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Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do grau de compactação, da inclusão de aditivo absorvente e do emurchecimento da forragem na composição bromatológica de silagens de capim-tanzânia. O capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) foi colhido aos 60-65 dias de crescimento e ensilado em silos experimentais de PVC adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade individual de 8,5 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, composto de três tipos de silagens (testemunha, com 5% de polpa cítrica e com capim pré-emurchecido) e cinco graus de compactação (400, 500, 600, 700 ou 900 kg/m³). O aumento da densidade reduziu o pH e o N-amoniacal, de modo que, em maiores densidades, o pH se manteve na faixa ideal. A inclusão de polpa cítrica e o pré-emurchecimento do capim reduziram as perdas por efluente e gás das silagens. Com o aumento da densidade, a quantidade de efluente aumentou na silagem testemunha e diminuiu nas silagens com polpa cítrica. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different compaction degrees, inclusion of absorbent additive and wilting on the chemical composition of tanzania grass silages. The experiment was conducted using tanzania grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) harvested at 60-65 days of growth. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos fitted with Bunsen type valves, with capacity for about 4 and 8 kg each. The treatments consisted of three types of silages (control, 5% of citric pulp and pre-wilted) with five compaction degrees (400, 500, 600, 700 and 900 kg/m³). The experimental design was random blocks, with four replicates. Citric pulp and pre-wilting increased the dry matter content of tanzania grass silages. The increased density resulted into decreases in the pH values and amoniacal-N contents; the greatest densities resulted in pH values within the ideal range. The presence of citric pulp and the pre-wilting practice reduce the losses by effluent and gas relative to the control. As the density increased, the amount of effluent increased in the control silage and decreased in silages with citric pulp.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de polpa cítrica na dieta sobre as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Santa Inês distribuídos em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, os quais foram definidos pelo peso e pela idade dos animais no início do experimento de desempenho. Os animais foram alimentados com rações contendo 90% de concentrado (milho moído e/ou polpa cítrica, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10% de feno de coastcross (Cynodon spp). A polpa cítrica foi adicionada nos níveis 23,7; 46,1 e 68,4% da MS em substituição a 33, 67 e 100% do milho. Ao atingirem 33 kg de peso corporal médio, os cordeiros foram abatidos para avaliação dos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, da perda por resfriamento, da espessura de gordura de cobertura, da área de olho-de-lombo, dos rendimentos de cortes e da proporção músculo:gordura:osso, além da capacidade de retenção de água, da cor, da perda de peso por cozimento e do pH da carne. As características de carcaça não foram alteradas pela substituição parcial ou total do milho por polpa cítrica. Entretanto, a substituição total do milho por polpa cítrica reduziu em 12,4% o teor de gordura na carcaça. The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing citrus pulp on carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Thirty-two Santa Ines lambs were distributed in a complete randomized block design according to body weight and age at the beginning of the performance trial. Lambs were fed diets containing 90% concentrate (corn and/or citrus pulp, soybean meal and minerals) and 10% coastcross hay (Cynodon spp). Citrus pulp was added at levels 23.7, 46.1 and 68.4% in the DM, replacing corn by 33, 67 or 100%. When lambs reached 33 kg of BW, they were slaughtered to determine dressing percentage, cold carcass yield, chilling loss, backfat thickness, loin eye area, cut yields and proportion of muscle, fat and bone. In addition, water holding capacity, color, cooking loss and pH were determined. Carcass characteristics were not altered by feeding citrus pulp to the lambs. However, the total replacement of corn by citrus pulp decreased carcass fat content by 12.4%.

A cultura de alfafa (19% de MS), cortada com 10% dos perfilhos floridos, foi armazenada em 32 silos experimentais confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos portando válvulas. A alfafa picada foi homogeneizada e submetida a quatro tratamentos com ou sem a adição de 12% de polpa cítrica peletizada: controle, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amilase, hemicelulase e celulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium e Lactobacillus sp.) e Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium e L. plantarum). Os silos foram abertos após 133 dias para análise da composição bromatológica, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia. Apenas na silagem não adicionada de polpa, todos os inoculantes aumentaram os teores de etanol, o Pioneer aumentou o pH e o Silobac reduziu a concentração de ácido acético. Independentemente da presença de polpa, todos os inoculantes diminuíram as perdas de MS; o Silobac e o Pioneer diminuíram a DIVMS e o Pioneer aumentou o N-NH3. Os inoculantes não afetaram as concentrações dos ácidos lático, propiônico ou butírico, bem como a estabilidade aeróbia, independentemente da presença da polpa. De forma geral, a adição de polpa cítrica melhorou a composição bromatológica e o perfil fermentativo, mas piorou as perdas e a estabilidade aeróbia. Alfalfa crop (19.0% DM) was harvested at 35 days and ensiled in 32 plastic experimental silos, consisting of four treatments with or without 12% of citrus pulp: control, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amylase, hemicellulase, and cellulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium, and Lactobacillus sp.) and Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium and L. plantarum). Silos were opened 133 days after ensiling and sampled to proceed chemical analyses. Only in citrus pulp-free silage, all inoculants increased ethanol concentration; Pioneer increased pH, and Silobac decreased acetic acid concentration, compared to control. Independently of citrus pulp, all inoculants decreased DM losses; Silobacâ and Pioneer decreased IVDDM, and Pioneer increased NH3-N. Inoculants did not influence lactic, propionic and butyric acids concentrations and neither aerobic stability. Citrus pulp improved chemical composition and fermentation characteristics, but worsened DM losses and aerobic stability.

Doze vacas lactantes, da raça Holandesa puras e mestiças, com peso vivo médio inicial de 550 kg, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação à dieta e onze dias para coleta de dados. A alimentação fornecida foi para atender os requerimentos de vacas não gestantes produzindo 20 kg de leite com 4,5% de gordura, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição (0, 33, 67, 100%) do milho pela polpa cítrica em dietas completas no consumo dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite e variação de peso. Não houve diferença para produção de leite sem e com correção para 4% de gordura, teor de gordura, proteína, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado. O consumo dos nutrientes não foi afetado pela dieta, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo, mostrando decréscimo de 0,47 g para cada 1% de substituição do fubá de milho pela polpa cítrica adicionada na dieta. A polpa cítrica pode substituir até 100% do milho em dietas completas para vacas produzindo em média 20 kg de leite. Twelve milking cows, purebred and crossbred Holstein, with average weight of 550 kg, were allotted to three Latin Squares 4 x 4. The experimental period lasted 18 days, seven days for the adaptation to the diets and eleven days for data collection. Feeding was supplied to met the requirements of non pregnant cows, producing 20 kg of milk with 4.5% fat. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of replacement (0, 33, 67, 100%) of corn meal by pelleted citrus pulp in the concentrate in total mixed rations, on nutrients intake, milk production and composition and weight variation. The treatments did not differ for milk production and composition with or without correction for 4% fat, fat content, protein, total dry extract, degreased dry extract. The nutrients intake was not affected by level of replacement of corn meal by citrus pulp. However, the ether extract intake decreased 0.47 g for each 1% increase in citrus pulp in the concentrate. The citrus pulp can replace up to 100% of the corn in total mixed rations for lactating cows.

O ensaio foi conduzido para estudar a ocorrência de dormência, expressa em porcentagem de sementes duras, em sementes de 17 linhagens e três cultivares comerciais de guandu. As sementes foram colhidas, debulhadas manualmente e armazenadas em sacos de papel em câmara a 10°C e 25% de umidade relativa do ar. Foram efetuados testes de germinação com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, após um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, nove, doze e quinze meses de armazenamento. Não foram observadas sementes duras em oito linhagens e nas três cultivares comerciais. Entre essas, a linhagem g58-95 apresentou baixo potencial de armazenamento, com queda rápida de seu poder germinativo. Por outro lado, a linhagem g184-97 apresentou baixo percentual de sementes duras, as linhagens g3-94, g6-95 e g124-95 praticamente mantiveram os percentuais iniciais, as g101-97, g127-97, g154-95 e g167-97 apresentaram aumento no percentual de sementes duras até nove meses de armazenamento e a g27-94, constante decréscimo. Concluiu-se que genótipos de guandu variam amplamente entre si quanto ao caráter 'produção de sementes duras' e que a germinação de suas sementes pode depender de escarificação química ou mecânica. An experiment was conducted to study seed dormancy (hardseedness) in seventeen genetic lines and three commercial cultivars of pigeon pea. The seeds were hand-harvested, hand-shelled, and stored in paper bags in a chamber with 10°C and 25% air relative humidity. Four replications of fifty-seed samples were put to germinate in moist paper rolls at 30ºC, after one, two, three, four, five, nine, twelve and fifteen months of storage. No hard seeds were observed among eight lines and the three commercial cultivars. Among these lines, g58-95 had low storage potential, quickly losing germination percentage. Line g184-97 presented low percentage of hard seeds, lines g3-94, g6-95 and g124-95 kept the initial percentage, g101-97, g127-97, g154-95 and g167-97 had the percentage of hard seeds increased from one to nine months of storage, and percentage of hard seeds of line g27-94, constantly decreased. It was concluded that pigeon pea genotypes vary amply among themselves in terms of hard seed production potential and that satisfactory germination of its seed lots may require artificial chemical or mechanical scarification.

Tannins represent one of the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in plants. Tannins exist as a multitude of chemically unique entities in nature. The most commonly occurring tannins are typically divided into two major classes based on chemical structure: hydrolysable (HT) or condensed tannins (CT). Hydrolysable tannins are esters of gallic or ellagic acid linked to a polyol core, typically glucose. Condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins consist of flavan-3-ol subunits linked together to form oligomers and polymers. Both HT and CT are defined as astringent, medium-to-high-molecular weight polyphenolic compounds that characteristically bind and precipitate soluble proteins. The objective of this paper was to present recent advances in CT-ruminant interactions, the limitations associated with understanding and using CT in ruminant animal production, and future needs for research to further advance our knowledge of the role of CT in optimization of ruminant animal production. Condensed tannins pose some anti-nutritional problems to ruminants due to their astringent property that reduces feed intake and, consequently, animal performance. Ruminants can, however, tolerate CT by slowly adapting the ruminal microbes to the toxic effects of CT and by releasing CT-binding salivary proteins. The protein-binding ability of CT has some benefits to the ruminant due to complexes formed with essential amino acids, preventing their degradation in the rumen, but releasing them in the lower gut for absorption by the animal. Recent data have suggested increased N retention when CT is given to growing animals. There are potential benefits of using CT and HT for anthelmintic purposes due to their ability to inhibit egg hatching and larval motility of gastrointestinal nematode parasites, especially in small ruminants. Condensed tannins also bind to minerals (Al, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn). Although studies with ruminants have been contradictory, it has been reported that because the CT-metal ion complex is stable over a wide pH range, CT may reduce the bioavailability of minerals. Methane mitigation by feeding CT might be the most impactful benefit for ruminant production. Many empirical equations have been developed to predict ruminal methane emissions, but very few have included CT. Future research should focus on the improvement of methodology to assess CT biological activity, interaction with other plant-specialized metabolites, and associated physiological and nutritional impacts on ruminants.

Scientific advances in nutrition of dairy cows in the first decade of the XXI century have occurred. This paper will review the most common additives fed to transition cows to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders, which will be discussed separately with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, utilization and efficiency. Some changes on protein in the 2001 updated version of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle to reach better precision of the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of lactating cows also are presented. Many of the advances in nutritional manipulation of milk fat concentration are related to fat supplementation, then the relationship between the action of rumen microbes on biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and milk fatty acid profile are discussed as well as the main factors identified as being responsible for milk fat depression.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) S1516-35982010000500030.pdf.txt: 30012 bytes, checksum: 12f0e8b970c31dfebf2be3610d3d8b17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:28:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) S1516-35982010000500030.pdf.txt: 30012 bytes, checksum: 12f0e8b970c31dfebf2be3610d3d8b17 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) S1516-35982010000500030.pdf.txt: 30012 bytes, checksum: 12f0e8b970c31dfebf2be3610d3d8b17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Objetivou-se estudar as medidas de espessura de gordura subcutânea, área de olho-de-lombo, comprimento e profundidade máxima do músculo longissimus dorsi entre a 13ª costela e 1ª vértebra lombar determinadas por ultrassom e na carcaça de ovelhas de descarte abatidas em diferentes estágios fisiológicos, além dos coeficientes de correlação e determinação das medidas avaliadas. Utilizaram-se 21 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, distribuídas nos seguintes grupos: OL = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em lactação com seus cordeiros e foram abatidas um dia após o desmame dos mesmos; OSC = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em lactação com seus cordeiros e mais 30 dias sem os cordeiros e foram posteriormente abatidas; e ONP = ovelhas que não pariram durante o ano. O comprimento máximo do músculo longissimus dorsi obtido pelo ultrassom e na carcaça dos animais não foi influenciado pelos estágios fisiológicos. O ultrassom pode ser utilizado com razoável precisão para estimar características da carcaça de ovelhas de descarte, em particular a espessura de gordura subcutânea. The objective of this paper was to study subcutaneous fat thickness, loin eye area, length and maximum depth measurements of the longissimus dorsi muscle between the 13th rib and the 1st lumbar vertebra determined by ultrasound examination and on the carcass of discard ewes slaughtered in different physiological stages, besides correlation and determination coefficients among measurements evaluated. It was used 21 Santa Ines ewes distributed into the following treatments: EL = ewes that remained in lactation for 60 days with their respective lambs and slaughtered one day after weaning; EWL = ewes that remained in lactation for 60 days with their respective lambs one more period of approximately 30 days without the lambs and slaughtered afterwards; and ENC = ewes that did not give birth during the year. Results showed that the maximum length of the longissimus dorsi muscle obtained by ultrasound examination and on carcass of the animals were not influenced by the experimental treatments. The ultrasound can be used with reasonable accuracy to estimate characteristics of the carcass of discard ewes, particularly the thickness of subcutaneous fat. Unesp FEIS DBZ Unesp FMVZ DPA Unesp FCAV Unesp FEIS DBZ Unesp FMVZ DPA Unesp FCAV