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This study aimed at estimating the kinetic parameters of ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fiber from agroindustrial byproducts of cashew (pulp and cashew nut), passion fruit, melon, pineapple, West Indian cherry, grape, annatto and coconut through the gravimetric technique of nylon bag, and to evaluate the prediction equation of indigestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber suggested by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Samples of feed crushed to 2 mm were placed in 7 × 14 cm nylon bags with porosity of 50 µm in a ratio of 20 g DM/cm² and incubated in duplicate in the rumen of a heifer at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours. The incubation residues were analyzed for NDF content and evaluated by a non-linear logistic model. The evaluation process of predicting the indigestible fraction of NDF was carried out through adjustment of linear regression models between predicted and observed values. There was a wide variation in the degradation parameters of NDF among byproducts. The degradation rate of NDF ranged from 0.0267 h-1 to 0.0971 h-1 for grape and West Indian cherry, respectively. The potentially digestible fraction of NDF ranged from 4.17 to 90.67%, respectively, for melon and coconut byproducts. The CNCPS equation was sensitive to predict the indigestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber of the byproducts. However, due to the high value of the mean squared error of prediction, such estimates are very variable; hence the most suitable would be estimation by biological methods.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:18:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de duas fontes de carboidratos solúveis, amido ou fibra solúvel em detergente neutro, associadas a dois níveis de FDN, sobre o desempenho de novilhos de corte em confinamento na fase de terminação. Foram confinados 24 novilhos ½ Angus x ½ Nelore, com idade inicial de 18 meses e peso de 329 ± 24 kg. As quatro dietas foram calculadas para fornecer nível de PB suficiente para ganho diário de 1,4 kg. As dietas foram constituídas de 40% de silagem de milho e 60% de concentrado (grão de milho, polpa cítrica e casca de soja), além de minerais e uréia, arranjados de forma a promover nível alto de amido associado a dois níveis de FDN (48 e 39%) ou nível alto de fibra solúvel associado aos dois níveis de FDN. Observou-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta com maior nível de polpa cítrica (45%), com baixos teores de fibra solúvel e FDN, apresentaram consumo reduzido e, conseqüentemente, baixo ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Entre as dietas com maior nível de FDN, verificou-se que os animais alimentados com fibra solúvel apresentaram o melhor ganho de peso (1,435 vs 1,262 kg/dia) e a melhor conversão alimentar (7,494 vs 8,651), mas não diferiram daqueles do tratamento com amido e baixo teor de FDN. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível alterar o desempenho animal manipulando a fonte e a concentração dos carboidratos solúveis. The effects of starch or neutral detergent soluble fiber associated with two dietary levels of NDF on performance of finishing feedlot beef steers were evaluated in this trial. Twenty-four crossbred ½ Angus x ½ Nellore steers averaging 18 months of age and 329 ± 24 kg of body weight at the beginning of the trial were used. All four diets were balanced to supply the crude protein requirements for a daily weight gain of approximately 1.4 kg. Diets were composed (dry matter basis) by 40% of corn silage and 60% of concentrate containing corn grain, citrus pulp, soybean hulls, salt, and urea. Animals fed the diet containing high soluble fiber and low NDF content had the lowest dry matter intake (DMI), which compromised weight gain and feed conversion. This decrease in DMI can be explained by the greater level of citrus pulp (45%) compared to the other three diets. Between diets with higher NDF levels, that with soluble fiber resulted in greater daily weight gain (1.435 vs. 1.262 kg) and better feed conversion ratio (7.494 vs. 8.651) than the diet with starch. However, no significant difference was observed between the diet with high NDF and soluble fiber compared to that with low NDF and starch for these same variables. In conclusion, animal performance can be improved by changing the source and content of dietary soluble carbohydrates. Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Araguatins UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP FCAV UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP FCAV

A cultura de alfafa (19% de MS), cortada com 10% dos perfilhos floridos, foi armazenada em 32 silos experimentais confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos portando válvulas. A alfafa picada foi homogeneizada e submetida a quatro tratamentos com ou sem a adição de 12% de polpa cítrica peletizada: controle, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amilase, hemicelulase e celulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium e Lactobacillus sp.) e Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium e L. plantarum). Os silos foram abertos após 133 dias para análise da composição bromatológica, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia. Apenas na silagem não adicionada de polpa, todos os inoculantes aumentaram os teores de etanol, o Pioneer aumentou o pH e o Silobac reduziu a concentração de ácido acético. Independentemente da presença de polpa, todos os inoculantes diminuíram as perdas de MS; o Silobac e o Pioneer diminuíram a DIVMS e o Pioneer aumentou o N-NH3. Os inoculantes não afetaram as concentrações dos ácidos lático, propiônico ou butírico, bem como a estabilidade aeróbia, independentemente da presença da polpa. De forma geral, a adição de polpa cítrica melhorou a composição bromatológica e o perfil fermentativo, mas piorou as perdas e a estabilidade aeróbia. Alfalfa crop (19.0% DM) was harvested at 35 days and ensiled in 32 plastic experimental silos, consisting of four treatments with or without 12% of citrus pulp: control, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amylase, hemicellulase, and cellulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium, and Lactobacillus sp.) and Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium and L. plantarum). Silos were opened 133 days after ensiling and sampled to proceed chemical analyses. Only in citrus pulp-free silage, all inoculants increased ethanol concentration; Pioneer increased pH, and Silobac decreased acetic acid concentration, compared to control. Independently of citrus pulp, all inoculants decreased DM losses; Silobacâ and Pioneer decreased IVDDM, and Pioneer increased NH3-N. Inoculants did not influence lactic, propionic and butyric acids concentrations and neither aerobic stability. Citrus pulp improved chemical composition and fermentation characteristics, but worsened DM losses and aerobic stability.

Doze vacas lactantes, da raça Holandesa puras e mestiças, com peso vivo médio inicial de 550 kg, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação à dieta e onze dias para coleta de dados. A alimentação fornecida foi para atender os requerimentos de vacas não gestantes produzindo 20 kg de leite com 4,5% de gordura, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição (0, 33, 67, 100%) do milho pela polpa cítrica em dietas completas no consumo dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite e variação de peso. Não houve diferença para produção de leite sem e com correção para 4% de gordura, teor de gordura, proteína, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado. O consumo dos nutrientes não foi afetado pela dieta, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo, mostrando decréscimo de 0,47 g para cada 1% de substituição do fubá de milho pela polpa cítrica adicionada na dieta. A polpa cítrica pode substituir até 100% do milho em dietas completas para vacas produzindo em média 20 kg de leite. Twelve milking cows, purebred and crossbred Holstein, with average weight of 550 kg, were allotted to three Latin Squares 4 x 4. The experimental period lasted 18 days, seven days for the adaptation to the diets and eleven days for data collection. Feeding was supplied to met the requirements of non pregnant cows, producing 20 kg of milk with 4.5% fat. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of replacement (0, 33, 67, 100%) of corn meal by pelleted citrus pulp in the concentrate in total mixed rations, on nutrients intake, milk production and composition and weight variation. The treatments did not differ for milk production and composition with or without correction for 4% fat, fat content, protein, total dry extract, degreased dry extract. The nutrients intake was not affected by level of replacement of corn meal by citrus pulp. However, the ether extract intake decreased 0.47 g for each 1% increase in citrus pulp in the concentrate. The citrus pulp can replace up to 100% of the corn in total mixed rations for lactating cows.

Tannins represent one of the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in plants. Tannins exist as a multitude of chemically unique entities in nature. The most commonly occurring tannins are typically divided into two major classes based on chemical structure: hydrolysable (HT) or condensed tannins (CT). Hydrolysable tannins are esters of gallic or ellagic acid linked to a polyol core, typically glucose. Condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins consist of flavan-3-ol subunits linked together to form oligomers and polymers. Both HT and CT are defined as astringent, medium-to-high-molecular weight polyphenolic compounds that characteristically bind and precipitate soluble proteins. The objective of this paper was to present recent advances in CT-ruminant interactions, the limitations associated with understanding and using CT in ruminant animal production, and future needs for research to further advance our knowledge of the role of CT in optimization of ruminant animal production. Condensed tannins pose some anti-nutritional problems to ruminants due to their astringent property that reduces feed intake and, consequently, animal performance. Ruminants can, however, tolerate CT by slowly adapting the ruminal microbes to the toxic effects of CT and by releasing CT-binding salivary proteins. The protein-binding ability of CT has some benefits to the ruminant due to complexes formed with essential amino acids, preventing their degradation in the rumen, but releasing them in the lower gut for absorption by the animal. Recent data have suggested increased N retention when CT is given to growing animals. There are potential benefits of using CT and HT for anthelmintic purposes due to their ability to inhibit egg hatching and larval motility of gastrointestinal nematode parasites, especially in small ruminants. Condensed tannins also bind to minerals (Al, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn). Although studies with ruminants have been contradictory, it has been reported that because the CT-metal ion complex is stable over a wide pH range, CT may reduce the bioavailability of minerals. Methane mitigation by feeding CT might be the most impactful benefit for ruminant production. Many empirical equations have been developed to predict ruminal methane emissions, but very few have included CT. Future research should focus on the improvement of methodology to assess CT biological activity, interaction with other plant-specialized metabolites, and associated physiological and nutritional impacts on ruminants.

Scientific advances in nutrition of dairy cows in the first decade of the XXI century have occurred. This paper will review the most common additives fed to transition cows to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders, which will be discussed separately with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, utilization and efficiency. Some changes on protein in the 2001 updated version of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle to reach better precision of the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of lactating cows also are presented. Many of the advances in nutritional manipulation of milk fat concentration are related to fat supplementation, then the relationship between the action of rumen microbes on biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and milk fatty acid profile are discussed as well as the main factors identified as being responsible for milk fat depression.