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This study aimed at estimating the kinetic parameters of ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fiber from agroindustrial byproducts of cashew (pulp and cashew nut), passion fruit, melon, pineapple, West Indian cherry, grape, annatto and coconut through the gravimetric technique of nylon bag, and to evaluate the prediction equation of indigestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber suggested by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Samples of feed crushed to 2 mm were placed in 7 × 14 cm nylon bags with porosity of 50 µm in a ratio of 20 g DM/cm² and incubated in duplicate in the rumen of a heifer at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours. The incubation residues were analyzed for NDF content and evaluated by a non-linear logistic model. The evaluation process of predicting the indigestible fraction of NDF was carried out through adjustment of linear regression models between predicted and observed values. There was a wide variation in the degradation parameters of NDF among byproducts. The degradation rate of NDF ranged from 0.0267 h-1 to 0.0971 h-1 for grape and West Indian cherry, respectively. The potentially digestible fraction of NDF ranged from 4.17 to 90.67%, respectively, for melon and coconut byproducts. The CNCPS equation was sensitive to predict the indigestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber of the byproducts. However, due to the high value of the mean squared error of prediction, such estimates are very variable; hence the most suitable would be estimation by biological methods.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do grau de compactação, da inclusão de aditivo absorvente e do emurchecimento da forragem na composição bromatológica de silagens de capim-tanzânia. O capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) foi colhido aos 60-65 dias de crescimento e ensilado em silos experimentais de PVC adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade individual de 8,5 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, composto de três tipos de silagens (testemunha, com 5% de polpa cítrica e com capim pré-emurchecido) e cinco graus de compactação (400, 500, 600, 700 ou 900 kg/m³). O aumento da densidade reduziu o pH e o N-amoniacal, de modo que, em maiores densidades, o pH se manteve na faixa ideal. A inclusão de polpa cítrica e o pré-emurchecimento do capim reduziram as perdas por efluente e gás das silagens. Com o aumento da densidade, a quantidade de efluente aumentou na silagem testemunha e diminuiu nas silagens com polpa cítrica. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different compaction degrees, inclusion of absorbent additive and wilting on the chemical composition of tanzania grass silages. The experiment was conducted using tanzania grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) harvested at 60-65 days of growth. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos fitted with Bunsen type valves, with capacity for about 4 and 8 kg each. The treatments consisted of three types of silages (control, 5% of citric pulp and pre-wilted) with five compaction degrees (400, 500, 600, 700 and 900 kg/m³). The experimental design was random blocks, with four replicates. Citric pulp and pre-wilting increased the dry matter content of tanzania grass silages. The increased density resulted into decreases in the pH values and amoniacal-N contents; the greatest densities resulted in pH values within the ideal range. The presence of citric pulp and the pre-wilting practice reduce the losses by effluent and gas relative to the control. As the density increased, the amount of effluent increased in the control silage and decreased in silages with citric pulp.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de polpa cítrica na dieta sobre as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Santa Inês distribuídos em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, os quais foram definidos pelo peso e pela idade dos animais no início do experimento de desempenho. Os animais foram alimentados com rações contendo 90% de concentrado (milho moído e/ou polpa cítrica, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10% de feno de coastcross (Cynodon spp). A polpa cítrica foi adicionada nos níveis 23,7; 46,1 e 68,4% da MS em substituição a 33, 67 e 100% do milho. Ao atingirem 33 kg de peso corporal médio, os cordeiros foram abatidos para avaliação dos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, da perda por resfriamento, da espessura de gordura de cobertura, da área de olho-de-lombo, dos rendimentos de cortes e da proporção músculo:gordura:osso, além da capacidade de retenção de água, da cor, da perda de peso por cozimento e do pH da carne. As características de carcaça não foram alteradas pela substituição parcial ou total do milho por polpa cítrica. Entretanto, a substituição total do milho por polpa cítrica reduziu em 12,4% o teor de gordura na carcaça. The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing citrus pulp on carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Thirty-two Santa Ines lambs were distributed in a complete randomized block design according to body weight and age at the beginning of the performance trial. Lambs were fed diets containing 90% concentrate (corn and/or citrus pulp, soybean meal and minerals) and 10% coastcross hay (Cynodon spp). Citrus pulp was added at levels 23.7, 46.1 and 68.4% in the DM, replacing corn by 33, 67 or 100%. When lambs reached 33 kg of BW, they were slaughtered to determine dressing percentage, cold carcass yield, chilling loss, backfat thickness, loin eye area, cut yields and proportion of muscle, fat and bone. In addition, water holding capacity, color, cooking loss and pH were determined. Carcass characteristics were not altered by feeding citrus pulp to the lambs. However, the total replacement of corn by citrus pulp decreased carcass fat content by 12.4%.

The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of feeding corn with different particle size (coarse vs. fine grinding) plus dried citrus pulp or soyhulls on performance of lactating dairy cows. Thirty-two mid lactating Holstein cows averaging 160 days in milk were randomly assigned to eight replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Animals were fed total mixed rations containing corn silage as the sole forage source. Each experimental period lasted 14 days with 10 days for diet adaptation and four days for data and sample collection. The treatments were: MFPC - finely ground corn + citrus pulp; MGPC - coarsely ground corn + citrus pulp; MGPC - finely ground corn + soyhulls; and MGCS - coarsely ground corn + soyhulls. There were no effect of diet on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk contents of fat, protein and lactose, and plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen and glucose. Significant interactions between corn particle size and byproduct source (dried citrus pulp or soyhulls) were observed for fat corrected milk, and yields of milk fat and milk total solids. It can be concluded that cow performance was not significantly affected by corn processing and byproduct source in the present study.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:18:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700031.pdf: 49774 bytes, checksum: dce22b4fc1a13966dbe8bdf5b637f67a (MD5) S1516-35982006000700031.pdf.txt: 41321 bytes, checksum: 7308a9f63f52d456f8a7baf9f572b90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de duas fontes de carboidratos solúveis, amido ou fibra solúvel em detergente neutro, associadas a dois níveis de FDN, sobre o desempenho de novilhos de corte em confinamento na fase de terminação. Foram confinados 24 novilhos ½ Angus x ½ Nelore, com idade inicial de 18 meses e peso de 329 ± 24 kg. As quatro dietas foram calculadas para fornecer nível de PB suficiente para ganho diário de 1,4 kg. As dietas foram constituídas de 40% de silagem de milho e 60% de concentrado (grão de milho, polpa cítrica e casca de soja), além de minerais e uréia, arranjados de forma a promover nível alto de amido associado a dois níveis de FDN (48 e 39%) ou nível alto de fibra solúvel associado aos dois níveis de FDN. Observou-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta com maior nível de polpa cítrica (45%), com baixos teores de fibra solúvel e FDN, apresentaram consumo reduzido e, conseqüentemente, baixo ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Entre as dietas com maior nível de FDN, verificou-se que os animais alimentados com fibra solúvel apresentaram o melhor ganho de peso (1,435 vs 1,262 kg/dia) e a melhor conversão alimentar (7,494 vs 8,651), mas não diferiram daqueles do tratamento com amido e baixo teor de FDN. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível alterar o desempenho animal manipulando a fonte e a concentração dos carboidratos solúveis. The effects of starch or neutral detergent soluble fiber associated with two dietary levels of NDF on performance of finishing feedlot beef steers were evaluated in this trial. Twenty-four crossbred ½ Angus x ½ Nellore steers averaging 18 months of age and 329 ± 24 kg of body weight at the beginning of the trial were used. All four diets were balanced to supply the crude protein requirements for a daily weight gain of approximately 1.4 kg. Diets were composed (dry matter basis) by 40% of corn silage and 60% of concentrate containing corn grain, citrus pulp, soybean hulls, salt, and urea. Animals fed the diet containing high soluble fiber and low NDF content had the lowest dry matter intake (DMI), which compromised weight gain and feed conversion. This decrease in DMI can be explained by the greater level of citrus pulp (45%) compared to the other three diets. Between diets with higher NDF levels, that with soluble fiber resulted in greater daily weight gain (1.435 vs. 1.262 kg) and better feed conversion ratio (7.494 vs. 8.651) than the diet with starch. However, no significant difference was observed between the diet with high NDF and soluble fiber compared to that with low NDF and starch for these same variables. In conclusion, animal performance can be improved by changing the source and content of dietary soluble carbohydrates. Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Araguatins UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP FCAV UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP FCAV

A cultura de alfafa (19% de MS), cortada com 10% dos perfilhos floridos, foi armazenada em 32 silos experimentais confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos portando válvulas. A alfafa picada foi homogeneizada e submetida a quatro tratamentos com ou sem a adição de 12% de polpa cítrica peletizada: controle, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amilase, hemicelulase e celulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium e Lactobacillus sp.) e Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium e L. plantarum). Os silos foram abertos após 133 dias para análise da composição bromatológica, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia. Apenas na silagem não adicionada de polpa, todos os inoculantes aumentaram os teores de etanol, o Pioneer aumentou o pH e o Silobac reduziu a concentração de ácido acético. Independentemente da presença de polpa, todos os inoculantes diminuíram as perdas de MS; o Silobac e o Pioneer diminuíram a DIVMS e o Pioneer aumentou o N-NH3. Os inoculantes não afetaram as concentrações dos ácidos lático, propiônico ou butírico, bem como a estabilidade aeróbia, independentemente da presença da polpa. De forma geral, a adição de polpa cítrica melhorou a composição bromatológica e o perfil fermentativo, mas piorou as perdas e a estabilidade aeróbia. Alfalfa crop (19.0% DM) was harvested at 35 days and ensiled in 32 plastic experimental silos, consisting of four treatments with or without 12% of citrus pulp: control, Sil-All® (S. faecium, P. acidilactici, L. plantarum, amylase, hemicellulase, and cellulase), Silobac® (L. plantarum, S. faecium, and Lactobacillus sp.) and Pioneer 1174® (S. faecium and L. plantarum). Silos were opened 133 days after ensiling and sampled to proceed chemical analyses. Only in citrus pulp-free silage, all inoculants increased ethanol concentration; Pioneer increased pH, and Silobac decreased acetic acid concentration, compared to control. Independently of citrus pulp, all inoculants decreased DM losses; Silobacâ and Pioneer decreased IVDDM, and Pioneer increased NH3-N. Inoculants did not influence lactic, propionic and butyric acids concentrations and neither aerobic stability. Citrus pulp improved chemical composition and fermentation characteristics, but worsened DM losses and aerobic stability.

Doze vacas lactantes, da raça Holandesa puras e mestiças, com peso vivo médio inicial de 550 kg, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação à dieta e onze dias para coleta de dados. A alimentação fornecida foi para atender os requerimentos de vacas não gestantes produzindo 20 kg de leite com 4,5% de gordura, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição (0, 33, 67, 100%) do milho pela polpa cítrica em dietas completas no consumo dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite e variação de peso. Não houve diferença para produção de leite sem e com correção para 4% de gordura, teor de gordura, proteína, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado. O consumo dos nutrientes não foi afetado pela dieta, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo, mostrando decréscimo de 0,47 g para cada 1% de substituição do fubá de milho pela polpa cítrica adicionada na dieta. A polpa cítrica pode substituir até 100% do milho em dietas completas para vacas produzindo em média 20 kg de leite. Twelve milking cows, purebred and crossbred Holstein, with average weight of 550 kg, were allotted to three Latin Squares 4 x 4. The experimental period lasted 18 days, seven days for the adaptation to the diets and eleven days for data collection. Feeding was supplied to met the requirements of non pregnant cows, producing 20 kg of milk with 4.5% fat. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of replacement (0, 33, 67, 100%) of corn meal by pelleted citrus pulp in the concentrate in total mixed rations, on nutrients intake, milk production and composition and weight variation. The treatments did not differ for milk production and composition with or without correction for 4% fat, fat content, protein, total dry extract, degreased dry extract. The nutrients intake was not affected by level of replacement of corn meal by citrus pulp. However, the ether extract intake decreased 0.47 g for each 1% increase in citrus pulp in the concentrate. The citrus pulp can replace up to 100% of the corn in total mixed rations for lactating cows.

Doze vacas lactantes, da raça Holandesa puras e mestiças, com peso vivo médio inicial de 550 kg, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, sete de dias adaptação à dieta e onze dias para coleta de dados. A alimentação fornecida foi para atender os requerimentos de vacas não gestantes produzindo 20 kg de leite com 4,5% de gordura, com o objetivo de avaliar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, esta em dois períodos de coleta de amostra de fezes (2 e 5 dias) e no líquido ruminal o pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes não foi afetada pelo período de coleta, como também não houve diferença na digestibilidade para os níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para pH e nitrogênio amoniacal do rúmen para os diferentes tratamentos. A polpa cítrica pode substituir até 100% do milho em dietas completas para vacas produzindo em média 20 kg de leite sem alterar os parâmetros ruminais (pH e amônia amoniacal). Twelve milking cows, purebred and crossbred Holstein, with average weight of 550 kg, were allotted to three Latin Squares 4 x 4. The experimental period lasted 18 days, seven days for the adaptation to the diets and eleven days for data collection. Feeding was supplied to met the requirements of non pregnant cows, producing 20 kg of milk with 4.5% fat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of replacement (0, 33, 67, 100%) of corn meal by pelleted citrus pulp in the concentrate in total mixed rations, observing the parameters digestibility of the nutrients, and ruminal pH and ammonia concentration during two periods of collection of sample of feces (2 and 5 days). The digestibility of the nutrients were not affected by the collection period, as well as there were not differences in the digestibility for the increasing levels of citrus pulp. No significant differences were observed for pH and ammonia concentration of the rumen for the different treatments. The citrus pulp can substitute up to 100% of the corn in complete diets for cows producing 20 kg of milk in average, without effect on the ruminal parameters (pH and ammonia concentration).

O ensaio foi conduzido para estudar a ocorrência de dormência, expressa em porcentagem de sementes duras, em sementes de 17 linhagens e três cultivares comerciais de guandu. As sementes foram colhidas, debulhadas manualmente e armazenadas em sacos de papel em câmara a 10°C e 25% de umidade relativa do ar. Foram efetuados testes de germinação com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, após um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, nove, doze e quinze meses de armazenamento. Não foram observadas sementes duras em oito linhagens e nas três cultivares comerciais. Entre essas, a linhagem g58-95 apresentou baixo potencial de armazenamento, com queda rápida de seu poder germinativo. Por outro lado, a linhagem g184-97 apresentou baixo percentual de sementes duras, as linhagens g3-94, g6-95 e g124-95 praticamente mantiveram os percentuais iniciais, as g101-97, g127-97, g154-95 e g167-97 apresentaram aumento no percentual de sementes duras até nove meses de armazenamento e a g27-94, constante decréscimo. Concluiu-se que genótipos de guandu variam amplamente entre si quanto ao caráter 'produção de sementes duras' e que a germinação de suas sementes pode depender de escarificação química ou mecânica. An experiment was conducted to study seed dormancy (hardseedness) in seventeen genetic lines and three commercial cultivars of pigeon pea. The seeds were hand-harvested, hand-shelled, and stored in paper bags in a chamber with 10°C and 25% air relative humidity. Four replications of fifty-seed samples were put to germinate in moist paper rolls at 30ºC, after one, two, three, four, five, nine, twelve and fifteen months of storage. No hard seeds were observed among eight lines and the three commercial cultivars. Among these lines, g58-95 had low storage potential, quickly losing germination percentage. Line g184-97 presented low percentage of hard seeds, lines g3-94, g6-95 and g124-95 kept the initial percentage, g101-97, g127-97, g154-95 and g167-97 had the percentage of hard seeds increased from one to nine months of storage, and percentage of hard seeds of line g27-94, constantly decreased. It was concluded that pigeon pea genotypes vary amply among themselves in terms of hard seed production potential and that satisfactory germination of its seed lots may require artificial chemical or mechanical scarification.

Tannins represent one of the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in plants. Tannins exist as a multitude of chemically unique entities in nature. The most commonly occurring tannins are typically divided into two major classes based on chemical structure: hydrolysable (HT) or condensed tannins (CT). Hydrolysable tannins are esters of gallic or ellagic acid linked to a polyol core, typically glucose. Condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins consist of flavan-3-ol subunits linked together to form oligomers and polymers. Both HT and CT are defined as astringent, medium-to-high-molecular weight polyphenolic compounds that characteristically bind and precipitate soluble proteins. The objective of this paper was to present recent advances in CT-ruminant interactions, the limitations associated with understanding and using CT in ruminant animal production, and future needs for research to further advance our knowledge of the role of CT in optimization of ruminant animal production. Condensed tannins pose some anti-nutritional problems to ruminants due to their astringent property that reduces feed intake and, consequently, animal performance. Ruminants can, however, tolerate CT by slowly adapting the ruminal microbes to the toxic effects of CT and by releasing CT-binding salivary proteins. The protein-binding ability of CT has some benefits to the ruminant due to complexes formed with essential amino acids, preventing their degradation in the rumen, but releasing them in the lower gut for absorption by the animal. Recent data have suggested increased N retention when CT is given to growing animals. There are potential benefits of using CT and HT for anthelmintic purposes due to their ability to inhibit egg hatching and larval motility of gastrointestinal nematode parasites, especially in small ruminants. Condensed tannins also bind to minerals (Al, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn). Although studies with ruminants have been contradictory, it has been reported that because the CT-metal ion complex is stable over a wide pH range, CT may reduce the bioavailability of minerals. Methane mitigation by feeding CT might be the most impactful benefit for ruminant production. Many empirical equations have been developed to predict ruminal methane emissions, but very few have included CT. Future research should focus on the improvement of methodology to assess CT biological activity, interaction with other plant-specialized metabolites, and associated physiological and nutritional impacts on ruminants.

The objective of this paper was to analyze financial management practices in dairy production systems. More specifically, we sought to identify which milk producers adopt financial management practices. We conducted 55 semi-structured questionnaires in the Western Region of Paraná. The data were processed through descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis. The analysis of hierarchical clusters defined, based on variables related to financial management practices, two distinct groups. The first group included milk producers who do not adopt financial management practices (N = 49) and the second group described the milk producers who do adopt these practices (N = 6). We then used Common Factor Analysis, along with structural, technical, productive, and socioeconomic variables to define the three factors that best explained the variance between the clusters: factor 1 - structural; factor 2 - social; factor 3 - informational. Smaller dairy production systems, with lower production, managed by younger producers, and employing younger workers, are those adopting financial management practices. Therefore, the scarcity of resources is not a limiting factor in the adoption of financial management practices.

This study evaluated the correlation between measurements of rib-eye areas of sheep carcasses by traditional methods and those obtained by scanned images. Thirty pictures of the longissimus dorsi muscle of sheep carcasses were drawn on tracing paper and analyzed for muscle area (rib-eye) using four methods: scanned images, which utilizes the software DDA -Determinador Digital de Áreas (Digital Area Determiner); measurements "A" and "B" applied to the equation: (A/2 × B/2) × π; Planimeter method and rib-eye grid method. All rib-eye area figures were measured five times by each method, setting up a completely randomized experiment with four treatments and five replicates. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey test, Pearson correlation and linear regression by the SAS software. Easiness and difficulties perceived by the evaluators in the performance of each method were also recorded. The method of scanned images analyzed by the software DDA showed high correlation with the methods traditionally used, and can be considered feasible to determine carcass rib-eye area, with the advantage of being easy to operate, flexible, and economical.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982011001200024.pdf: 55584 bytes, checksum: ff5f64b65795ff9c1e4bdafc336a90ce (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982011001200024.pdf: 55584 bytes, checksum: ff5f64b65795ff9c1e4bdafc336a90ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982011001200024.pdf: 55584 bytes, checksum: ff5f64b65795ff9c1e4bdafc336a90ce (MD5) S1516-35982011001200024.pdf.txt: 36852 bytes, checksum: 39db4ccbd359f3611eda47c2348282a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:41:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982011001200024.pdf: 55584 bytes, checksum: ff5f64b65795ff9c1e4bdafc336a90ce (MD5) S1516-35982011001200024.pdf.txt: 36852 bytes, checksum: 39db4ccbd359f3611eda47c2348282a9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982011001200024.pdf: 55584 bytes, checksum: ff5f64b65795ff9c1e4bdafc336a90ce (MD5) S1516-35982011001200024.pdf.txt: 36852 bytes, checksum: 39db4ccbd359f3611eda47c2348282a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de predizer a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) de rações para coelhos em crescimento mediante equações baseadas no conceito de entidade nutritiva ideal. Foram usados 100 coelhos do Grupo Genético Botucatu, com 42 dias de idade. Testaram-se 16 rações contendo alimentos volumosos (papel, sabugo de milho, bagaço de cana ou maravalha de pínus), mais milho, farelo de soja, óleo de soja, caulim e sal comum. Os volumosos foram incluídos em quatro níveis, para se obter 22, 28, 34 ou 40% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e 16% de proteína bruta (PB). O experimento foi realizado em duas fases, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. Observou-se efeito linear positivo da FDN sobre o consumo de MS. As médias de digestibilidade da MS variaram entre 60,10 e 80,78%. Houve efeito linear negativo da FDN, bem como interação do teor de FDN × volumoso, sobre a digestibilidade aparente da MS. Ao contrário dos componentes fibrosos, a proteína bruta PB e o conteúdo celular comportaram-se como entidade nutritiva ideal. Para predizer a digestibilidade da MS, testaram-se três modelos e o melhor baseou-se no teor de conteúdo celular, com digestibilidade verdadeira fixada em 1; outro no teor de FDN, cuja digestibilidade foi predita mediante uma equação empírica; e o terceiro, na perda endógena de conteúdo celular, considerada proporcional ao consumo de MS. A principal dificuldade na formulação de modelos para predizer a digestibilidade aparente da MS em coelhos é estimar com precisão a digestibilidade da FDN e a perda endógena de conteúdo celular. É necessário avaliar em estudos futuros o uso de maiores níveis de fibra nas rações. Para rações com níveis de fibra situados na amplitude deste estudo, recomenda-se usar o modelo 3, que inclui, além da fibra em detergente neutro, a fibra em detergente ácido e a lignina. The experiment was conducted with the objective of predicting the dry matter (DM) digestibility of rations for growing rabbits, by means of equations based on the concept of ideal nutritive entity. One hundred 42-day-old rabbits from the Botucatu Genetic Group were used. Sixteen rations were tested, containing roughage (paper, corn cobs, sugarcane bagasse or pine shavings), plus corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, kaolin and common salt. Roughages were included at four levels, to obtain 22, 28, 34 or 40% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 16% crude protein (CP). The experiment was accomplished in two periods, in a randomized block design. Positive linear effect of NDF on DM intake was observed. The means of DM digestibility varied between 60.10 and 80.78%. There was a negative linear effect of NDF, as well as of the NDF content × roughage interaction on the DM apparent digestibility. Both CP and cell contents behaved as ideal nutritive entity, but the fibrous components did not. To predict DM digestibility, three models were tested; the best model was based on the cell contents, with true digestibility fixed at 1; another on the NDF content, whose digestibility was predicted by means of an empiric equation; and the third one on the endogenous loss of cell contents. The main difficulty in the formulation of models for apparent DM digestibility prediction is to estimate, with precision, NDF digestibility and cell contents endogenous loss. Future studies evaluating higher fiber levels in the diets are needed. For diets with fiber content within the range tested in the present study, model 3, which includes, besides neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin, is recommended. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Produção Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Produção Animal

Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar diferentes modelos de regressão aleatória, ajustados por meio de funções polinomiais de Legendre de diferentes ordens, para avaliar o que melhor se ajusta ao estudo genético da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de 26.835 e 27.447 observações, de 3.909 e 4.040 codornas de corte das linhagens UFV-1 e UFV-2. O peso corporal nas duas linhagens foi avaliado aos 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de idade. Ordens de ajuste das funções contínuas foram gradualmente aumentadas (ordens variando de 3 a 6) para determinação da ordem mínima necessária para descrever as estruturas de covariância em função do tempo nos modelos de regressão aleatória. A função polinomial de Legendre com as ordens 6 para efeito genético aditivo direto e 5 para efeito permanente de animal, para a linhagem UFV-1, e 6 para ambos efeitos aleatórios, para a linhagem UFV-2, deve ser utilizada na avaliação genética da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte em estudo. As herdabilidades estimadas indicam que ganhos genéticos podem ser obtidos como resposta à seleção para peso corporal nas duas linhagens. The objective of this paper was to compare different random regression models adjusted through Legendre polynomial functions of different orders to evaluate the one best adjusted to the genetic study of the meat quail growth curve. The data used in this study were from 26,835 and 27,447 observations from 3,909 and 4,040 meat quails of the UFV-1 and UFV-2 strain, respectively. The body weight of the two strain was evaluated on 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The orders of adjustment of the continuous functions were gradually increased (orders varying from 3 to 6), to determine the least necessary order to describe structure of covariance in function of time in the random regression models. Legendre polynomial functions of the 6th order for direct additive genetic effect and 5th order for permanent effect, for strain UFV-1 and 6 for both random effects for strain UFV-2 should be used in the genetic evaluation of the quail meat growth curve in study. The estimated heritability indicates which genetic traits can be obtained as a response to the physical body weight selection in two strain.

Scientific advances in nutrition of dairy cows in the first decade of the XXI century have occurred. This paper will review the most common additives fed to transition cows to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders, which will be discussed separately with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, utilization and efficiency. Some changes on protein in the 2001 updated version of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle to reach better precision of the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of lactating cows also are presented. Many of the advances in nutritional manipulation of milk fat concentration are related to fat supplementation, then the relationship between the action of rumen microbes on biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and milk fatty acid profile are discussed as well as the main factors identified as being responsible for milk fat depression.

This paper analyses some alternative technologies for the development of small rendering plants to small meat producers. It is considered that the replacement of the concept of "animal waste" by the "by-product or raw material for grease and rendering plants" concept can be amplified with some implementations in the production process, adding value to animal by-products to produce a greater recovery of these by-products, or even total use, eliminating waste and reducing the environmental impact of the activity and the risk of poor hygienic conditions.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) S1516-35982010000500030.pdf.txt: 30012 bytes, checksum: 12f0e8b970c31dfebf2be3610d3d8b17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:28:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) S1516-35982010000500030.pdf.txt: 30012 bytes, checksum: 12f0e8b970c31dfebf2be3610d3d8b17 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010000500030.pdf: 293253 bytes, checksum: 76dd9278263c711bbb33bd9b3460ccd2 (MD5) S1516-35982010000500030.pdf.txt: 30012 bytes, checksum: 12f0e8b970c31dfebf2be3610d3d8b17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Objetivou-se estudar as medidas de espessura de gordura subcutânea, área de olho-de-lombo, comprimento e profundidade máxima do músculo longissimus dorsi entre a 13ª costela e 1ª vértebra lombar determinadas por ultrassom e na carcaça de ovelhas de descarte abatidas em diferentes estágios fisiológicos, além dos coeficientes de correlação e determinação das medidas avaliadas. Utilizaram-se 21 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, distribuídas nos seguintes grupos: OL = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em lactação com seus cordeiros e foram abatidas um dia após o desmame dos mesmos; OSC = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em lactação com seus cordeiros e mais 30 dias sem os cordeiros e foram posteriormente abatidas; e ONP = ovelhas que não pariram durante o ano. O comprimento máximo do músculo longissimus dorsi obtido pelo ultrassom e na carcaça dos animais não foi influenciado pelos estágios fisiológicos. O ultrassom pode ser utilizado com razoável precisão para estimar características da carcaça de ovelhas de descarte, em particular a espessura de gordura subcutânea. The objective of this paper was to study subcutaneous fat thickness, loin eye area, length and maximum depth measurements of the longissimus dorsi muscle between the 13th rib and the 1st lumbar vertebra determined by ultrasound examination and on the carcass of discard ewes slaughtered in different physiological stages, besides correlation and determination coefficients among measurements evaluated. It was used 21 Santa Ines ewes distributed into the following treatments: EL = ewes that remained in lactation for 60 days with their respective lambs and slaughtered one day after weaning; EWL = ewes that remained in lactation for 60 days with their respective lambs one more period of approximately 30 days without the lambs and slaughtered afterwards; and ENC = ewes that did not give birth during the year. Results showed that the maximum length of the longissimus dorsi muscle obtained by ultrasound examination and on carcass of the animals were not influenced by the experimental treatments. The ultrasound can be used with reasonable accuracy to estimate characteristics of the carcass of discard ewes, particularly the thickness of subcutaneous fat. Unesp FEIS DBZ Unesp FMVZ DPA Unesp FCAV Unesp FEIS DBZ Unesp FMVZ DPA Unesp FCAV

O objetivo neste trabalho foi evidenciar a importância do custo de produção na pecuária de cria, descrevendo uma metodologia padronizada que consiga mensurar o custo de produção de bezerros de corte e, simultaneamente, validar o método em um sistema de produção. Dentro deste contexto, neste trabalho discute-se, inicialmente, a relevância da implantação da metodologia dos centros de custos como suporte à tomada de decisão, devido à necessidade de uma análise segmentada dos processos em sistemas de produção pecuários especializados na cria. As etapas para implantação deste método são descritas. Um sistema de produção, característico da Região Sul do Brasil, foi definido a partir de indicadores técnicos relatados em revisões bibliográficas. Foi simulada a aplicação desta metodologia no sistema em questão, no qual se visualizaram os custos de produção dos diferentes centros produtivos: touros, vacas de cria, recria das novilhas e desmame dos bezerros, possibilitando compreender o impacto de determinados processos e/ou tecnologias no sistema. Conseqüentemente, calcular o custo de produção de bezerros de corte a partir da utilização da metodologia dos centros de custos, mostrou-se factível de utilização em sistemas de produção baseados em pecuária de cria. The production cost in cow-calf was designed by a standard methodology that can be able to measure the production cost of calves and, simultaneously to validate the method in a production system. Within this context, the present paper discusses, initially, the relevance of the implementation of methodology in cost centers as a support decisionmaking, due to the need for a segmented analysis of the processes, specialized in cow-calf production systems. The stages for implementation of this method are described. A production system, typical of the Southern of Brazil, was defined from technical indicators reported in reviews. It was simulated the application of this methodology of the subjected system, where it was viewed the production costs of the different productive centers: bulls, cows, rearing of heifers and weaning of calves, enabling to understand the impact that determinates process and/or technologies bring on to the system. Consequently, to calculate the production cost of calves from the methodology based on the cost centers was feasible to be used in production systems based on cow-calf.