of the pairings in the network, checking the semantic-pragmatic verb types, sanctioned in the Vinf. slot, is listed as a parameter. The results demonstrates that the egressive aspectual group formation originates in the transitive family, whose semantics indicates the distance among the participants in the predication. Member of this family, the contentful microconstruction with deixar has its object slot neoanalyzed, giving rise to [deixar+de+Vinf.] pairing, which, by the spreading activation mechanism, becomes a member of the egressive aspectual family in the auxiliarity network. Subsequently, the [parar+de+Vinf.] e [largar+de+Vinf.] microconstructions emerge by analogization, and, since their sharing similarities, they also consolidate in this procedural group. Therefore, this investigation confirms the importance of associating diachronic trajectories and cognitive processes in explaining how multiform networks link and promote the constructional families’ (re) configuration. Keywords: constructional family; egressive aspect; diachrony.

Resumo: Este trabalho investiga os processos diacrônicos de constituição de duas perífrases conjuncionais concessivas do português, bem que e se bem que. Com respaldo teórico da Gramaticalização, sobretudo Traugott e Dasher (2002), Heine e Kuteva (2007), Bybee (2010), e de alguns pressupostos de teorias pragmáticas sobre concessividade, conforme Anscombre (1980), Ducrot (1984), Moeschler e Spengler (1982), Rossari (2014), a questão maior está na compreensão do elo entre a semântica da fonte adverbial, os processos inferenciais instigados contextualmente e o tipo de significado concessivo. As análises são baseadas em uma amostra diacrônica que reúne textos do português antigo ao moderno e em uma metodologia norteada pelos padrões polissêmicos das construções com suas respectivas propriedades distribucionais. Os resultados fornecem evidências de que, embora se trate de dois fenômenos de mudança que emergem em diferentes estados de língua e em contextos distintos, ambos têm na fonte o advérbio bem, na função de afirmação enfática, e ambos se especializam na expressão de relações concessivas restritivas. Os dados duplamente compatíveis com as interpretações fonte e alvo indiciam processos graduais da pragmática à semântica, nos quais as noções de polifonia e hierarquia argumentativa são importantes. Palavras-chave: junção; concessividade; gramaticalização; diacronia. Abstract: This paper investigates the diachronic establishment process of two concessive conjunctional periphrases in Portuguese, bem que and se bem que. With theoretical support from Grammaticalization, in particular Traugott and Dasher (2002), Heine and Kuteva (2007), Bybee (2010), and some assumptions from pragmatic theories about concessivity, according to Anscombre (1980), Ducrot (1984), Moeschler and Spengler (1982), Rossari (2014), the main issue is about understanding the link between the semantics of the adverbial source, the contextually induced inferential processes and the type of concessive meaning. The analyses are based on a diachronic sample featuring texts from ancient to modern Portuguese, and on a methodology guided by the the constructions’ polysemic standards with their corresponding distributional properties. The results provide evidence that, despite being two change phenomena which arise in different states of language and distinct contexts, both have the adverb bem at their source, in the role of emphatic affirmation, and both specialize in expressing restrictive concessive relations. The data doubly compatible with source and target interpretations evidences gradual processes from pragmatic towards semantics, in which the concepts of polyphony and argumentative hierarchy are of importance. Keywords: junction; concessivity; grammaticalization; diachrony.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, analisamos as figuras de retórica que equipam a argumentação de seis candidatos à presidência da república no contexto dos debates pré-eleitorais da corrida presidencial de 2018. Partimos da hipótese de que as figuras (ornatos, em latim) não são somente enfeites da linguagem, mas verdadeiros equipamentos de persuasão. Elaboramos, para este fim, três perguntas de pesquisa: a) como as figuras equipam a linguagem? b) de que forma as figuras podem construir a persuasão no discurso ndeliberativo político? c) como as figuras integram tipos de argumentos para equipá-los? Fundamentamos nossa pesquisa nos domínios da retórica, da argumentação e do discurso, particularmente nas obras de Aristóteles (2013), Barthes (2001), Perelman e Tyteca (2014), Fiorin (2020), Plantin (2008), Amossy (2020), Abreu (2009), Ferreira (2015) e Courtine (1990). Metodologicamente, a pesquisa possui caráter bibliográfico-documental, de natureza descritiva e explicativa. Nosso corpus é composto por recortes dos discursos dos seis candidatos à república no debate pré-eleitoral televisionado da RedeTV, realizado em 17 de agosto de 2018 e disponível no canal da emissora na plataforma de compartilhamento de vídeos Youtube. No que se refere aos resultados, demonstramos que a presença de determinadas figuras de retórica – como a metáfora, a metonímia, a personificação, a comparação, etc. – contribuíram para a intensificação da argumentação desses candidatos, aumentando a eficácia dos argumentos e, consequentemente, contribuindo para a adesão dos espíritos. Palavras-chave: retórica; argumentação; debate; persuasão; polêmica. Abstract: In this paper, we analyze the rhetorical figures that equip the arguments of six candidates for the presidency of the republic in the context of the pre-electoral debates of the 2018 presidential race. We assume that figures are not only ornaments of language, but real persuasion equipment. For this purpose, we developed three research questions: a) how do figures equip language? b) how can figures build persuasion in deliberative political discourse? c) how do figures integrate argument types to equip them? We base our research in the domains of rhetoric, argumentation and discourse, particularly in the works of Aristotle (2013), Barthes (2001), Perelman and Tyteca (2014), Fiorin (2020), Plantin (2008), Amossy (2020), Abreu (2009), Ferreira (2015) and Courtine (1990). Methodologically, the research has a bibliographic-documental character, of a descriptive and explanatory nature. Our corpus is composed of excerpts from the speeches of the six candidates for the republic in the televised pre-election debate on RedeTV, held on August 17, 2018 and available on the video sharing platform Youtube. With regard to the results, we demonstrate that the presence of certain figures of rhetoric - such as metaphor, metonymy, personification, comparison, etc. - contributed to the intensification of the arguments of these candidates, increasing the effectiveness of the arguments and, consequently, contributing to the adhesion of spirits. Keywords: rhetoric; argumentation; debate; persuasion; controversy.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a elaboração de gramáticas para as línguas portuguesa e espanhola, descrevendo aspectos textuais e extratextuais que caracterizam esse processo nas respectivas tradições linguísticas e comparando-as, a fim de encontrar pontos de convergências e divergência. Para tanto, a partir da consulta ao acervo físico e eletrônico de diferentes centros de pesquisa, foi possível a construção de um corpus bibliográfico que permitiu o cumprimento do objetivo do estudo a partir da análise de 172 gramáticas de língua portuguesa e 138 da língua espanhola, distribuídas desde o século XV. Como resultado, foi possível observar que ambas as tradições de codificação trazem compatibilidades históricas que resultaram em um processo de normalização linguística em que muitas características convergem, ao passo que outras divergem. Convergem, por exemplo, na intensificação desse processo a partir do século XIX, marcando um movimento de constante crescimento. Divergem, por outro lado, na quantidade de países engajados no processo e na relação da gramática escolar com o modelo descritivo, por exemplo. Palavras-chave: gramática; norma linguística; historiografia da linguística; língua portuguesa; língua espanhola. Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the elaboration of grammars for the Portuguese and Spanish languages, describing textual and extratextual aspects that characterize this process in the respective linguistic traditions and comparing them in order to find points of convergence and divergence. For that purpose, by consulting the physical and electronic collections of different research centers, it was possible to build a bibliographic corpus which allowed the fulfillment of the study’s objective based on the analysis of 172 Portuguese and 138 Spanish grammars distributed since the 15th century. As a result, it was possible to observe that both codification traditions bring historical compatibilities which resulted in a process of linguistic normalization in which many features converge, while others diverge. They converge, for instance, in the intensification of this process from the 19th century onwards, marking a movement of constant growth. They diverge, on the other hand, in the number of countries engaged in the process and in the relation of school grammar to the descriptive model, for instance. Keywords: grammar; linguistic norm; historiography of linguistics; Portuguese; Spanish.

Abstract: In the last decades there has been a proliferation of studies investigating metaphors and metonymies, as they are defined in the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to multimodal metaphors and metonymies and to their persuasive role in both commercial and social advertisements. In this paper we analyze Soviet anti-alcohol posters published during the Gorbačëv’s anti-alcohol campaign (1985-1988), and we investigate the role of a central pictorial element, i.e. the bottle, that metonymically gives access to the concepts of alcohol or alcoholism. In anti-alcohol posters of the ‘80s, the bottle’s metonymic image often interacts with other metaphorical processes. In particular, we focus on the interactions between the metonymies triggered by both pictorial and verbal use of the bottle (bottle metonymies) and the process of (de)personification undergone in these specific contexts. In some posters, the bottle is personified to convey the message that alcohol can damage people’s private lives by substituting for their loved ones and taking their rightful place. In some other posters, a human alcoholic is represented as a bottle, showing that alcoholism makes people lose their human features. The interactions between the metonymic image of the bottle and (de)personification processes play a central role in Soviet anti-alcohol posters and aim to demonstrate the destructive effects of alcohol abuse on drinkers’ private and social life. Keywords: Soviet anti-alcohol posters; metaphor; metonymy; multimodality; Russian. Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, houve uma proliferação de estudos relativos à metáfora e à metonímia, segundo a definição da Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual. Recentemente, uma crescente atenção tem vindo a ser dedicada às metáforas e metonímias multimodais e ao papel persuasivo que desempenham na publicidade comercial e social. Neste trabalho, analisamos os cartazes soviéticos antialcoolismo publicados durante a campanha de propaganda de Gorbačëv contra o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (1985-1988). De modo particular, interessa-nos o papel central de um elemento pictórico, a garrafa, metonímia que se traduz como os conceitos de alcool ou alcoolismo. Nos cartazes anti-alcoolismo dos anos oitenta, a imagem metonímica da garrafa entra frequentemente em interação com outros processos metafóricos. Nosso estudo vai precisamente focalizar a interação entre as metonimias desencadeadas por meio do uso pictório e/ou verbal da garrafa e o processo de (des)personalização ocorrido nesses contextos específicos. Alguns cartazes apresentam a garrafa como personificação para transmitir a mensagem de que o alcool é prejudicial para a vida privada dos indivíduos, pois pode manifestar-se enquanto um substituto dos entes queridos e levar às ações que independem da vontade do sujeito. Outros cartazes mostram a pessoa alcoolizada representada enquanto uma garrafa, para demonstrar que o alcoolismo destrói características humanas. A interação entre a imagem metonímica da garrafa e os processos de (des)personificação desempenha um papel primordial nos cartazes antialcoolismo soviéticos e visa representar os efeitos negativos do abuso de álcool na vida privada e social dos indivíduos. Palavras-chave: cartazes antialcoolismo soviéticos; metáfora; metonímia; multimodalidade; russo.

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa os procedimentos de formação de nomes de urna de candidatos ao cargo de deputado federal no período de 2002 a 2018. São adotados pressupostos teóricos da Sócio-Onomástica, que objetiva estudar a origem social dos nomes próprios e o uso de suas diversas variantes em diferentes situações e contextos, considerando seus portadores, nomeadores e usuários. A amostra de dados está composta por 15.068 nomes de urna, extraídos do Repositório de Dados Eleitorais do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). Entre os resultados obtidos, verifica-se um aumento do uso de nomes não pertencentes ao registro civil na formação dos nomes de urna ao longo dos últimos anos, especialmente na comparação entre as eleições de 2014 e 2018. Além disso, ao considerar as características internas dos nomes, observa-se um aumento do uso de apelidos, hipocorísticos, qualificativos militares, profissionais e de outros elementos em contraste com uma redução de qualificativos religiosos ao longo de todo o período considerado. Palavras-chave: Onomástica; nome de urna; deputado federal; eleições. Abstract: This paper analyzes the formation processes of ballot names of candidates for the office of federal representatives in the period between 2002 and 2018. Theoretical assumptions of Socio-onomastics, which aims at studying the social origin of proper names and the usage of their different variations in various situations and contexts, taking into consideration name-bearers, name-givers and name-users, were adopted. The sample is composed of 15,068 ballot names, extracted from the Repositório de Dados Eleitorais (‘Electoral Data Repository’) of the Superior Electoral Court (TSE). Among the results obtained, an increase in the usage of names which do not belong to the vital records in the formation of ballot names is seen over the past few years, especially in a comparison between the 2014 and the 2018 elections. Moreover, when considering the internal features of the names, an increase in the use of nicknames, hypocoristics, military and professional qualifiers, as well as other elements, in contrast with a reduction in religious qualifiers, is observed throughout the whole period concerned. Keywords: Onomastics; ballot name; federal representative; elections.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza el comportamiento semántico-sintáctico de un grupo de nombres singulares contables en español rioplatense. En particular, estudiamos los nombres escuetos que aparecen en posición de complemento de la preposición de dirección a (Ana va a consultorio) y de locación en (Los jugadores están en cancha) y de verbos transitivos (Juan mira tele/ escucha radio). Primero, presentamos una serie de diagnósticos que muestran que estos escuetos presentan las propiedades típicamente atribuidas a las expresiones nominales definidas débiles (tal como han sido descritas por Carlson y Sussman (2005)). Luego de ofrecer una descripción sistematizada, presentamos un modelo no seudoincorporacionista –inspirado en de de Swart (2015)–, con el fin de capturar su naturaleza semántica y sintáctica. Partimos de un análisis unificado para estas construcciones y, resumidamente, postulamos que estos escuetos proyectan una estructura sintáctica defectiva, sin realización fonológica del D y sin SNúm. Asimismo, asumimos que el determinante no expreso mantiene su significado de unicidad y familiaridad y retomamos de Aguilar-Guevara (2014) el argumento de que los definidos débiles designan una entidad abstracta, del orden de una clase, y no un objeto particular. Por fin, este estudio pretende contribuir a la hipótesis de que la definitud débil es un fenómeno interlingüístico, que comprende tanto SN como SD en las posiciones sintácticas ya señaladas. Palabras-clave: español rioplatense; nombres escuetos; definidos débiles. Abstract: In this paper we analyze the semantic-syntactic behavior of a group of bare singular count nominals in Rioplatense Spanish. In particular, we study bare nominals that appear in argument position, as complements of the directional preposition a (to) (Ana va a consultorio/ ‘Ana goes to the clinic’), of the locative preposition en (in) (Los jugadores están en cancha/ ‘The players are in the football field’) and of transitive verbs (Juan mira tele/ ‘Juan watches tv’). First, some diagnostics are provided in order to show that these bare nominals behave like typical weak definites, as has been originally described in Carlson and Sussman (2005). After describing their distribution, we explore their semantic and syntactic nature using a non-pseudoincorporationist proposal –inspired by de de Swart (2015)–. In a nutshell, our analysis argues that these bare nominals project a defective syntactic structure, without overt phonological realization of D and without NumP. Furthermore, we assume that the determiner preserves its uniqueness and familiarity and we postulate that, in combination with the noun, it denotes an abstract entity or kind, and not a particular object (AGUILAR- GUEVARA, 2014). Finally, this study aims to contribute to the hypothesis that weak definiteness is a crosslinguistic phenomenon, that comprises both overt NPs and DPs. Keywords: rioplatense Spanish; bare nominals; weak definites.

Resumo: este artigo apresenta um levantamento sistemático de publicações e propõe uma discussão qualitativa sobre a produção científica de estudos em aquisição de morfologia em comparação a outros níveis de análise linguística dentro do campo de Aquisição e Desenvolvimento de Linguagem no Brasil. Os resultados demonstram que nos últimos 30 anos há menos estudos sobre fenômenos morfológicos durante a aquisição de língua materna do que estudos de aquisição de aspectos fonológicos, sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos no corpus selecionado. O maior interesse das pesquisas sobre o português brasileiro está na aquisição do sistema verbal e aborda o fenômeno da regularização e a existência de formas morfológicas variantes na aquisição de regras morfofonológicas. Em seguida, desperta interesse o desenvolvimento do sistema nominal, com a investigação da concordância variável de número, com controle da ocorrência de concordância redundante e não redundante, seguido pela aquisição da categoria de gênero com especial interesse na variação promovida pelas trocas morfêmicas realizadas pelas crianças. Dentre os pouco representativos estudos sobre a morfologia derivacional, são escassos os trabalhos que fazem uma investigação frente a questões de pesquisa definidas em um quadro teórico específico. São mais presentes os estudos de levantamento de ocorrências de afixos e da investigação da consciência morfológica infantil. Por fim, desenha-se uma agenda inicial de pesquisa para os estudos de aquisição de aspectos morfológicos e lexicais e se destaca que o estudo de tais questões empíricas só se faz justificável frente a um modelo de língua para a Morfologia e para o Léxico. Palavras-chave: aquisição de linguagem; aquisição de morfologia; revisão de literatura. Abstract: this paper presents a systematic survey of publications and proposes a qualitative discussion on the scientific production of studies in Morphology Acquisition in comparison to other levels of linguistic analysis within the field of Language Acquisition and Development in Brazil. The results show that in the last 30 years there have been fewer studies on morphological phenomena during first language acquisition than studies on the acquisition of phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects in the selected corpus. The greatest interest of research on Brazilian Portuguese is in the acquisition of the verbal system and addresses the phenomenon of regularization and the existence of variant morphological forms in the acquisition of morphophonological rules. Then, the development of the nominal system arouses interest, with the investigation of the variable number agreement, with control of the occurrence of redundant and non-redundant agreement, followed by the acquisition of the gender category with special interest in the variation promoted by the morphemic exchanges carried out by the kids. Among the little representative studies on derivational morphology, there are few studies that carry out an investigation in relation to research questions defined in a specific theoretical framework. Studies on the survey of affix occurrences and the investigation of children’s morphological awareness are more present. Finally, a research agenda is drawn up for studies on the acquisition of morphological and lexical aspects and it is emphasized that the study of such empirical issues is only justified insofar as it appears behind a language model for morphology and for the lexicon. Keywords: language acquisition; morphology acquisition; literature review.