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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate and others factors related with the publication of free papers presented at a national orthopedic meeting. METHODS: Using virtual databases we reviewed the studies presented at the 2004 Brazilian Congress of Orthopedics and Traumatology that were published, as well as related factors such as institution, sub-specialty, year, level of evidence, results and comparison between abstract presented and published. RESULTS: There were 58 studies published from 267 presented (21.73%). Seven (12.1%) were published in international and 51 (87.9%) in national journals, mainly RBO (55%). The publication rate was higher in the year of the event and the following year (37.9%). The sub-specialties of spine and knee showed the best correlation between the numbers of papers presented and published (respectively 40.9% and 37.9%). Most of the studies were cohort (65%) and experimental studies have been 34.5%. There was a tendency to publish positive results or statistically significant. Three institutions were responsible for most of the publications (53.4%). Works with higher level of evidence showed the highest rate of publication. The abstract published was modified in 68.5% of the form the presentation. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents data that compromises the quality of scientific of the abstracts presented at orthopedic meeting: most have a lower level of evidence and nearly 80% are not published.

Abstract Objective Our purpose was to facilitate the simulation of preoperative correction to enable shared doctor-patient decision-making in individuals undergoing high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Methods A total of 22 patients underwent high tibial osteotomy using internal or external fixation devices for medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Preoperatively, assessment of deformity parameters and simulation of the corrective osteotomy was done in the presence of the patient, using Bone Ninja. Postoperatively, the patient's satisfaction level with the quality of explanation provided by the use of this software was assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-short (PSQ-18). A comparison of the correction obtained using paper cuttings and the simulation software was performed. Results All patients were satisfied with their role in the decision-making process. They showed a good understanding and comprehension of the proposed surgery. There was no statistically significant difference between simulated preoperative Medial Proximal Tibial Angle (MPTA) obtained by paper cuttings and software-assisted correction. The PSQ-18 mean score for communication was 4.24 (0.88), for technical quality it was 4.11 (0.59) and for general satisfaction it was 3.11 (0.68). Conclusion Bone Ninja is an effective, convenient, user-friendly and cost-effective deformity planning tool that supersedes the arduous traditional method of paper tracings and scissors.

Abstract Preoperative planning (PP) is critical to ensure a successful outcome in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Since it was first described thirty years ago, no modifications have been made to the original preoperative planning (OPP) technique, which was written by hand using pen and paper. We believe that the use of presentation software (such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, US) can ease, improve and update the OPP and complement three-dimensional PP. The objective of the present paper is to describe our method for PP using a presentation software (PS).

Abstract A review involving the six major international orthopedic journals has been published recently. It described the tools used for the evaluation of outcomes in the surgical treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. There are no studies that exhibit the main outcome tools for this disease in Brazil. The authors evaluated the outcomes of clinical studies involving anterior glenohumeral instability that were published in the last decade in the two leading Brazilian orthopedic journals, Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia and Acta Ortopédica Brasileira. A review of the literature was performed, including all clinical papers published between 2007 and 2016 describing at least one outcome measure before and after surgical intervention. The outcomes were range of motion, muscle strength, physical examination testing, patient satisfaction, return to sports, imaging, complications, and functional outcomes scores. Twelve studies evaluating the clinical outcomes of surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability were published. Ten studies (83%) were case series (level of evidence IV), 1 (8%) was a case-control study (III), and 1 was a retrospective cohort (III). On average, the number of outcomes assessed was 3.7 ± 1.7. The Rowe score was used in 9 studies (75%), and 7 (58%) papers used the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) scale. Ten studies (83%) reported complications related to surgical treatment. The complication most frequently reported was recurrent instability, found in 9 studies (75%). The national studies have preferentially used scales considered to be of low reliability, responsiveness, and internal consistency.

Abstract Articular cartilage injuries are common and lead to early joint deterioration and osteoarthritis. Articular cartilage repair techniques aim at forming a cartilaginous neo-tissue to support the articular load and prevent progressive degeneration. Several techniques are available for this purpose, such as microfracture and chondrocyte transplantation. However, the procedural outcome is often fibrocartilage, which does not have the same mechanical resistance as cartilaginous tissue. Procedures with autologous osteochondral graft have a morbidity risk, and tissue availability limits their use. As such, larger lesions undergo osteochondral transplantation using fresh or frozen grafts. New techniques using minced or particulate cartilage fragments or mesenchymal stem cells are promising. This paper aims to update the procedures for treating chondral lesions of the knee.

Abstract Lumbar facet syndrome stands out as a significant cause for the increasing prevalence of back pain complaints. Alternatives such as radiofrequency (RF) ablation may be a therapeutic option to relieve the chronic pain associated with this condition. It is critical to analyze the effectiveness of lumbar facet syndrome treatment using the traditional RF ablation technique and the relief generated by it in chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study is a systematic review using the following inclusion criteria: title, observational studies, clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, clinical studies, and publications over the last 17 years (from 2005 to 2022). The exclusion criteria included papers addressing other themes and review articles. The databases used for data collection included the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Lilacs, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (Virtual Health Library in Portuguese). The query used the following terms: facet, pain, lumbar, and radiofrequency. The application of these filters yielded 142 studies, and 12 were included in this review. Most studies indicated that the traditional RF ablation technique was beneficial in relieving CLBP refractory to conservative treatment.

Abstract Surgical correction is an effective treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with deformities over 45°. In the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, Sistema Único de Saúde), if the surgical procedure is indicated, the patients are placed on a waiting list and wait until the treatment can be performed. An extended waiting period can be harmful due to worsening symptoms and increased treatment costs. Additionally, it has negative effects on the mental health and quality of life of these patients. This paper is a systematic review protocol to answer the following question: “What is the impact of the delayed surgical correction of AIS considering costs and quality of life?” Collecting health status information is the first step to improve high complex public health actions. Future publications from this protocol may serve as a subsidy to point out potential priority criteria to enhance the global health of AIS patients and the management of Brazilian public health financial resources.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se houve melhora da qualidade e quantidade dos ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) publicados na literatura nacional, por meio da aplicação de escores estruturados e validados na literatura. MÉTODOS: Selecionamos, eletronicamente, todas as edições das duas revistas indexadas e de escopo ortopédico da literatura nacional - Acta Ortopédica Brasileira (AOB) e Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (RBO), no período de 2000-2009, todos os ECRs publicados. Dois pesquisadores independentes identificaram e pontuaram os ECRs de acordo com as escalas de JADAD e do grupo de trauma musculoesquelético da Colaboração Cochrane. Os trabalhos selecionados foram agrupados: 1) pelo período de publicação 2000-2004 e 2004-2009; 2) periódico de publicação (AOB e RBO). RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois trabalhos foram selecionados, sendo10 da AOB e 12 da RBO. Não houve diferença entre o número proporcional (nECR/nTotal de trabalhos publicados) de ensaios clínicos randomizados publicados nos dois periódicos (p = 0,458), assim como para os escores de JADAD (p = 0,722) e da Colaboração Cochrane (p = 0,630). CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade e quantidade relativa de ensaios clínicos randomizados nos periódicos analisados foi semelhante. Há uma tendência de melhora da qualidade; contudo, não há acréscimo da quantidade de ensaios clínicos randomizados nos dois períodos analisados.OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there was an improvement in the quality and quantity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in nationally published journals through an application of standardized and validated scores. METHODS: We selected, electronically, for the period of 2000-2009, all RCTs published at the two indexed, orthopaedics-focused Brazilian journals: Acta Ortopédica Brasileira(AOB) and Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (RBO). These RCTs were identified and scored by two independent researchers according to the JADAD scale and Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group score. The selected studies were grouped: 1) by publication period (2000-2004 and 2004-2009); 2) journal of publication (AOB and RBO). RESULTS: Twenty-two papers were selected, 10 from AOB and 12 from RBO. No statistically significant differences were found between the proportion (nRCT/nTotal of published papers) of RCTs published in the two journals (p=0.458), as well as for the JADAD score (p=0.722) and Cochrane score (p=0.630). CONCLUSION: The quality and quantity of randomized clinical trials in the period was similar in the journals analyzed. There is a trend of improvement of quality, yet there was no increase in the number of randomized clinical trials in both periods.

Há grande variação com relação à ortografia de termos científicos em artigos e textos médicos. Visando padronizar esses termos, vigora atualmente a Terminologia Anatômica, publicada pelo Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology e traduzida pela Comissão de Terminologia Anatômica da Sociedade Brasileira de Anatomia. Este trabalho correlaciona alguns termos usados na linguagem cotidiana com aqueles preconizados pela Nomina Anatomica. Também, discute a necessidade e a possibilidade de essa lista vir a tornar-se referência para escrita de assuntos ortopédicos.The spelling of scientific words in medical papers and textbooks varies a lot. In order to standardize such spelling, we now have the Anatomical Terminology, published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, which has been translated into Portuguese by the Terminology Committee of the Brazilian Anatomy Society. This paper correlates some of the words used in daily language to some of the words suggested by the Nomina Anatomica. The paper also discusses the need and the prospects of having such list become the reference of the spelling in orthopedic matters.

OBJETIVO: Identificar, a partir de revisão sistematizada da literatura, estudos clínicos com nível de evidência 1 comparando substitutos ósseos ao enxerto autólogo. MÉTODOS: Realizada busca eletrônica de artigos que comparassem o uso do enxerto ósseo autólogo a um substituto ósseo em cirurgia ortopédica. Foram considerados como critérios de elegibilidade ensaios clínicos prospectivos e randomizados em cirurgia ortopédica, com casuística mínima de 20 pacientes, envolvendo ossos da coluna vertebral ou esqueleto apendicular, publicados entre janeiro de 1990 e janeiro de 2006. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 22 trabalhos, todos em língua inglesa, dos quais cinco compararam enxerto autólogo ao homólogo, sete envolveram uso de proteína morfogenética do tipo 2 (BMP-2), em três foi avaliada a proteína morfogenética do tipo 7 (BMP- 7) e sete utilizaram biocerâmicas, como hidroxiapatita, fosfato tricálcio e sulfato de cálcio. Os resultados mais sugestivos da equivalência com o enxerto autólogo se deram nos trabalhos com BMP-2 em cirurgia da coluna vertebral, embora diversos questionamentos possam ser feitos em relação a estes e aos demais estudos analisados, referentes a métodos e possíveis conflitos de interesses. CONCLUSÃO: Existem poucos estudos com alto nível de evidência que demonstrem a aplicabilidade clínica dos substitutos ósseos atualmente existentes.OBJECTIVE: Based on a systematic literature review, to identify studies with level of evidence 1 to compare bone graft substitutes to autologous bone grafts. METHODS: An electronic survey of papers comparing the use of autologous bone graft and a bone graft substitute in orthopedic surgery was performed. Inclusion criteria considered were prospective and randomized clinical trials in orthopedic surgery, with a minimum of 20 patients, involving spine or appendicular skeleton bones, published between January 1990 and January 2006. RESULTS: 22 papers were identified, all of them written in the English language, five of which compared autologous to homologous grafting, seven involving the use of type 2 morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), three evaluating type 7 morphogenetic protein (BMP-7), and seven using biological ceramic, such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and calcium sulfate. Results that most suggested equivalence with autologous grafting were found in the papers with BMP-2 in spine surgery, although several objections may be raised regarding theses and the other papers reviewed, relating to method and possible conflict of interest. CONCLUSION: There are not many papers with high level of evidence to show the clinical applicability of existing bone substitutes.

O presente trabalho visa responder às questões expostas no título. Desde 1980, a indicação cirúrgica no tratamento da lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) é um consenso e, hoje, a disseminação da técnica artroscópica, uma realidade, inclusive nos meios acadêmicos. Por esse motivo, a terapêutica indicada para tratar a lesão ligamentar mais comum do joelho, a lesão do LCA, passou a ser a reconstrução isolada desse ligamento, deixando-se então de considerá-la dentro do conceito das instabilidades decorrentes do trauma rotacional. Foi realizada revisão de publicações sobre o tratamento da lesão do LCA: artigos históricos, artigos publicados na Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia nos últimos sete anos e 13 artigos na literatura internacional, selecionados a partir da sua qualidade metodológica. Acrescentou-se um estudo de coorte da casuística da reconstrução do LCA dos próprios autores. Na maioria dos trabalhos nacionais revistos, a indicação de tratamento cirúrgico é peremptória e os detalhes clínicos da constatação dessa lesão, aguda e crônica, são dados, unicamente, pela positividade dos testes, da gaveta anterior, Lachman e jerk test ou pivot shif, sem a avaliação dos ligamentos periféricos ou a própria constatação do tipo de instabilidade e a quantificação dos seus componentes. Nos 13 trabalhos internacionais, observou-se que o tratamento conservador do LCA é uma opção considerada, principalmente pelos resultados apresentados por pacientes assim conduzidos. No estudo da casuística própria, verificou-se que, dentre os pacientes operados, um número significativo de joelhos (55), correspondente a 6,2% do total, apareceu com nova lesão antes do segundo ano; esses eram justamente aqueles que haviam sido operados somente do LCA, apesar de ter apresentado testes positivos de instabilidade rotacional de moderada magnitude. Pode afirmar-se, assim, que é possível tratar conservadoramente a lesão do LCA e, que, portanto, o tratamento cirúrgico não é imperativo e, ainda, que esse, quando indicado, deverá ser planejado, considerando-se o grau de frouxidão decorrente da lesão dos ligamentos periféricos.The purpose of this paper is to answer the questions made in the title of the paper. Surgical indication for the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion has been a consensus since 1980, and today the widespread use of the arthroscopic technique is a reality, even in academic circles. For this reason, the therapy indicated to treat the most common ligament lesion of the knee ACL lesion has been the isolated reconstruction of the ligament, and the condition was no longer considered within the context of instabilities resulting from rotational trauma. A review of the literature dealing with ACL lesion treatment was carried out: historical papers, papers published in the Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia in the last seven years, and 13 papers from the international literature selected based on the quality of their method. A cohort study in the ACL reconstruction series of the authors was also included in the review. In most of the Brazilian papers reviewed, indication of surgical treatment is peremptory, and the clinical verification of the lesion, whether acute or chronic, is made just by the positive results of anterior drawer, Lachman, and jerk tests, or the pivot shift, without evaluating peripheral ligaments, the type of instability, and the quantification of components; in the 13 international papers, the authors observed that conservative ACL treatment is an option to be considered, in particular in view of the results presented by patients so treated. In their own series, the authors found that among patients operated on, a significant number of knees (55), corresponding to 6.2% of the total, presented a new lesion before the second year, and those were exactly the cases that had been operated on just for the ACL, in spite the positive, moderate magnitude results in rotational instability tests. A statement can be made that it is possible to treat an ACL lesion with conservative methods, and therefore surgical treatment is not mandatory, and, further, that when indicated, surgery must be planned considering the degree of ligament looseness resulting from the peripheral ligaments.

Abstract Objective The present paper aims to identify the profile of compliance to thromboembolism drug prophylaxis in patients undergoing knee or hip arthroplasty at a public hospital. Methods This is a prospective cohort study, carried out from August 2017 to September 2018, with adult patients who were followed-up from admission until the postoperative period. The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, consisting of eight items, was applied. Compliance was quantified according to the sum of all correct answers as high (8 points), medium (6 to < 8 points), and low compliance (< 6 points). For the present study, subjects with high compliance were referred as highly compliant, whereas those with medium to low compliance were referred as partially compliant. Results The compliance analysis showed that 73.0% of the patients were highly compliant and 27.0% were partially compliant to thromboprophylaxis. The anticoagulant prescribed at hospital discharge was rivaroxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor. Compliance was greater in patients who did not require reinforcement in prophylaxis guidance during follow-up; these subjects reported good and excellent acceptance of prophylaxis, although they were on multiple medications at discharge. Conclusion The data analysis allowed us to conclude that the factors that most influenced compliance were the levels of understanding and acceptance of prophylaxis by the patients, the amount of medication used per day by the subject, the cost of the anticoagulant agent, and its potential to cause adverse reactions.

Abstract Objectives The present paper aims to (1) verify the incidence and volume of blood transfusion among patients undergoing unilateral cemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a single Brazilian reference center; (2) identify pre and perioperative variables to determine subjects with higher risk (i.e., predictive factors) for blood transfusion within 48 hours following surgery; (3) estimate the risk of blood transfusion during the first 48 hours after the procedure. Methods The initial sample consisted of all patients undergoing TKA from August 2010 to August 2013. After applying the exclusion criteria, 234 patients aged 30 to 83 years old and diagnosed with primary or secondary osteoarthritis due to rheumatoid arthritis remained in the study. Results Preoperative hemoglobin levels ≤12.3 g/dL and ischemia time ≥87 minutes were independent predictors for post-TKA blood transfusion, with a relative risk of 2.48 and 1.78, respectively. Approximately half of the TKA patients (51.3%) presenting these two variables required a blood transfusion. Conclusion The incidence of post-TKA blood transfusion was 33.7%. On average, each transfused patient received 480 mL of packed red blood cells. Preoperative hemoglobin levels ≤12.3 g/dL (p < 0.001) and ischemia time ≥87 minutes (p < 0.047) were independent predictors for blood transfusion in TKA using a pneumatic cuff, with a relative risk of 2.48 and 1.78, respectively. Age, gender, diagnosis, or body mass index were not considered independent predictors for the need for blood transfusion upto 48 hours after the procedure.

Abstract Bone and soft tissue sarcomas consist of a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin that can affect patients from any age. The precise staging of these lesions determines the best therapeutic strategies and prognosis estimates. Two staging systems are the most frequently used: the system proposed by the University of Florida group, led by Dr. William F. Enneking (1980) and adopted by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS), and the system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (1977), currently in its 8th edition (2017). This paper updates the reader on the staging of bone and soft tissue sarcomas affecting the musculoskeletal system.

Abstract Adverse reactions to vaccine injections are usually mild and incredibly rare in nature, but multiple cases of shoulder events including bursitis, generalized pain or decreased range of motion have been reported following routine vaccine administrations. These events are known as Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration or SIRVA. A systematic review of literature was performed to identify all published accounts of SIRVA. Twenty-seven papers reporting one or more accounts of SIRVA were identified. The most common vaccination involved was the Influenza vaccine. The most common symptoms were pain that began in 48 hours or less and loss of shoulder range of motion. The most common treatment modalities were physical therapy, corticosteroid injections and anti-inflammatory medication; but in some patients, surgery was required. Regardless of intervention, the vast majority of outcomes demonstrated improved pain and functional except in the occasions of nerve injury. The etiology of SIRVA injuries has multiple possibilities including needle length, mechanical injury from needle overpenetration and the possibility of an immune inflammatory response from the vaccine components, but a unique definitive test or quantifiably result does not yet exist.

Abstract Massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator-cuff tears are debilitating lesions that usually require surgical treatment. Even though there is no consensus regarding the best surgical technique, tendinous transfers around the shoulder are the most commonly performed procedures. The latissimus dorsi tendon remains the most commonly used, but different modifications to the original technique have been shown to minimize complications and to improve functional results and satisfaction. Other techniques, such as the transfer of the lower trapezius tendon, are promising and should be considered, especially for patients with isolated loss of external rotation. The present paper is a literary review regarding tendon transfers for irreparable posterosuperior rotator-cuff tears.

Abstract Objective The present paper evaluates the resuming of physical activities by young, active patients who practiced some sport modality and underwent a high tibial osteotomy (HTO) using the opening wedge technique. Methods A total of 12 patients submitted to HTO using the opening wedge technique were prospectively analyzed. All patients were not playing sports at that time. Pre- and postoperative Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, visual analog scale for pain and performance level were compared. The average follow-up time was of 12 months. Results One patient resumed sporting activities at a performance level significantly lower compared to the preoperative level, while eight patients returned at a slightly below level, two returned at the same level and one patient returned at a higher level in comparison with the preoperative period. Conclusion For isolated medial osteoarthrosis treatment, HTO using the opening wedge technique has favorable clinical and functional results, allowing patients to resume their sporting activities.

Abstract Objective The present paper aims to evaluate the quality of a mobile phone application (app) designed to guide patients after shoulder surgical procedures. Methods A free and easily accessible app was developed to help patients at home. Patients were monitored for app use and adaptation before physical therapy started. At the end of 6 weeks, a qualitative questionnaire was employed to determine the usability of the app. Results In total, 97% of the respondents reported that the app was easy to download, the exercises were readily understood, and they would recommend the app. Ninety-three percent of the participants agreed that the app made them feel a greater degree of participation in the treatment of their illness, while 90% considered the app self-explanatory. Conclusion The virtual platform helps the patients to understand the treatment, aiding the medical prescription of postoperative exercises to be performed at home.

Abstract Objective The present paper aims to evaluate the therapeutic planning for trigger finger by Brazilian orthopedists. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a population composed of participants from the 2018 Brazilian Congress on Orthopedics and Traumatology (CBOT-2018, in the Portuguese acronym), who answered a questionnaire about the conduct adopted for trigger finger diagnosis and treatment. Results A total of 243 participants were analyzed, with an average age of 37.46 years old; most participants were male (88%), with at least 1 year of experience (55.6%) and from Southeast Brazil (68.3%). Questionnaire analysis revealed a consensus on the following issues: diagnosis based on physical examination alone (73.3%), use of the Quinnell classification modified by Green (58.4%), initial nonsurgical treatment (91.4%), infiltration of steroids combined with an anesthetic agent (61.7%), nonsurgical treatment time ranging from 1 to 3 months (52.3%), surgical treatment using the open approach (84.4%), mainly the transverse open approach (51%), triggering recurrence as the main nonsurgical complication (58%), and open surgery success in > 90% of the cases (63%), with healing intercurrences (54%) as the main complication. There was no consensus on the remaining variables. Orthopedists with different practicing times disagree on treatment duration (p = 0.013) and on the complication rate of open surgery (p = 0.010). Conclusions Brazilian orthopedists prefer to diagnose trigger finger with physical examination alone, to classify it according to the Quinnell method modified by Green, to institute an initial nonsurgical treatment, to perform infiltrations with steroids and local anesthetic agents, to sustain the nonsurgical treatment for 1 to 3 months, and to perform the surgical treatment using a transverse open approach; in addition, they state that the main nonsurgical complication was triggering recurrence, and report open surgery success in > 90% of the cases, with healing intercurrences as the main complication.

Abstract Populational aging increases the incidence of musculoskeletal degenerative processes, such as adult scoliosis (AS). Adult scoliosis is defined as a spinal deformity in the coronal plane with a Cobb angle > 10º. Adult scoliosis may be iatrogenic or result from a degenerative process (scoliosis de novo) or a pre-existing scoliosis. Adult scoliosis is a potentially limiting condition that affects a heterogeneous group of patients. Clinical treatment proved to be ineffective and surgery is often indicated. The present paper reviews AS pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, in addition to surgical indications and the main techniques currently used.

Abstract Objective The present paper aims to evaluate the influences of individual characteristics in radiographic magnification and to identify the most accurate method for radiographic calibration. Methods During radiographical exam of 50 patients with hip prosthesis, anthropometric data was collected and 4 spherical metal markers with 25 mm diameters were positioned: at the greater trochanter level and lateral to it, over the pubic symphysis, between the thighs at the greater trochanter level, and over the exam table. Since the prosthesis head is the best internal radiographic marker for hip arthroplasty, it was our calibration parameter. Two examiners measured the markers' image for further analysis. Results The sample consisted of 50 participants, 19 of whom were male. A difference in pubic symphysis magnification was found. Other individual characteristics (weight, height and body mass index) had weak correlation. The higher accuracy of the markers was at the greater trochanter, between 68.4 and 78.9%, visualized in only19 radiographs. The marker positioned between the thighs was visualized in all radiographs, with an accuracy ranging from 30 to 46%. Conclusions Of all individual characteristics, only gender influences magnification at the pubic symphysis. We suggest the use of two spherical markers: at the greater trochanter, due the best accuracy, and between the thighs, considered the best positioning for better visibility.

Abstract The arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common surgery performed by the orthopedic surgeons willing to restore the knee stability of physically active patients. Despite the fact that it is usually an uneventful procedure, surgeons must always look for better post-operative results; in this scenario, the arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament without a tourniquet is a promising alternative. The aim of the present paper is to share with other orthopedic surgeons around the world our experience with this procedure and some technical tips that may be helpful.

Within the context of elbow-level trauma, fractures with a coronal line at the distal extremity of the humerus are rare and result from indirect axial trauma with the arm extended. These are difficult-to-treat intra-articular fractures, since they require stable anatomical reduction in order to maintain joint congruence and diminish complications such as stiffness. This paper reports a case that occurred in a young man who suffered a fall from a ladder that resulted in a Bryan and Morrey type IV intra-articular fracture of the humerus. The injury was treated surgically by means of an anterior access, using osteosynthesis with two Herbert screws that were inserted from anterior to posterior.

This paper presents the main surgical techniques applied in the treatment of anterior recurrent shoulder dislocation, aiming the achievement of the normality of articulate movements. This was obtained by combining distinct surgical procedures, which allowed the recovery of a complete functional capacity of the shoulder, without jeopardizing the normality of movement, something that has not been recorded in the case of the tense sutures of the surgical procedures of Putti-Platt, Bankart, Latarjet, Dickson-O'Dell and others.The careful review of the methods applied supports the conclusion that recurrent shoulder dislocation can be cured, since cure has been obtained in 97% of the treated cases. However, some degree of limitation in the shoulder movement has been observed in most of the treated cases.Our main goal was to achieve a complete shoulder functional recovery, by treating simultaneously all of the anatomical–pathological lesions, without considering the so-called essential lesions.The period of post-operatory immobilization only last for the healing of soft parts; this takes place in a position of neutral shoulder rotation, since the use of vascular bone graft eliminates the need for long time immobilization, due to the shoulder stabilization provided by rigid fixation of the coracoid at the glenoid edge, as in the Latarjet's technique.Our procedure, used since 1959, comprises the association of several techniques, which has permitted shoulder healing without movement limitation. That was because of the tension reduction in the sutures of the subescapularis, capsule, and coracobraquialis muscles.

The pelvic ring fractures comprise 2 -8% of all skeletal injuries. As the incidence rises to 25% in polytrauma and represents a negative prognostic factor with regard to morbidity and mortality of patients, we sought with this work to establish the profile of these, compared to an alteration in the profile of patients with pelvic ring fractures in recent decades. To this end, we evaluated the epidemiological profile, mechanism of injury and types of fractures. By reviewing the literature indexed in the databases related to the theme, 20 papers were selected that contained the requirements for the study. For the period between January 1987 and December 1999 (first decade), and another period in January 2000 and December 2010 (second decade), data were analyzed by Mann -Whitney test. The ratings Tile, Young and Burgess AO were adequate to permit their categorization. The research in each decade was homogeneous. At first the lesions were more prevalent in men with 62.5% with a tendency to reverse this pattern given the increase of women in the second decade (p = 0.286). The average age in the first decade was 39.3 years, an increase in the second (p = 0.068). The most prevalent mechanisms of trauma were related to traffic in both periods as well as fractures classified as type A (p = 0.203 and p = 0.457, respectively), having mortality rates decreased (p = 0.396). We conclude that there was a tendency to increase in the average age of patients (p = 0.068); however the increasing involvement of women (p = 0.286) and decreased mortality (p = 0.396) were not significant.

Objective: This paper has the purpose to analyze prospectively the treatment results in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis resistant to conservative treatment who underwent extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). Methods: We evaluated 30 patients (36 feet); 16 (53.3%) patients were male and 14 (47.7%) female with mean age of 48.7 y.o., varying from 33 to 78 y.o.; 16 (53.3%) present the problem on the left side, 14 (46.7%) on the right ones and 6 (20%) bilateral; the symptomatology varied from 6 to 60 months, with the average of 13.58 months. These patients were submitted to a weekly ESWT session for 4 consecutive weeks. We measured the plantar fascia thickness millimeters with ultrasound and we applied American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale for ankle and hindfoot, and Roles & Maudsley scales in pre ESWT, after one, three and six months after and decrease in the plantar fascia thickness by the ultrasound (p = 0.011) along the different moments studied. Results: We observed improvement of the evaluated criteria (p < 0.001) and plantar fascia thickness by ultrasound (p = 0.011) at different time points studied. Conclusion: The ESWT can be considered an important tool in the primary or adjuvant treatment of the chronic plantar fasciitis when associated with conventional therapies. This methodology is safe, non-invasive and provides precocious rehabilitation and return to regular activities considering the results of the statistical analysis. This resource provides decrease in the thickness of the plantar fascia.

Objective: This paper performs a dimensional analysis of different total hip arthroplasty polyethylenes, cemented and non-cemented, Brazilian made and imported. Methods: It was considered acetabular components with 50 mm for the 28 mm femoral heads. Dimensional analysis was performed on a 3D coordinate Carl-Zeiss robotic device. Polyethylene thickness and its external measurements (maximum diameter and diameter for the femoral head) were measured. Results: The minimum thickness of the polyethylene was guaranteed on all tested components. The thickness of cemented acetabular varied from 19.185 mm to 25.358 mm, while the thickness of the non-cemented acetabular varied from 12.451 mm to 19.232 mm. The thickness was 27.96% lower in non-cemented acetabular components. With respect to the polyethylene acetabular cavity that receives the femoral head, all internal diameters exhibit at least 28 mm. In relation to the maximum outer diameter of the polyethylene, only one cemented acetabular component reached 50 mm in diameter. Conclusions: There are large differences in measurements between brands and models analyzed. Cementless acetabular components have the smaller thickness. The diameters of non-cemented acetabular were also lower than those cemented at the expense of their need to insert into the metal-back.

The Louisville VCA (Vascularized Composite Allograft) Program is one of the largest hand transplant programs in the world. During my hand surgery fellowship at the Christine M. Kleinert Institute, the team performed the eighth hand transplant on the seventh recipient in Louisville. The Louisville VCA Program has done 9 hand transplants in 8 recipients with one bilateral case. Among these are the first 5 hand transplant cases in the United States. The first case was done in 1999 and has the World's longest follow-up. The seventh case was performed in a 36-year-old male on July 10, 2011. The result achieved so far can be considered excellent with a very good patient satisfaction. There is a large multidisciplinary team involved in such procedures with all members playing a crucial role for the achievement of the best result possible. The present paper focuses on the surgical procedure for the seventh recipient, which was unique due to the level of amputation of the recipient's hand, with preservation of nerve to the thumb.

OBJECTIVE: Profile analysis of articles from scientific journals is rare in our country. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of publications of the Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (RBO), to specify the designs of the studies and their level of evidence. METHODS: All articles published in RBO from January 2006 to December 2010 were classified according to the design of the study. The clinical studies were further stratified according to the level of evidence, in agreement with the norm of the journal. The studies classified as randomized and controlled clinical trials (RCTs) had their quality assessed by the system proposed by Jadad. RESULTS: In this period, there were 376 articles published in RBO. Clinical studies represented most of the papers, with 60.64% of the total. Case series represented 61.4% of the clinical studies. Thirteen RCTs were published, accounting for 3.46% of the total, and 5.7% of the clinical studies. The analysis of the quality of the RCTs showed that 5 (38.46%) were considered high quality, while 8 (61.54%) were of low quality. Among the studies in which the level of evidence does not apply (non-clinical), non-systematic reviews (46 articles) and basic research (40 articles) have prevailed, representing 12.23% and 10.64% respectively of the total. CONCLUSIONS: Case series were the most prevalent (37.23%) studies published in RBO between 2006 and 2010, while RCTs accounted for 3.46% of the articles. The majority of RCTs (61.54%) were considered low quality, and only 1.32% of the clinical studies were classified as level I evidence.

OBJETIVO: Medir o volume ocupado pelos dispositivos de fixação interna mais difundidos para o tratamento das fraturas de colo femoral, usando como aproximação os primeiros 30, 40 e 50mm de cada parafuso. O estudo visa observar qual desses implantes causa menor agressão óssea. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados cinco modelos de parafusos canulados e quatro modelos de parafusos deslizantes (DHS) encontrados no mercado nacional através de diferença de volume por deslocamento de água. RESULTADOS: A fixação com dois parafusos canulados apresentou volume significativamente menor do que com DHS nas inserções de 30, 40 e 50mm (p=0,01, 0,012 e 0,013, respectivamente), a fixação com três parafusos não apresentou significância estatística (p=0,123, 0,08 e 0,381, respectivamente) e a fixação com quatro parafusos canulados apresenta volumes maiores que o DHS (p=0,072, 0,161 e 0,033). CONCLUSÕES: A fixação da cabeça femoral com dois parafusos canulados ocupa menor volume quando comparada ao DHS com diferença estatisticamente significativa. A maioria das outras combinações de parafusos não atingiram significância estatística, apesar de a fixação com quatro parafusos canulados apresentar, em média, volumes maiores que o ocupado pelo DHS.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to measure the volume occupied by the most widely used internal fixation devices for treating femoral neck fractures, using the first 30, 40 and 50 mm of insertion of each screw as an approximation. The study aimed to observe which of these implants caused least bone aggression. METHODS: Five types of cannulated screws and four types of dy namic hip screws (DHS) available on the Brazilian market were evaluated in terms of volume differences through water displace ment. RESULTS: Fixation with two cannulated screws presented significantly less volume than shown by DHS, for insertions of 30, 40 and 50 mm (p=0.01, 0.012 and 0.013, respectively), fixa tion with three screws did not show any statistically significant difference (p= 0.123, 0.08 and 0.381, respectively) and fixa tion with four cannulated screws presented larger volumes than shown by DHS (p=0.072, 0.161 and 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Fixa tion of the femoral neck with two cannulated screws occupied less volume than DHS, with a statistically significant difference. The majority of screw combinations did not reach statistical significance, although fixation with four cannulated screws pre sented larger volumes on average than those occupied by DHS.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma atualização da estenose degenerativa da coluna lombar, patologia esta frequente nos pacientes acima de 65 anos. A anamnese e o exame físico devem ser precisos, pois muitas vezes a radiografia fornece apenas sinais indiretos, sendo necessária a realização de ressonância magnética na persistência dos sintomas. O tratamento da estenose lombar é bastante controverso. Entretanto, parece haver um benefício do tratamento cirúrgico sobre o conservador, trazendo melhoras dos sintomas e da função por um período de até dois anos,This paper presents an update on degenerative stenosis of the lumbar spine, which is a common pathological condition among patients over the age of 65 years. The anamnesis and physical examination need to be precise, since radiography often only provides indirect signs. Magnetic resonance imaging is necessary if the symptoms persist. The treatment for lumbar stenosis is a matter of controversy. However, there seems to be some benefit from surgical treatment rather than conservative treatment, such that surgery brings improvements in symptoms and functions for a period of up to two years.

O presente trabalho abrange uma revisão da literatura sobre a pseudoartrose do escafoide em esqueleto imaturo, considerando-se sua epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento, bem como suas controvérsias. O conhecimento do assunto permite que os pacientes sejam imediatamente tratados da forma mais adequada. A pseudoartrose do escafoide em pacientes esqueleticamente imaturos é uma condição rara sendo decorrente de erro ou falta do diagnóstico da fratura. Assim, um exame clínico e radiográfico cuidadoso deve ser realizado para confirmar ou descartar o diagnóstico. Vários métodos de tratamento são relatados e apresentam bons resultados, como tratamento conservador com gesso, enxerto ósseo sem osteossíntese, enxerto ósseo com fios de Kirschner, parafusos percutâneos e enxertos ósseos associados a parafusos de compressão. O tratamento atual, portanto, depende da característica da pseudoartrose e da experiência do cirurgião.This paper presents a review of the literature on pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid in skeletally immature individuals, taking into consideration its epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, as well as its controversies. Knowledge of this subject makes it possible for patients to be given appropriate treatment immediately. Pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid in skeletally immature patients is a rare condition that results from error or lack of diagnosis of a fracture. Thus, careful clinical and radiographic examination should be performed in order to confirm or rule out this diagnosis. Several treatment methods have been reported and have shown good results. These include conservative plaster cast treatment, bone graft without osteosynthesis, bone graft with Kirschner wires, percutaneous screws and bone graft with compression screws. The treatment performed depends on the characteristics of the pseudarthrosis and the surgeon's experience.

O diagnóstico das afecções do quadril e da pelve é baseado em história clínica detalhada, exame físico e exames complementares adequados para cada afecção. A radiografia simples ainda constitui o exame inicial de escolha e, diante da sua importância, existe a necessidade da realização de estudos radiográficos padronizados, tanto na sua execução quanto nas séries radiográficas, de acordo com as diferentes afecções. O objetivo deste artigo é propor a padronização das principais incidências radiográficas do quadril e da pelve, realização de séries específicas para diferentes afecções e orientação técnica quanto à realização das mesmas.Diagnoses of hip and pelvis disorders are based on the detailed medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests, as appropriate for each condition. Plain radiography is still the initial examination of choice and, because of its importance, there is a need to standardize radiographic studies, both in relation to execution and in radiographic series, according to the different pathological conditions. The aim of this paper was to propose standardization for the main radiographic views of the hip and pelvis, and with regard to performing specific series for different pathological conditions, and to provide technical guidance for achieving these aims.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados obtidos no tratamento das fraturas diafisárias do úmero e suas complicações com o uso de fixadores externos uniplanares Osteoline®. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, os resultados radiográficos e funcionais de 78 pacientes com fraturas diafisárias do úmero tratados com a técnica de fixação externa uniplanar. A idade variou de 23 a 71 anos, com média de 47 anos. O sexo masculino foi predominante em 79% dos casos. Dos 78 pacientes, 45 apresentavam fraturas expostas, 14 pseudartroses e seis falhas de síntese. Não houve nenhuma perda durante o seguimento, sendo que todos os pacientes receberam alta após a consolidação da fratura e recuperação funcional. Os resultados foram avaliados com base nos trabalhos de Catagni em bom, regular e mau. RESULTADOS: Observamos a consolidação da fratura em 98% dos casos tratados com fixação externa uniplanar. Somente um caso de pseudartrose necessitou de conversão para fixação interna rígida e enxerto ósseo autólogo. Ao final do tratamento, todos os pacientes receberam alta com consolidação da fratura, sem dor e com boa função do membro. CONCLUSÃO: A fixação externa descrita no presente trabalho mostrou-se eficiente e segura como método de tratamento das fraturas diafisárias do úmero e suas complicações, preservando o status biológico local e propiciando movimentação passiva e ativa no pós-operatório imediato.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results obtained from treatment of humeral shaft fractures and their complications using the Osteoline® uniplanar external fixator. METHODS: The radiographic and functional results from 78 patients with humeral shaft fractures treated using the uniplanar external fixation technique were retrospectively assessed. The patients' ages ranged from 23 to 71 years, with a mean of 47 years. Male patients predominated (79%). Out of the 78 patients, 45 presented open fractures, 14 presented pseudarthrosis and six presented synthesis failure. There were no losses during the follow-up and all the patients were discharged after fracture consolidation and functional recovery. The results were evaluated based on the studies by Catagni, as good, fair or poor. RESULTS: Fracture consolidation was observed in 98% of the cases treated with uniplanar external fixation. Only one pseudarthrosis case required conversion to rigid internal fixation and autologous bone grafting. At the end of the treatment, all the patients were discharged with consolidated fractures, without pain, and good limb function. CONCLUSION: The external fixation described in this paper was shown to be an efficient and safe method for treating humeral shaft fractures and their complications. It preserved the local biological status and enabled passive and active movement immediately after surgery.

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo epidemiológico das fraturas acetabulares na cidade de Campinas e entorno, tendo em vista poucos trabalhos publicados a respeito deste assunto. Prontuários cedidos pelo Serviço de Arquivamento Médico (SAM) do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), dos anos de 2004 a 2008 com diagnósticos de fratura acetabular foram analisados por seis observadores que coletaram idade do paciente, sexo, lado acometido da fratura, mecanismo de lesão, material de síntese utilizado, complicações operatórias, fraturas associadas, tempo de internação pré e pós- operatória, tempo de internação total e número de sessões de fisioterapia pré e pós-cirurgia. Foi observado nesta demografia que o lado esquerdo foi o mais acometido; mecanismo de lesão que mais ocasiona esse tipo de fratura são os acidentes automobilísticos; das complicações cirúrgicas, as lesões do ciático tiveram maior ocorrência; o material de síntese mais utilizado são as placas de reconstrução.This aim of this work was to carry out an epidemiological study on acetabular fractures in the city of Campinas and surrounds, in view of the few published papers on this subject. Medical files with a diagnosis of acetabular fracture between the years 2004 and 2008 that were made available by the Medical Archiving Service of Hospital das Clínicas, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) were analyzed by six observers. Data on patients' ages, sex, side affected by the fracture, mechanism of injury, material used for synthesis, complications of the operation, associated fractures, length of hospitalization before and after the surgery, time of total internment and number of physiotherapy sessions before and after the surgery were gathered. It was observed in this population that the left side was more affected; the mechanism of injury that most often caused this type of fracture was automobile accidents; injuries to the sciatic nerve were the commonest surgical complications; and the synthesis material most used was reconstruction plates.

Este relato de caso apresenta um atleta de futebol de 15 anos de idade diagnosticado com fratura de estresse do púbis e tratado conservadoramente, com resultados satisfatórios. Uma vez realizada revisão da literatura, os autores descreveram quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento. A importância desta publicação reside no fato de a lesão descrita ser raramente encontrada na literatura.This case report presents a 15-year-old football player who was diagnosed with a pubis stress fracture and underwent conservative treatment with satisfactory results. After a review of the literature, the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment are described. The importance of this paper comes from the rarity of finding reports about this kind of injury in the literature.

O tumor de células gigantes de bainha de tendão (TCGBT) é uma lesão frequente e é o segundo tumor mais frequente na mão, após o cisto sinovial. O diagnóstico é feito através do exame clínico e por exames complementares (radiografia simples e ressonância magnética). Ao exame radiológico, pode-se observar invasão ou erosão óssea da falange atingida. Na ressonância magnética, um "efeito fluorescente ou brilhoso" pode ser observado, devido à alta quantidade de hemossiderina encontrada no tumor. O tratamento cirúrgico é a prática mais comum, sendo a excisão completa importante para se evitar a recidiva do tumor, especialmente quando se observar invasão óssea nos exames de imagem, que geralmente se relaciona a uma maior recidiva do tumor. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um caso de tumor de células gigantes de bainha de tendão, encontrado na falange média do terceiro dedo de uma paciente de 45 anos, tratado cirurgicamente com sucesso, por dupla via de acesso, dorsal e volar.Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath are common lesions and are the second most frequent tumors in the hand, after synovial cysts. They are diagnosed by means of clinical examination and complementary examinations (simple radiography and magnetic resonance). Erosion and invasion of the phalangeal bone affected may be seen on radiological examination. Magnetic resonance may show a "fluorescent or radiant effect" may be observed, caused by the high quantity of hemosiderin inside the tumor. Surgical treatment is the commonest practice, and complete excision is important for avoiding recurrence of the tumor, especially when bone invasion is observed on imaging examinations, which is generally related to greater tumor recurrence. In this paper, a case of a giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in the middle phalanx of the third finger of a 45-year-old female patient is presented. This was successfully treated by means of surgery using a double access route (dorsal and volar).

As fraturas diafisárias de fêmur e tíbia no adulto são, na sua maioria, tratadas cirurgicamente, geralmente através de osteossínteses intramedulares bloqueadas. Algumas fraturas diafisárias cominutivas e/ou muito desviadas podem representar um verdadeiro desafio técnico. As mesas de fraturas (ou ortopédicas), que permitem a estabilização instrumental vertical, horizontal e rotacional do membro, facilitam enormemente as manobras de redução e de colocação do implante e são amplamente utilizadas pelos cirurgiões ortopédicos. As fraturas diafisárias de úmero são, na sua maioria, tratadas não cirurgicamente. Entretanto, algumas requerem o tratamento cirúrgico, cujas indicações estão bem definidas na literatura. Podem ser fixadas através de placas ou de hastes intramedulares por via anterógrada ou retrógrada. No úmero, as manobras de redução da fratura e estabilização do membro para a implantação da haste intramedular são realizadas manualmente, geralmente por dois auxiliares e, por serem sujeitas à fadiga muscular, podem ser menos eficientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um dispositivo externo de tração do membro superior para utilização em osteossínteses intramedulares bloqueadas anterógradas de fraturas diafisárias de úmero que permite a estabilização vertical, horizontal e rotacional do membro superior, de maneira similar àquela utilizada para os membros inferiores. O dispositivo é portátil, de construção simples, e pode ser instalado em qualquer mesa cirúrgica equipada com trilhos laterais. Foi utilizado no tratamento cirúrgico de 29 fraturas diafisárias de úmero com haste intramedular bloqueada anterógrada. Nossa experiência foi extremamente positiva. Não tivemos nenhuma complicação relacionada à sua utilização, que acreditamos ter facilitado, de maneira notável, os procedimentos cirúrgicos.Diaphyseal fractures of the femur and tibia in adults are mostly treated surgically, usually by means of intramedullary locked nail. Some comminuted and/or very deviated shaft fractures can represent a real technical challenge. The fracture table, which allows for the vertical, horizontal and rotational instrumental stabilization of the limb, greatly facilitates reduction and implant placement maneuvers and are widely used by orthopedic surgeons. Humeral shaft fractures are mostly treated nonsurgically. However, some whose indications are well defined in literature require surgical treatment. They can be fixed by plates, or by anterograde or retrograde intramedullary nail. In the humerus, limb fracture reduction and stabilization maneuvers for implantation of intramedullary nails are done manually, usually by 2 assistants. Because they are subject to muscle fatigue, this option may be less efficient. The aim of this paper is to present an external traction device for use in anterograde intramedullary fixation of humerus shaft fractures that allows vertical, horizontal and rotational stabilization of the upper limb similarly to that used in the lower limbs. The device is portable, of simple construction, and can be installed on any operating table equipped with side rails. It was used in the surgical treatment of 29 humeral shaft fractures with anterograde locked intramedullary nail. Our experience was extremely positive. We had no complications related to its use and we believe it to have facilitated the surgical procedures in a remarkable way.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a real importância de se obter o consentimento informado, em formulário apropriado, e o papel deste no desfecho de ações indenizatórias. MÉTODOS: A letra da lei brasileira e jurisprudência existente atualmente foram comparadas com o decisão judicial do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em 269 casos de ação civil indenizatória contra profissionais de saúde e hospitais. RESULTADOS: Favoráveis (absolvições) e desfavoráveis (condenações) foram comparadas e possíveis variações em seus resultados foram discutidas quanto à existência, ou não, do termo de consentimento informado. CONCLUSÕES: A obtenção do consentimento informado, em formulários apropriados, ainda não é usual nem na área de saúde nem na jurídica brasileiras. É recomendado que essa prática seja adotada de acordo com os termos descritos neste trabalho, uma vez que este foi escrito nos termos da lei brasileira.OBJECTIVE: To assess the real importance of obtaining informed consent, through an appropriate form, and its role in the outcome of civil liability claims. METHODS: The wording of the existing Brazilian law and jurisprudence were compared with the actual rulings of the State Court of the State of Rio de Janeiro State, in 269 civil liability claims against healthcare professionals and hospitals. Favorable and unfavorable outcomes (i.e. acquittals and convictions) were compared, and possible variations in the verdicts were discussed in relation to whether informed consent forms had been filled out or not. CONCLUSIONS: Obtaining informed consent, by means of appropriate forms, is still not a widespread practice in the Brazilian healthcare or judicial systems. It is recommended that this practice be adopted in the manner described in this paper, and as prescribed in Brazilian law.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o tratamento da epifisiólise femoral proximal grave através da osteotomia subtrocantérica pelo método de Ilizarov e propor uma metodologia de cálculo para estimar a correção necessária. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de casos de pacientes acometidos por epifisiólise do fêmur proximal grave, submetidos a osteotomia subtrocantérica com fixação externa multiplanar, avaliados no pós-operatório pela classificação modificada de Southwick. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de cálculo para estimar a correção angular necessária no ato cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 13 quadris, quatro à esquerda (30,8%) e nove à direita (69,2%), de maioria (61,5%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 14 anos. Obtiveram-se como parâmetros para dor e função 30,8% de excelentes resultados, 46,2% de bons e 23,0% de regulares, não sendo observados resultados ruins. O arco de movimento apresentou 46,2% de excelentes resultados, 30,8% de bons e 23,0% de regulares. Radiologicamente, foram obtidos 7,7% de excelentes resultados, 69,2% de bons, 15,4% de regulares e 7,7% de ruins. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento percutâneo da epifisiólise proximal grave pelo método de Ilizarov como opção terapêutica apresenta bons índices de melhora da dor e função. O método de cálculo proposto auxilia de forma positiva no planejamento cirúrgico, apresentando variações entre os ângulos medidos e calculados da ordem de 3º.OBJECTIVES: This paper evaluates the treatment of severe proximal femoral epiphysiolysis through subtrochanteric osteotomy by the Ilizarov method and propose a new method for calculating the necessary correction. METHODS: a case study was carried out with patients affected by severe proximal femoral epiphysiolysis, submitted to subtrochanteric osteotomy with external multiplanar fixation, and evaluated postoperatively by the modified Southwick classification. A method was developed for calculating the necessary angular correction at surgery procedure. RESULTS: thirteen hips were analysed, four on the left (30.8%) and nine to the right (69.2%). The majority of patients (61.5%) were male, with a mean age of 14 yrs. In relation to pain and function, results were excellent: 30.8%; good: 46.2%; and regular: 23.0%. There were no poor results in relation to these two aspects. The results for mobility were: excellent 46.2%; good 30.8%; and regular: 23.0%. Radiographically, the results were: excellent 7.7%; good: 69.2%; regular: 15.4%; and poor: 7.7%. CONCLUSIONS: percutaneous treatment of the severe proximal epiphysiolysis by the Ilizarov method is a good treatment option with good indices for improvement of pain and function. The proposed calculation method can help in planning surgery procedures, showing small variations between preoperative calculated angles and measured postoperative angles.

A artrose do tornozelo vem se tornando mais comum a cada dia. A busca por soluções que preservem a função articular fez surgir uma nova geração de próteses com três componentes e maior liberdade de movimento. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos em 10 pacientes tratados com a prótese HINTEGRA (Integra, New Deal), em ação conjunta dos Grupos do Tornozelo e Pé do DOT da Unifesp-Escola Paulista de Medicina e IOT da Faculdade de Medicina da USP-Universidade de São Paulo. Os 10 pacientes (seis mulheres e quatro homens), com idade variando de 29 a 66 anos, foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico segundo a técnica de Hinterman entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Foram avaliados em intervalos predeterminados e os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. A mobilidade do tornozelo apresentou melhora significante com a cirurgia realizada. Radiologicamente, não foram detectados sinais de soltura ou falhas nos componentes prostéticos de nenhum dos pacientes estudados. A taxa de complicações nessa amostra foi alta, mas equivalente às de outros autores e representa diretamente a curva de aprendizado relacionada com esse tipo de procedimento. Ao final de quatro anos, observaram-se significativa redução da dor e melhora do padrão funcional dos pacientes com os escores da AOFAS e de Hinterman, apontando para 20% de excelentes, 70% de bons e 10% de maus resultados. O tratamento da artrose do tornozelo através da artroplastia total com o modelo HINTEGRA, foi capaz de oferecer bons resultados no tempo médio de observação de quatro anos.Ankle arthritis is becoming more and more common. The search for solutions that preserve joint function has led to a new generation of prosthesis with three components and more degrees of freedom. This paper presents the results achieved in ten patients treated with the HINTEGRA Prosthesis (Integra, New Deal), a joint action of the Foot and Ankle Teams of DOT of Unifesp - Escola Paulista de Medicina and the School of Medicine of USP - Universidade de São Paulo. The ten patients (six women and four men), aged between 29 and 66 years, underwent a surgical procedure according to Hinterman's technique, from January to June 2005. They were evaluated at pre-arranged intervals, and the data were submitted to statistical analysis. The surgery led to a significant improvement in ankle mobility. Radiological studies showed no signs of loosening or failure in the prosthetic components in any of the patients studied. Although the rate of complications in our sample was high, it was equivalent to those of other authors, and directly represents the long, steep learning curve associate with this kind of procedure. At the end of four years, there was a significant reduction in the pain, and an improvement in functional pattern of the patients, with AOFAS and Hinterman scores indicating 20% excellent, 70% good, and 10% poor results. Despite the drawbacks, treatment of ankle arthritis through total arthroplasty with the HINTEGRA prosthesis proved to be capable of giving good results over an average observation period of four years.

A cartilagem hialina recobre as superfícies articulares e tem um papel importante na redução da fricção e da carga mecânica das articulações sinoviais, como o joelho. Este tecido não é suprido de vasos, nervos ou circulação linfática, o que pode ser uma das razões pela qual a cartilagem articular tem uma péssima capacidade de cicatrização. As lesões condrais, quando atingem o osso subcondral (lesão osteocondral), não cicatrizam e podem progredir para artrose com o passar do tempo. Em pacientes jovens, o tratamento dos defeitos condrais do joelho ainda é um desafio, principalmente as lesões maiores de 4cm. Uma das opções de tratamento nesses pacientes é o transplante autólogo de condrócitos, que por não violar o osso subcondral e por reparar o defeito com tecido semelhante à cartilagem hialina, teria a vantagem teórica de ser mais biológico e mecanicamente superior, quando comparado a outras técnicas. Descreveremos nesse artigo a experiência do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP) com o transplante autólogo de condrócitos (ACI), através do relato de três casos.Hyaline cartilage in the surface of synovial joints plays an important role in lowering stress and attrition in joints such as the knee. This tissue has no blood vessels, nerves, nor lymphatic drainage, which in part explains why articular cartilage has such poor capacity for healing. Chondral lesions reaching the subchondral bone (osteochondral lesions) do not heal and may progress to osteoarthritis as time passes. In young patients, treatment of such defects is challenging, especially in lesions larger than 4 cm. One option in young adults is the autologous chondrocyte implantation, capable of filling the defect with tissue similar to hyaline cartilage without violating the subchondral bone. Theoretically, it has biological and mechanical advantages over other surgical options. In this paper, we describe the experience with this procedure in a series of 3 cases at the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of São Paulo.

OBJETIVO: A proposta do trabalho é avaliar a acurácia da radiografia simples, ultrassonografia e ressonância nuclear magnética no diagnóstico das lesões do manguito rotador, comparando-os com os achados em cirurgias abertas ou artroscópicas. Métodos: Foram avaliados protocolos do Serviço de Cirurgia do Ombro e Cotovelo dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico por lesão de manguito rotador diagnosticados por radiografia, ultrassom e/ou ressonância no período de 2002-2007. Com base nos dados coletados, analisamos a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia destes exames complementares, comparados aos achados durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 147 pacientes, com média de idade de 46,09 anos. Todos os pacientes estudados haviam realizado um exame de radiografia, 101 apresentavam ultrassonografia e 72 pacientes realizaram ressonância magnética. Encontramos sensibilidade de 13,8%, especificidade de 2,6% e acurácia de 30% com a radiografia; sensibilidade de 57,6%, especificidade de 29,6 e acurácia de 51,4% com o ultrassom; e sensibilidade de 86,6%, especificidade de 22,2% e acurácia de 63,3% com a ressonância. CONCLUSÃO: A radiografia se mostrou um exame específico quando apresentou sinal do espelho. A ressonância e a ultrassonografia se mostraram métodos confiáveis apresentando elevada acurácia no diagnóstico das lesões do manguito rotador.OBJECTIVE: This paper proposes to evaluate the accuracy of x-rays, ultrasounds, and nuclear magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of rotator cuff injuries, comparing their findings with open surgery or arthroscopic findings. METHODS: Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Department protocols for patients undergoing surgical treatment for rotator cuff injury diagnosed by x-ray, ultrasound and/or resonance in our clinic, that were between 2002 and 2007. Based on the data collected, we analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of these complementary exams, compared to the findings from surgical procedures. RESULTS: The study included 147 patients with a mean age of 46.09 years. Every patient had completed an x-ray exam, 101 had had an ultrasound and 72 patients underwent magnetic resonance. We found a sensitivity of 13.8%, specificity of 2.6%, and accuracy of 30% with the x-rays; a sensitivity of 57.6%, specificity of 29.6%, and accuracy of 51.4% with the ultrasound; and a sensitivity of 86.6%, specificity of 22.2%, and accuracy of 63.3% with magnetic resonance. CONCLUSIONS: X-rays showed specificitywhen the mirror sign was present. Magnetic resonance and ultrasound demonstrated themselves to be reliable methods with high accuracy for rotator cuff injury diagnosis.

Bancos de ossos são necessários para prover material biológico para uma série de procedimentos ortopédicos. A crescente necessidade de tecidos musculoesqueléticos para transplante é decorrente do desenvolvimento de novas técnicas cirúrgicas e fez com que diversos serviços se dispusessem a ter sua própria fonte de tecidos para transplante. Para aumentar a segurança dos tecidos transplantados, normas foram impostas pelo governo para o funcionamento dos bancos, o que limitou o número de instituições autorizadas. O bom desempenho de um banco de ossos depende de um rígido controle de todas as etapas, passando pela formação de equipes bem treinadas para captação, pela seleção de doadores, pela realização de diversos exames nos tecidos captados e pelo controle rigoroso das técnicas de processamento utilizadas. A associação desses fatores faz com que a abrangência do uso e do número de pacientes receptores seja ampliada, a contaminação de tecidos seja de incidência estatisticamente desprezível e haja rastreabilidade entre doadores e receptores. Este trabalho descreve as considerações técnicas quanto ao funcionamento de um banco, uso de enxertos e aplicações ortopédicas, bem como aspectos éticos e principais obstáculos enfrentados.Bone banks are necessary to provide biological material for a series of orthopedic procedures. The growing need for musculoskeletal tissues for transplantation is due to the development of new surgical techniques, and has made it so that a variety of services were willing to have their own source of tissue for transplantation. To increase the safety of transplanted tissues, standards for the operation of banks were imposed by the government, which limited the number of authorized institutions. The good performance of a bone bank depends on strict control of all stages, from the formation of well-trained teams for capturing, for donor selection, for conducting various tests on the tissues obtained, and by the strict control of the processing techniques used. The combination of these factors makes it so that the scope of use and the number of recipient patients increases, the incidence of tissue contamination is statistically insignificant, and that there is traceability between donors and receptors. This paper describes the technical considerations regarding the functioning of a bank, use of grafts and orthopedic applications, as well as ethical aspects and the main obstacles encountered.

A síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) é patologia frequente em consultório de ortopedia, sendo a neuropatia compressiva mais comum e também a mais tratada por cirurgia. O diagnóstico da STC é eminentemente clínico, através da história clínica, exame físico (testes de Tinel, Phalen, Durkan) e exames complementares, mais especificamente estudos de neurocondução. Eventualmente, pode-se lançar mão de exames de ultrassonografia e ressonância magnética. O tratamento conservador é reservado para pacientes em que os sintomas são leves, pouco incapacitantes e melhoram com o uso de medicações anti-inflamatórias (esteroidais ou não esteroidais), fisioterapia e modificação dos hábitos de vida. O tratamento cirúrgico é o mais frequente, empregando diversas técnicas. O objetivo da cirurgia é descomprimir o canal do carpo e liberar o nervo mediano, por secção do ligamento transverso do carpo (LTC). O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar o tratamento cirúrgico da STC por mini-incisão transversa, proximal ao canal do carpo, com a incisão clássica, longitudinal, sobre o canal do carpo. A mini-incisão mostra-se uma opção menos invasiva e igualmente eficaz para o tratamento cirúrgico da STC, com menor morbidade do que a incisão longitudinal clássica.Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive neuropathy, a pathology frequently seen in orthopedic clinics and the neuropathy most often treated surgically. The diagnosis of CTS is made clinically, through a clinial history, physical examination (Tinel, Phalen, and Durkan tests) and complementary exams, and more specifically nerve conduction studies. Eventually, ultrasound scans and magnetic resonance imaging may be used. Conservative treatment is reserved for patients presenting with light symptoms, mild impairment and showing a good response to non-steroidal or steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Surgical treatment is the most frequent, employing various techniques. The goal of the surgery is to decompress the carpal tunnel, and by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament, releasing the median nerve. This paper's objective is to compare the surgical treatment of CTS by means of two incisions: the first is the classic longitudinal incision over the transverse carpal ligament, and the second is a mini-incision at the wrist crease and near the proximal border of the ligament. The mini-incision technique is a less invasive and equally effective technique for the treatment of CTS, with less morbidity when compared to the classic longitudinal incision.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados funcionais do tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes portadores de instabilidade fêmoro-patelar submetidos a realinhamento do aparelho extensor. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de 34 joelhos operados devido à instabilidade fêmoro-patelar no período de 1989 a 2004. Os pacientes foram avaliados no pós-operatório remoto, sendo aplicado questionário funcional. RESULTADOS: Em um seguimento médio de seis anos e cinco meses, o valor médio de pontuação foi de 82,94 pontos no grupo operado (p = 0,00037). Melhora do quadro de dor (97,05% de excelentes e bons resultados) e baixa taxa de recorrência dos episódios de luxação (5,88%) foram observadas no grupo, embora pontuações mais baixas tenham sido obtidas em atividades de maior demanda articular (agachamento, prática de corridas e execução de saltos). Nenhum dos pacientes avaliados desenvolveu artrose no tempo de seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento de realinhamento articular descrito neste artigo mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento dos pacientes com instabilidade fêmoro-patelar recidivante.OBJECTIVE: To describe functional outcomes following surgical treatment of patients with patellofemoral instability submitted to patellar realignment. METHODS: This was a retrospective study evaluating 34 operated knees for patellofemoral instability between 1989 and 2004. The patients were evaluated in the late postoperative period when a functional questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up time of 6 years and 5 months, the mean score was 82.94 in the surgical group (p=0.00037). The results of this investigation showed pain relief in 97.05% and low rate of recurrent dislocation (5.88%), although lower scores were seen in intense articular activities (squatting, running and jumping). No patient deve-loped osteoarthritis while being followed up. CONCLUSION: The procedure for joint described in this paper was shown to be effective for treating patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability.