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At the intersection between sociology, anthropology and law, this article analyses the various legal instruments for the protection of the natural environment in Colombia. In their application, these instruments have produced a range of conflicts, stemming from ecosystem conservation strategies, legal complexity and disregarded social realities. Based on the analysis of the situation in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, the paper argues that the interaction of the different environmental protection and conservation measures is generating a tension between guaranteeing protection for human rights, people's well-being and the ecosystems themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deepest impacts of extractivism are its spillover effects - the transformations it provokes in public policies (environmental, social and economic) and in terms of key concepts like development, politics, justice, democracy and nature. Based on a description of the cases of Tariquía National Flora and Fauna Reserve, Carrasco National Park and the Apolobamba National Natural Area of Integrated Management, this paper analyses the sequence of extractivism-related spillover effects on public policies, regulations and the operation of all Bolivia's protected areas. Particular emphasis is placed on the consequences for human rights and rights of nature, which are recognised in Bolivian law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the Peruvian institutional scaffolding that favours mechanisms for dispossessing land from indigenous peoples in Peru, despite their protection by regulations that recognise them as such and their constitutional status, which imposes binding obligations. International human rights protection standards are therefore violated, along with the International Labour Organization's Convention 169 and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR). It is therefore noteworthy that the Peruvian State has approved the titling of indigenous peoples' lands that are suitable for forestry "Transfer of use rights" - the main mechanism of dispossession affecting the ancestral territories of the indigenous peoples of the Peruvian jungle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the process of internationalising the legal mobilisation that sought reparations for the mining disaster that took place in 2015 in the city of Mariana, the Doce River basin and on Brazil's southeastern coastline. It seeks to understand the dynamics produced by activating different levels of justice and the effects of internationalisation on the functioning of justice institutions at national level. Two separate patterns of internationalisation are noted: a) via the traditional human rights defence networks; and b) a new one, promoted by an international office specialised in "alternative litigation financing" (ALF), which employs arguments from environmental law and transnational legislation. The characteristics of these two patterns are examined along with their effects on the dynamics of legal mobilisation and national institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a comparative study of the socio-state capacities developed during the processes of institutionalising protected natural areas (PNA) in Latin America. It sets them within a framework of their interdependence with global governance processes and in relation to the role human rights have played for these purposes. Taking an approach that combines analysis of multilevel collective action with process monitoring, this work traces the trajectories of national and multilateral institutions; analyses the main dynamics that arise in the delimitation of the protection of natural areas in the countries with the greatest biodiversity in the region; and explores the possibilities for new agreements on the global agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lying may be a human privilege but it has limits; so do freedom of expression and information. What those limits are, how they are defined, their purposes and the extent to which it is legitimate to restrict these freedoms are questions that democracies must answer. Truth's fragility is the product not only of lies, but of the impossibility of its knowledge. The progressive democratisation of knowledge, not only of information, is therefore one of the ways to detect lies. From the perspective of the Spanish constitution (SC) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), this paper analyses whether lying, as the exercise of freedom of expression and information, has a legitimate place in public debate in a democratic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The border is everyone's, can be seen by everyone, and is travelled and crossed in multiple and dynamic ways. Northern Mexico's border cities have particular characteristics that distinguish them from others. Ciudad Juárez is one of the 100 most resilient cities, and along with its sister city of El Paso, Texas, is a space that claims the right to the city through "artivism", a series of actions and manifestations of art and resistance. This paper maps and analyses these spatial appropriations in Ciudad Juárez as an essential dimension of the right to urban life and a symbolic territory for dialogue between urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the study of "new diplomacies", this paper examines the paradiplomacy of cities. It argues that city paradiplomacy distinguishes itself by avoiding being a mere imitation of state diplomacy. Taking a qualitative approach, the case of Mexico City is analysed based on the following research question: to what extent does Mexico City's paradiplomacy incorporate civic binationality into its actions? The argument made is that, in contemporary North America, because of their transnational nature, binational migrants are necessary agents for Mexico City's paradiplomacy. The empirical basis of the analysis is migrant policy and activism in Mexico City and Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subnational governments entering the international arena through lobbying may be a turning point in global governance, but numerous challenges remain at regional level. This paper charts a municipal geography of the planet that is strongly conditioned by its capacity to respond to the dynamics of urbanisation and rural depopulation, and reflects on the need to structure more representative, supportive regional governance. With the global implementation of the 2030 Agenda focussing on the ability of local governments to institutionalise the "right to the city" and "leave no one behind", the regional level becomes the ground in which territorial intermediation can help germinate the right to "leave no municipality behind". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metropolitan areas have become the battleground for human rights, particularly the "right to the city". The New Urban Agenda (NUA) recognises this principle as an ideal way to build a city for all. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present a sustainable (also urban) development model with multiple economic, social and environmental aspects. How does the metropolitan institutional framework influence the implementation of the SDGs? Do the necessary resources and competencies exist to meet the ideal expressed in the NUA? Using examples from all continents, the paper examines the extent to which actions and objectives aimed at sustainable urban development take a metropolitan approach and how institutional variables (i. e. metropolitan governance, fragmentation, degree of decentralisation and local autonomy, and role of the state) enhance or jeopardise these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the definition of "violence against women" in international human rights law has increasingly focussed on gender-based discrimination against women as the result of structural inequalities between men and women. In this context, increasing attention has been paid to male responsibility in recent years. This paper attempts to reconstruct the process of recognising men's active role as perpetrators of violence against women and the role of violence in the social construction of masculinities. Pro-feminist studies on masculinities, the experiences of practical interventions with men in order to prevent violence against women, along with the results of qualitative research on its perpetrators, show the possibility for social change, but at the same time highlight the need for a radical structural transformation in the cultural construction of genders in order to prevent this serious violation of women's rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has been developing and spreading a discourse that takes tourism to be a right. This paper critically analyses the basis of this idea in order to attempt to scrutinise the aim behind it. The study reaches the conclusion that considering tourism a right helps to legitimise the presence of the UNWTO within the United Nations structure and to defend the interests of tourism capital, to which the organisation has close links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a critical examination of the most recent developments in Spanish practice relating to the control of irregular immigration. It analyses the commitments being made in the framework of the European integration process and their implications for the control of external borders as well as the agreements concluded by Spain - treaties and non-binding agreements (memorandums of understanding, etc.) - aimed at controlling flows of people. In this context, the article also gives attention to Spain's international obligations on human rights taking its impact on the issue and the most recent internal developments into account - both in legislative changes approved and those being enacted as administrative practice. In light of the foregoing, a critical assessment of these developments and events (e.g. "hot returns") is submitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the emergence of transnational activism in the context of collective action organised around socio-environmental conflicts in Chile's indigenous areas. It details the main events in the process of indigenous mobilisation in the form of three emblematic cases carried out on an international scale, together with their implications for the national political arena. The author explains how, after the indigenous people's demands were blocked at home, they then mobilised abroad, where they raised awareness over their situation and called for justice in the international courts. Finally, at the local level the paper identifies the inclusion of global frameworks related to the human rights to the indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time of the 10th anniversary of the opening of the detention centre in Guantanamo Bay, many are wondering about the reasons of its very existence in a country that purports to be the defender of the rule of law and human rights. To answer this question, this paper reviews the development of the regulations (both US and international humanitarian law) that are applied to the detainees. It also examines the violations of basic principles of law that have occurred and continue to occur, such as denial of access to ordinary courts and the right to a trial in case of detention, as well as breaches of the protections and guarantees provided by international humanitarian law. Finally, the author analyses the reasons that have allowed the centre to remain in operation despite President Obama's pledge to close it, which he made early on in his term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]