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Martial arts such as Taekwondo and Gumdo are distinctive symbols of Korean culture. Its international dissemination is the outcome of a governmental policy sustained since the middle of the 20th century. The popularity of this training systems is associated with the idea that they instill fundamental values of Korean society, such as respect for authority and hierarchy, and the preeminence of collective over individual. In this paper we describe how such values are incorporated and reproduced in the daily practice of martial arts in Korea, by analyzing the rank system typical of these disciplines and the rites of passage needed for moving through this symbolically structured space. In doing so, we show some tensions and arrangements which arise from the confrontation between the values that martial disciplines incarnate and wider moral regimes. Specifically, how the teaching of martial arts in Korea contributes to the reproduction of gender inequalities, preserving a specific form of masculine domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to analyze the trends in judo research as a combat sport through a bibliometric analysis of scientific production indexed in the Web of Science database, starting with a group of 336 articles published between 2007 and 2017. By applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P) methodology, the study sample was reduced to 88 articles. Different types of variables were analyzed: a) institutional characteristics; b) sample-related characteristics; and c) research methods and tools. The results showed that the most productive years were 2014 and 2016, when the average number of authors was 4.56±1.79 and the average number of citations in the Web of Science was 9.25±11.9. The highest percentage of publications showed male samples, of highperformance level and under the discipline of training theory. The most commonly methodology used was the observational study with univariate statistics through instruments and observation tools. The most studied parameters were physiological and technical-tactical elements. It seems that judo as a combat sport attracts more scientific interest in its sporting sed to achieve a more specific analysis of the sport of judo, without con and competitive side. Some suggestions are propo textualizing it as a combat sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to define the principles and technical-tactical contents that characterize the global "fighting knowledge" referring to martial arts and combat sports. From a methodological point of view, we seek to identify the praxical limits of the different martial arts and combat sports disciplines, through the analysis of the convergence points, which can provide consistency as a group of practices, and from where is possible to develop a teaching process. The principles and contents considered in this integrated perspective establish the possibilities of action, independently from institutionalized technical abilities in each combat sport. From the "fighting knowledge technical-tactical structure" we propose the development of the "fighting knowledge" and we emphasize the importance of arising the "tactical intention" of the students. The distribution and categorization of the "fighting actions" presented, try to offer tools and criteria for the martial arts and combat sports initiation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judokas commonly train the seoi-otoshi technique (aka, drop-knee seoi-nage). A controversy exists about the convenience of its use by the younger judokas due to the risk of high loads produced by the impacts on their growing structures. The aim of the present paper was to measure the impacts against the tatami when executing the knee seoi-otoshi technique and its relationship with the years of practice and the degree or level (color of the belt). Thirty-three judokas from different years and degree volunteered to participate. Two force plates covered by standard tatami, registered the ground reaction forces while five consecutive repetitions were executed. We measured the mean and maximum peaks of force relative to their own body weight (BW). The results show peaks of more than 10 BW, which can be considered a potential risk of injury in the younger judokas, especially when repeated in time. In addition, a tendency to decrease the impact as the years of practice increase is observed (potential function; R²= 0.41, p<0.000 in the force peak), and the force in the expert group has been significantly lower than in the other groups (p<0.001). On the other hand, the degree (belt color) shows a quadratic relationship (R²= 0.45, p<0.000 in the force peak). The lack of agreement between the years of practice and the degree shows that the promotion criteria does not appear to be a valid one from a preventive viewpoint, especially in the lower degrees which would correspond to younger practitioners whose locomotor structures are still not fully developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper reviews international studies on the effects of Tai Chi Chuan (a.k.a. taichi, taiji or taijiquan) on sleep with the aim of clarifying the research framework, which are its causes and effects. Method: The literature search was carried out on the basis of seven international databases on October 2011. Results/Conclusions: The review works on the subject are scarce and address a small number of studies, while specific works confirm that tai chi chuan produces a significant improvement over the stability (sleep disruption) and quality (efficacy and duration) of nighttime sleep, and an overall improvement on daytime sleep, although to enjoy these benefits its required a minimum of practice. The physiological causes that lead to this improvement are still to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a conceptual framework for examining principles of judo throwing techniques (nage-waza). The principles formulated in this study are classified as primarily structural, operational, or contextual in nature. Such an organization of properties allows a clearer examination of the operation of throwing techniques for the purpose of identification, teaching, and innovation. This framework was developed from the author's personal observations and understanding of throwing principles. This way of thinking about throwing principles may be useful for examining techniques in other martial arts as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed martial arts (MMA) has become one of the fastest-growing combat sports in the twenty-first century, drawing millions of Pay-Per-View spectators since the inception of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. Popular conceptions have credited the creation of MMA to Bruce Lee, a Chinese-American actor and martial artist who became an icon in the 1970s and who is still considered by many as a revolutionary figure in the field. This paper will present, in chronological order, examples of ancient Chinese martial arts concepts preceding the creation of modern MMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to scrutinize various studies on technical and tactical aspects of judo matches. In addition, it also discusses how variables can have practical implications, preceded by a conceptual and historical perspective of the technical and tactical analysis through observation, notation and application of tactical systems of combats. This research deals with important tasks for technical and tactical analysis, such as comparisons of frequency distribution of events over a range of factors such as time structure, number of applied techniques and directions, number of successful actions per minute, quality of attacks awarded with points, movements of elite judo athletes, development and grip forms. This work tries to propose a digest of main studies from 1966 to 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article deals with the question of how Chinese martial arts as part of traditional culture survived into modern times and created a worldwide interest. The paper focuses on the process of modernization of Chinese martial arts against the background of massive social transformations in China during the 19th century. It analyzes different aspects of the self-assertion process of martial arts and points out consequences of the radical break with the traditional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penitentiary integral defense is a set of techniques designed to solve the breach of the peace that may appear in the penitentiary world. This paper studies the scope and legal framework of penitentiary self-defense. This kind of self-defense is defined by the particular characteristics of a confinement context and a very specific regulation aimed at preserving the integrity of prisoners and penitentiary staff as well as prison facilities. A technical section illustrating the main penitentiary integral defense's fundamentals and methods is also included. The defense methods showed here are: frisking, confinement cell entry, prisoner transfer, active resistance, aggressions between prisoners, standard defense equipment, handcuffs use, and techniques against holds, nonarmed attacks and attacks with an edged weapon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the Soviet born martial art of sambo has become increasingly well known in martial art circles. This is largely due to the success of sambo fighters in various mixed martial art venues. Offered here is a brief description of sambo's development as well as a delineation of one of sambo's hallmark strategies: offensive rolling. Examples of proper forward rolling and three related offensive techniques are presented. This paper provides a brief introduction to sambo's history and one of its key tactical philosophies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the martial arts monographs published in Spain between 1906 and 2006 from a bibliometric point of view. Starting from Pérez and Gutiérrez's previous bibliography (2008), the total number of published monographs following the criteria of subject, decade and the combination of both was analyzed. The results showed a total of 2.036 books (1.285 original editions) with a prevalence of Japanese and Chinese martial arts. A group of eight subjects exceeded a hundred volumes (karate, judo/jujutsu, taijiquan, wu-shu/kung fu, classics, qigong, philosophy, history and education, and aikido), with two patterns of bibliographic evolution appearing. The first, represented by Japanese martial arts considered as a group and martial arts focused on the utilitarian and/or sporting performance aspects (judo/jujutsu, karate and wu-shu/kung fu), developed increasingly until the 80's when it followed a steady-state and/or drop. The second model, which characterises the Chinese martial arts group and martial arts mainly focused on healthy and/or spiritual aspects of training (taijiquan, qigong, aikido), has increased significantly from the 90's until the present moment. The interpretation of these patterns and the evolution of the martial arts bibliographic production in Spain highlights some aspects such as the development of the Spanish society and sports practice, bibliographic production, reading habits, or the cultural influences of eastern countries on Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on two unique cultural exhibitions (2005 and 2007) held in Morges, Switzerland. The main theme for these exhibitions was Asian martial arts with a focus on those from Japan, including presentations by notable masters in aikido, karate, judo, kyudo, iaido, kenjutsu, jodo, juttejutsu, kusarigamajutsu, naginatajutsu, tameshigiri, and kendo. On exhibit were artifacts from Morges Castle museum collections as well as numerous ancient objects borrowed specifically for these exhibitions from other Swiss museums and private collections. There was also a lecture on Japanese sword collecting and care, and presentations of Japanese dance, flower arranging (ikebana), the art of tea (châ no yu, châdo), paper folding (origami), traditional kimono dress, and detailed demonstrations on the manufacture of bladed weapons. Text and photography were arranged to record these events for this article, showing how excellent organization and cooperation can introduce high-quality martial traditions to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper translates and comments Jigoro Kano's (1860-1938) conference The Contribution of Judo to Education, which the founder of Kodokan Judo gave at the University of Southern California (Los Angeles) in 1932. Through its lecture not only we appreciate Kano's conception on judo, but also some of his personality characteristics revealing the amplitude of his knowledge and a humanistic character based on rationality and cooperation between individuals and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judo's association with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and their corporate sponsors is eroding the practice, larger principles, and aims envisioned for Kodokan Judo by its founder, Jigoro Kano. In order to be accessible to a neophyte television audience, judo has had to become a more marketable commodity. These changes, among others, have devalued recreational judo in the minds of some. This paper presents a brief developmental history of judo as it evolved to meet the needs of the IOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]