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This essay examines the positions of Xavier Abril, Emilio Adolfo Westphalen, and José María Arguedas in the context of the discussions of the avant-garde, indigenismo and socialism that sought the renewal of the Peruvian imaginary between 1925 and 1940. The framework of the analysis intends to capture the complexity of the influences of José Carlos Marátegui's discourse in the debate, abandoning the contrast of the "Andean" and "West" categories and proposing a reading that emphasizes three other premises: authenticity, territoriality and modernity. In this sense, this work examines the relationship between Abril and Westphalen (1930-34), showing their image of Lima as a primitive space and a cultural wasteland in contrast to Europe and studying, among other texts, an unpublished manifesto. This paper then addresses the intellectual relationship between Westphalen and Arguedas at the end of the 1930s, showing how their representation of Lima as a hostile place was complemented by the proposal of an indigenous subject capable of the artistic modernity. This mapping of Lima's cultural scene of the time will explain how, according to these intellectuals, being primitive or modern depended on the authenticity of the artistic/intellectual pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the exaltation of doctitud and understanding as a strategy for self-legitimization, put forward in the discourse of colonial Peruvian scholars, particularly in the work of Juan de Espinosa Medrano (Cuzco, 1630?1688). Exploring various writings, it emphasizes consistency in the attitude of the priest and the adoption of certain ways of expressing the "creole claims" (charges, recognition, attention), underlining the humanist tradition that the colonial elite prolongs, imposing their ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the hidden role of the Charrúa Indians in the formation of a national Uruguayan identity by examining the official lack of consensus in determining Uruguay's date of founding as a country and as a collective identity. The article emphasizes the different initiatives to celebrate Uruguay's Centennial and Bicentennial in the light of its own contradictions and the traditional concealment of the indigenous element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]