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This article examines the strategic significance of security in critical water infrastructure, an essential resource for human life. Focusing on Spain, it explores the security system of this infrastructure and the existing legislation against threats to critical infrastructures, particularly drinking water supply. The study describes potential types of attacks, the preparedness of passive and active security systems against these threats, and the legislative developments to penalize them. Despite the increasing importance of this issue, as water infrastructure can be a target for terrorism with unimaginable impacts on life, health, economy, and society, the paper concludes that there are gaps in the classification and definition of sanctions against such attacks in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amnesty is a frequently used tool in transitional processes. Colombia welcomed the possibility of applying amnesties within the framework of the peace agreement, in accordance with the restorative paradigm set forth in the agreement. Therefore, point five establishes the creation of the Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition, of which the Special Jurisdiction for Peace is part, which, in turn, has three Justice Chambers, among which is the Chamber of Amnesty and Pardons, which has decision-making jurisdiction over these matters. To date, it has issued important decisions that represent an essential input to analyze the argumentative coherence, the limits of this figure and the protection of the rights of victims to justice, truth, reparation and non-repetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the interaction between the national and international standards of the International Criminal Court in the implementation of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, particularly in its determination of facts and conduct. First, some statutory characteristics of the SJP are analyzed. Subsequently, it is analyzed whether its normative framework defies international standards and whether its implementation is the basis for a collision of the ICC with Colombia, despite the closure of the preliminary examination in terms of reparatory sanctions, differential treatment and command responsibility. Finally, it analyzes Auto 019 of 2021 to demonstrate how one of the chambers of the SJP relies on the application of international jurisprudence to attribute criminal responsibility to the top leaders of the FARC-EP for war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminal treatment of minors who transgress the criminal law is a recurring concern, given the increase in criminality. Justice is demanded regardless of whether the fundamental rights of minors are violated. This article studies the Adolescent Criminal Responsibility System in Colombia, the sanctions it contemplates, its restorative justice approach, although framed within criminal law. This system considers the deprivation of liberty sanction as a last resort for exceptional use, but this principle is not fully applied. At the same time, there is pressure to increase sentences, which may violate the best interests of the child. It is concluded that it is essential to reinforce the application of restorative justice in order to comply with the purposes of prevention, reparation, and social reintegration of minors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a response to a new highly structured crime in Spain, the offense of criminal organization was drawn from international instruments as a suitable criminal category to curb the new and complex organized criminal forms. Through a normative, jurisprudential, and scientific doctrine analysis of Spanish legislation, this article shows that the new penal figure of criminal organization is the most suitable, rigorous, and severe penal category for counteracting organized crime. Similarly, it evidences shortfalls regarding the crime of criminal association, with which it has similarities and some overlapping. The study shows that maintaining both figures is unnecessary, and suppressing specific aggravating factors will be necessary after the independent regulation of the crime of criminal organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the normative structure of Article 57 of Law 1862 of 2017, which structures the Military Forces' disciplinary non-legality, establishing discipline, probity, and service and state purposes as legal goods seemingly incompatibly with the foundations of criminal law. To this end, it reviews the differences between the normative structures and purposes of the disciplinary regime and criminal law. Criminal law seeks to protect legal goods through objective assessment standards, while disciplinary law seeks to establish a model of conduct in public servants through subjective standards of determination. In the end, it advocates interpreting this law's interests as personal duties and not legal goods, following the disciplinary regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza la jurisprudencia existente en España relacionada con la validez de la aplicación de diferentes procedimientos conocidos como detectores de mentiras y su aceptación en procesos judiciales. Se aborda la psicología del testimonio como un antecedente que valora la credibilidad de los declarantes, pero no la veracidad de su declaración. Se establece que estas pruebas son mayoritariamente solicitadas por el propio imputado para demostrar su inocencia con base en la credibilidad de su testimonio, pero sin aportar otro tipo de pruebas. El análisis muestra un rechazo al uso de estas herramientas en procesos judiciales, lo cual se explica porque falta mayor experimentación para obtener declaraciones auténticas y se desconocen estos procesos. Para ello, estos métodos siempre deben respaldarse por otro tipo de pruebas válidas.

La problemática del abuso sexual contra niños, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia no evidencia mejorías, pues las cifras de conductas punibles cometidas reflejan un constante incremento, lo cual se agudiza en el emergente ciberespacio, donde los ciberdelitos sexuales implican nuevos desafíos. Por ello, este artículo busca establecer si la política criminal jurídica actual del Estado colombiano basta o no para afrontar esta emergente problemática. Para ello se analiza el ciberespacio como nuevo escenario y se ofrece una relación elemental de las principales conductas constitutivas de ciberdelitos sexuales. Como conclusión, se establece la necesidad de un nuevo paradigma de política criminal que proponga estrategias en que la prevención, y no el populismo punitivo, sea la principal medida para afrontar esta problemática, de lo cual hay un ejemplo en política económica y social.

Copyright of Revista Científica General José María Córdova is the property of Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Científica General José María Córdova is the property of Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)