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This study aimed at estimating the kinetic parameters of ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fiber from agroindustrial byproducts of cashew (pulp and cashew nut), passion fruit, melon, pineapple, West Indian cherry, grape, annatto and coconut through the gravimetric technique of nylon bag, and to evaluate the prediction equation of indigestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber suggested by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Samples of feed crushed to 2 mm were placed in 7 × 14 cm nylon bags with porosity of 50 µm in a ratio of 20 g DM/cm² and incubated in duplicate in the rumen of a heifer at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours. The incubation residues were analyzed for NDF content and evaluated by a non-linear logistic model. The evaluation process of predicting the indigestible fraction of NDF was carried out through adjustment of linear regression models between predicted and observed values. There was a wide variation in the degradation parameters of NDF among byproducts. The degradation rate of NDF ranged from 0.0267 h-1 to 0.0971 h-1 for grape and West Indian cherry, respectively. The potentially digestible fraction of NDF ranged from 4.17 to 90.67%, respectively, for melon and coconut byproducts. The CNCPS equation was sensitive to predict the indigestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber of the byproducts. However, due to the high value of the mean squared error of prediction, such estimates are very variable; hence the most suitable would be estimation by biological methods.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do grau de compactação, da inclusão de aditivo absorvente e do emurchecimento da forragem na composição bromatológica de silagens de capim-tanzânia. O capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) foi colhido aos 60-65 dias de crescimento e ensilado em silos experimentais de PVC adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade individual de 8,5 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, composto de três tipos de silagens (testemunha, com 5% de polpa cítrica e com capim pré-emurchecido) e cinco graus de compactação (400, 500, 600, 700 ou 900 kg/m³). O aumento da densidade reduziu o pH e o N-amoniacal, de modo que, em maiores densidades, o pH se manteve na faixa ideal. A inclusão de polpa cítrica e o pré-emurchecimento do capim reduziram as perdas por efluente e gás das silagens. Com o aumento da densidade, a quantidade de efluente aumentou na silagem testemunha e diminuiu nas silagens com polpa cítrica. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different compaction degrees, inclusion of absorbent additive and wilting on the chemical composition of tanzania grass silages. The experiment was conducted using tanzania grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) harvested at 60-65 days of growth. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos fitted with Bunsen type valves, with capacity for about 4 and 8 kg each. The treatments consisted of three types of silages (control, 5% of citric pulp and pre-wilted) with five compaction degrees (400, 500, 600, 700 and 900 kg/m³). The experimental design was random blocks, with four replicates. Citric pulp and pre-wilting increased the dry matter content of tanzania grass silages. The increased density resulted into decreases in the pH values and amoniacal-N contents; the greatest densities resulted in pH values within the ideal range. The presence of citric pulp and the pre-wilting practice reduce the losses by effluent and gas relative to the control. As the density increased, the amount of effluent increased in the control silage and decreased in silages with citric pulp.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de polpa cítrica na dieta sobre as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Santa Inês distribuídos em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, os quais foram definidos pelo peso e pela idade dos animais no início do experimento de desempenho. Os animais foram alimentados com rações contendo 90% de concentrado (milho moído e/ou polpa cítrica, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10% de feno de coastcross (Cynodon spp). A polpa cítrica foi adicionada nos níveis 23,7; 46,1 e 68,4% da MS em substituição a 33, 67 e 100% do milho. Ao atingirem 33 kg de peso corporal médio, os cordeiros foram abatidos para avaliação dos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, da perda por resfriamento, da espessura de gordura de cobertura, da área de olho-de-lombo, dos rendimentos de cortes e da proporção músculo:gordura:osso, além da capacidade de retenção de água, da cor, da perda de peso por cozimento e do pH da carne. As características de carcaça não foram alteradas pela substituição parcial ou total do milho por polpa cítrica. Entretanto, a substituição total do milho por polpa cítrica reduziu em 12,4% o teor de gordura na carcaça. The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing citrus pulp on carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Thirty-two Santa Ines lambs were distributed in a complete randomized block design according to body weight and age at the beginning of the performance trial. Lambs were fed diets containing 90% concentrate (corn and/or citrus pulp, soybean meal and minerals) and 10% coastcross hay (Cynodon spp). Citrus pulp was added at levels 23.7, 46.1 and 68.4% in the DM, replacing corn by 33, 67 or 100%. When lambs reached 33 kg of BW, they were slaughtered to determine dressing percentage, cold carcass yield, chilling loss, backfat thickness, loin eye area, cut yields and proportion of muscle, fat and bone. In addition, water holding capacity, color, cooking loss and pH were determined. Carcass characteristics were not altered by feeding citrus pulp to the lambs. However, the total replacement of corn by citrus pulp decreased carcass fat content by 12.4%.

The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of feeding corn with different particle size (coarse vs. fine grinding) plus dried citrus pulp or soyhulls on performance of lactating dairy cows. Thirty-two mid lactating Holstein cows averaging 160 days in milk were randomly assigned to eight replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Animals were fed total mixed rations containing corn silage as the sole forage source. Each experimental period lasted 14 days with 10 days for diet adaptation and four days for data and sample collection. The treatments were: MFPC - finely ground corn + citrus pulp; MGPC - coarsely ground corn + citrus pulp; MGPC - finely ground corn + soyhulls; and MGCS - coarsely ground corn + soyhulls. There were no effect of diet on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk contents of fat, protein and lactose, and plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen and glucose. Significant interactions between corn particle size and byproduct source (dried citrus pulp or soyhulls) were observed for fat corrected milk, and yields of milk fat and milk total solids. It can be concluded that cow performance was not significantly affected by corn processing and byproduct source in the present study.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:18:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de duas fontes de carboidratos solúveis, amido ou fibra solúvel em detergente neutro, associadas a dois níveis de FDN, sobre o desempenho de novilhos de corte em confinamento na fase de terminação. Foram confinados 24 novilhos ½ Angus x ½ Nelore, com idade inicial de 18 meses e peso de 329 ± 24 kg. As quatro dietas foram calculadas para fornecer nível de PB suficiente para ganho diário de 1,4 kg. As dietas foram constituídas de 40% de silagem de milho e 60% de concentrado (grão de milho, polpa cítrica e casca de soja), além de minerais e uréia, arranjados de forma a promover nível alto de amido associado a dois níveis de FDN (48 e 39%) ou nível alto de fibra solúvel associado aos dois níveis de FDN. Observou-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta com maior nível de polpa cítrica (45%), com baixos teores de fibra solúvel e FDN, apresentaram consumo reduzido e, conseqüentemente, baixo ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Entre as dietas com maior nível de FDN, verificou-se que os animais alimentados com fibra solúvel apresentaram o melhor ganho de peso (1,435 vs 1,262 kg/dia) e a melhor conversão alimentar (7,494 vs 8,651), mas não diferiram daqueles do tratamento com amido e baixo teor de FDN. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível alterar o desempenho animal manipulando a fonte e a concentração dos carboidratos solúveis. The effects of starch or neutral detergent soluble fiber associated with two dietary levels of NDF on performance of finishing feedlot beef steers were evaluated in this trial. Twenty-four crossbred ½ Angus x ½ Nellore steers averaging 18 months of age and 329 ± 24 kg of body weight at the beginning of the trial were used. All four diets were balanced to supply the crude protein requirements for a daily weight gain of approximately 1.4 kg. Diets were composed (dry matter basis) by 40% of corn silage and 60% of concentrate containing corn grain, citrus pulp, soybean hulls, salt, and urea. Animals fed the diet containing high soluble fiber and low NDF content had the lowest dry matter intake (DMI), which compromised weight gain and feed conversion. This decrease in DMI can be explained by the greater level of citrus pulp (45%) compared to the other three diets. Between diets with higher NDF levels, that with soluble fiber resulted in greater daily weight gain (1.435 vs. 1.262 kg) and better feed conversion ratio (7.494 vs. 8.651) than the diet with starch. However, no significant difference was observed between the diet with high NDF and soluble fiber compared to that with low NDF and starch for these same variables. In conclusion, animal performance can be improved by changing the source and content of dietary soluble carbohydrates. Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Araguatins UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP FCAV UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP FCAV

A cultura de alfafa (19% de MS), cortada com 10% dos perfilhos floridos, foi armazenada em 32 silos experimentais confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos portando válvulas. A alfafa picada foi homogeneizada e submetida a quatro tratamentos com ou sem a adição de 12% de polpa cítrica peletizada: controle, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amilase, hemicelulase e celulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium e Lactobacillus sp.) e Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium e L. plantarum). Os silos foram abertos após 133 dias para análise da composição bromatológica, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia. Apenas na silagem não adicionada de polpa, todos os inoculantes aumentaram os teores de etanol, o Pioneer aumentou o pH e o Silobac reduziu a concentração de ácido acético. Independentemente da presença de polpa, todos os inoculantes diminuíram as perdas de MS; o Silobac e o Pioneer diminuíram a DIVMS e o Pioneer aumentou o N-NH3. Os inoculantes não afetaram as concentrações dos ácidos lático, propiônico ou butírico, bem como a estabilidade aeróbia, independentemente da presença da polpa. De forma geral, a adição de polpa cítrica melhorou a composição bromatológica e o perfil fermentativo, mas piorou as perdas e a estabilidade aeróbia. Alfalfa crop (19.0% DM) was harvested at 35 days and ensiled in 32 plastic experimental silos, consisting of four treatments with or without 12% of citrus pulp: control, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amylase, hemicellulase, and cellulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium, and Lactobacillus sp.) and Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium and L. plantarum). Silos were opened 133 days after ensiling and sampled to proceed chemical analyses. Only in citrus pulp-free silage, all inoculants increased ethanol concentration; Pioneer increased pH, and Silobac decreased acetic acid concentration, compared to control. Independently of citrus pulp, all inoculants decreased DM losses; Silobacâ and Pioneer decreased IVDDM, and Pioneer increased NH3-N. Inoculants did not influence lactic, propionic and butyric acids concentrations and neither aerobic stability. Citrus pulp improved chemical composition and fermentation characteristics, but worsened DM losses and aerobic stability.

Doze vacas lactantes, da raça Holandesa puras e mestiças, com peso vivo médio inicial de 550 kg, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação à dieta e onze dias para coleta de dados. A alimentação fornecida foi para atender os requerimentos de vacas não gestantes produzindo 20 kg de leite com 4,5% de gordura, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição (0, 33, 67, 100%) do milho pela polpa cítrica em dietas completas no consumo dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite e variação de peso. Não houve diferença para produção de leite sem e com correção para 4% de gordura, teor de gordura, proteína, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado. O consumo dos nutrientes não foi afetado pela dieta, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo, mostrando decréscimo de 0,47 g para cada 1% de substituição do fubá de milho pela polpa cítrica adicionada na dieta. A polpa cítrica pode substituir até 100% do milho em dietas completas para vacas produzindo em média 20 kg de leite. Twelve milking cows, purebred and crossbred Holstein, with average weight of 550 kg, were allotted to three Latin Squares 4 x 4. The experimental period lasted 18 days, seven days for the adaptation to the diets and eleven days for data collection. Feeding was supplied to met the requirements of non pregnant cows, producing 20 kg of milk with 4.5% fat. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of replacement (0, 33, 67, 100%) of corn meal by pelleted citrus pulp in the concentrate in total mixed rations, on nutrients intake, milk production and composition and weight variation. The treatments did not differ for milk production and composition with or without correction for 4% fat, fat content, protein, total dry extract, degreased dry extract. The nutrients intake was not affected by level of replacement of corn meal by citrus pulp. However, the ether extract intake decreased 0.47 g for each 1% increase in citrus pulp in the concentrate. The citrus pulp can replace up to 100% of the corn in total mixed rations for lactating cows.

Doze vacas lactantes, da raça Holandesa puras e mestiças, com peso vivo médio inicial de 550 kg, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, sete de dias adaptação à dieta e onze dias para coleta de dados. A alimentação fornecida foi para atender os requerimentos de vacas não gestantes produzindo 20 kg de leite com 4,5% de gordura, com o objetivo de avaliar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, esta em dois períodos de coleta de amostra de fezes (2 e 5 dias) e no líquido ruminal o pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes não foi afetada pelo período de coleta, como também não houve diferença na digestibilidade para os níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para pH e nitrogênio amoniacal do rúmen para os diferentes tratamentos. A polpa cítrica pode substituir até 100% do milho em dietas completas para vacas produzindo em média 20 kg de leite sem alterar os parâmetros ruminais (pH e amônia amoniacal). Twelve milking cows, purebred and crossbred Holstein, with average weight of 550 kg, were allotted to three Latin Squares 4 x 4. The experimental period lasted 18 days, seven days for the adaptation to the diets and eleven days for data collection. Feeding was supplied to met the requirements of non pregnant cows, producing 20 kg of milk with 4.5% fat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of replacement (0, 33, 67, 100%) of corn meal by pelleted citrus pulp in the concentrate in total mixed rations, observing the parameters digestibility of the nutrients, and ruminal pH and ammonia concentration during two periods of collection of sample of feces (2 and 5 days). The digestibility of the nutrients were not affected by the collection period, as well as there were not differences in the digestibility for the increasing levels of citrus pulp. No significant differences were observed for pH and ammonia concentration of the rumen for the different treatments. The citrus pulp can substitute up to 100% of the corn in complete diets for cows producing 20 kg of milk in average, without effect on the ruminal parameters (pH and ammonia concentration).