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Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with tobacco use during the period of confinement in light of the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: Through an analytical and cross-sectional study, the data of 2, 372 participants were analyzed. The information was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was built with the Google Forms tool, which was distributed and applied via email and WhatsApp; the private messaging platform. The relationship between the independent variables and the outcome was determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: Out of the total population, 69.3 % were women, the median age was 20.11±2.01 years, the prevalence of asthma was 12.2 %, and the active tobacco use was 13.3 %. There was a higher number of patients with asthma who smoked (14.2 vs. 13.2 %) than of those who didn't have asthma. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors like considering that COVID-19 does not exist and not being confined were related to tobacco use in patients with asthma during the implementation of the contingency plan that the COVID-19 pandemic represents., Conclusions: During confinement to home for COVID-19, the prevalence of tobacco use is higher in patients with asthma than in individuals without this ailment; the factors that favor the aforementioned are present in the family environment.

Background: Asthma, which is characterized by mouth breathing and by the use of drugs for its treatment, affects between 1 and 30% of children and adolescents. There are only few studies reporting its impact on the oral cavity., Objective: To find out the most common asthma-associated repercussions in 6 to 12-year-old children., Methods: Cross-sectional, comparative, analytical study carried out in 2 primary schools from Coclique, Veracruz, Mexico, in 6 to 12-year-old children. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire for parents was used., Results: In a population of 409 children, a prevalence of asthma of 6.84% (n = 28) was found, which was higher in males (15, 54%); boys aged 6, 7 and 11 years and girls aged 8, 9 and 10 years were most affected. Risk factors for oral manifestations were acidic pH (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), anterior open bite (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), atypical swallowing (OR = 15.70) and high-arched palate (OR = 45.60)., Conclusion: Children with chronic conditions such as asthma require an oral and dental preventive program as part of their interdisciplinary care.

Background: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that is prescribed in a stepwise addition regimen for the treatment of severe asthma., Objective: To report the experience of patients with severe asthma who were given omalizumab in accordance with international guides, in a context of real-world data., Methods: Open, analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective, observational clinical study with real-world data. GINA 2006 Asthma Control Scheme was used to evaluate patients, and a questionnaire was used to evaluate patient characteristics, effectiveness, safety, and tolerance to omalizumab., Results: 48 patients were studied, 34 women and 14 men with an average age of 39 years. The average disease duration was 26 years. Average serum IgE was 522 IU. At the beginning of treatment, all patients had uncontrolled asthma; at the end, 69% asthma control was obtained, 19% was partially controlled and 12% unchanged. The changes were observed at seven months on average., Conclusion: Omalizumab is effective and safe for treating severe asthma when applied in accordance with international guidelines for the management of bronchial asthma.

Background: The association between asthma and pregnancy has been documented previously. The relationship between unplanned pregnancy and onset asthma in adolescence has not been studied., Objective: To determine the association between unplanned pregnancy and adolescence onset asthma., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done gathering information about asthma, unplanned pregnancy, family atopy and active or passive smoking in 3,130 adolescents aged 13-19 years. Asthma diagnosis was established through a selfquestionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. Odds ratios for asthma were determined using logistic regression model and chi-squared test., Results: Mean age of the participants was 16.37 ± 1.93 years. The prevalence of active smoking was 16.1%, of passive smoking 40% and of family atopy 9.8%. From the pregnant adolescents (785), 59.5% reported had planned not to have a child before pregnancy. Prevalence of wheezing during the year prior to the study was 9.3% and of wheezing during the pregnancy 2%. The prevalence of adolescence onset asthma was 5.4%. The age of initiation of asthma in the adolescence was 14.75 ± 1.60 years. The analysis showed that unplanned pregnancy has a slight risk for the development of asthma during adolescence. (Crude OR=1.03; CI 95% 1.02-1.05; p=0.000)., Conclusion: Unplanned pregnancy, family atopy, active smoking and smoking friends are associated with the onset-asthma in the adolescence.

Background: Asthma prevalence in adolescents appears to be increasing and determinants are not well established., Objective: To determine the association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence in adolescents., Participants and Method: In this cross-sectional study 6,922 students, ages 12 to 18 years, residents in an area of northeastern Mexico, were included. We developed a questionnaire based on The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and on The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). The association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence was determined using a logistic regression model., Results: Of the total population, 46.3% were males, 7.3% suffered from asthma and 17.3% were cigarette smokers. We found that sex (OR = 0.55; CI 95%: 0.48-0.63) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.12; CI 95%: 0.89-1.42) were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females (OR = 1.44; CI 95%: 1.13-1.84) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.38; CI 95%: 1.15-1.67) were associated with prevalence of wheezing in the last 12 months, and with prevalence of dry cough at night (OR = 1.53; CI 95%: 1.34-1.76)., Conclusions: Teenager males and active smoking were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females had an association with wheezing in the last 12 months and dry cough at night.

Background: Studies of association among parental atopy, tobacco exposure (passive or active) and adult asthma have provided conflicting results., Objective: To determine the relationship among parental atopy, smoking, exposure to tobacco smoke, allergic rhinitis, work environment and asthma in adults., Material and Methods: In a population of 329,219 inhabitants of a geographically defined area in Northeastern of Mexico, we identified 791 cases of asthma. The patients were 20 to 54 years old, and were divided in three groups: with asthma in remission (263 patients), with symptoms since childhood (270 patients), and with asthma onset in adult age (258 patients). We included 793 randomly selected control subjects. Information on family atopy, passive and active smoking, allergic rhinitis and workplace conditions were collected by using a questionnaire., Results: Parental atopy history, active smoking, allergic rhinitis and pollution in the workplace induce asthma symptoms. Exposure to smoking is a risk factor of persistence of asthma symptoms in adults (OR = 1.33; IC 95%, 1.07-1.66), but no of their development (OR = 1.10; IC 95%, 0.87-1.39). Working in a polluted environment had not significance in remission of asthma (OR =1.32; IC 95%, 0.95-1.85)., Conclusions: Results support hypothesis that family atopy, active smoke, allergic rhinitis and pollution favor the persistence of asthma symptoms and increase the risk of asthma in adults.

Background: The prevalence of asthma and obesity has increased last years implying important economical and social consequences. A relationship between asthma severity and obesity grade has been found. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate if obesity decline has a beneficial impact on asthma severity., Objective: To evaluate the effect of obesity decline on control symptoms and asthma severity., Patients and Methods: Ninety-six patients with obesity and moderate chronic asthma were randomized to group A or B and were maintained for 40 days on a low calorie diet. At baseline and at the end of the study, symptoms, measurement of obesity, spirometry, inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin's levels were assessed. Diets' safety was evaluated based on laboratory test. Data were analyzed with Student's t test., Results: After 40 days on a low calorie diet, in group A, there were significant decreases of obesity (p < 0.001) and IgE, symptoms almost disappeared (cough persisted in 20%) and medication was suspended in 80%. Group B had obesity decline but IgE levels remained (> 100 UI/mL), symptoms and drug regimen remained unchanged. Both diets were not harmful for patients., Conclusion: These results show that asthmatic obese patients maintained for 40 days on low calorie diet A, had obesity and IgE levels decrease and symptoms and asthma severity relief.

Objective: To determine the effect of allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, rhinobronchitis (ARB) on dental malocclusion in adolescents., Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective and sample descriptive study of 2556 adolescents aged 14-20 years. AR, asthma and ARB were defined by self-reported. Malocclusion was identified by direct physical examination. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 version statistical program, adjusted OR value (Odds Ratio) using a logistic regression model was determined, ji square was calculated, an 95% Confidence Intervals was used. Equal or smaller values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant., Results: Percentage of male sex was 42.7% and female 57.3%. Prevalence of AR was 39.3%, asthma 6.9%, ARB 4.5%, and malocclusion, 37.2%. A higher percentage of malocclusion was found in adolescents with asthma (48.3% vs 36.3%). For the groups of asthma (adjusted OR = 1.78; p = 0.017) and RA (fit OR = 1.20, p = 0.032) were inferred that these pathologies to favor the malocclusion in adolescents, this did not happen with the group of RBA (OR fit = 0.81; p = 0.511). The prevalence of open bite was greater in adolescents with asthma (44.3% vs. 31.3%). For the asthma group (OR fit = 1.66; p = 0.037) we deduced that the development of anterior open bite is favored, this was not thus for the groups of RBA (OR fit = 1.01; p = 0.956) and RA (OR fit = 1.17; p = 0.071). Nor AR, asthma orARB have any effect on posterior open bite., Conclusions: Asthma is related to malocclusion in adolescents, particularly to anterior open bite. AR and ARB do not favor the development of malocclusion.

Objective: To determine the association among meconium aspiration syndrome, parental atopy and asthma symptoms in children younger than two years., Material and Methods: One hundred thirty six children who had suffered meconium aspiration syndrome were followed from birth to they were two years old. CONTROL GROUP included 136 healthy children without meconium aspiration syndrome., Results: Group of children with meconium aspiration syndrome: The average hospital stay in neonatal intensive care unit was of 5.91 +/- 4.44 days and were given 65.5 +/- 16.6 hours of oxygen. Prevalence of asthma symptoms during the last year was of 41.2%; 35.7% had family history of allergies (p = NS). The average age at the beginning of asthma symptoms was of 12.64 +/- 6.96 months; 78.6% of children were male., Control Group: 30.9% had wheezing episodes during the last 12 months; 28.6% were male; 38.1% had family history of allergies (p = NS). The average age at the beginning of asthma symptoms was of 15.57 +/- 6.05 months., Conclusion: Aspiration of meconium seems to be an important risk factor of the early beginning of asthma symptoms in children younger than two years. Data shows that the prevalence of asthma symptoms was higher in case group than in control group. Asthma symptoms risk increases in children with aspiration meconium syndrome and family background of allergies.

Background: The physiopathogenic mechanism of nasal polyposis is unknown. Chemical mediators found in nasal polyposis are: histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, LTB4), norepinephrine and possibly prostaglandin D2. Leukotrienes that mediate bronchoconstriction as well as chemical mediators of inflammation are observed in the nasal disease associated to polyposis., Hypothesis: Antileukotrienes might play a significant role in controlling polyposis and symptoms due to sinonasal disease. They represent an alternative to conventional treatments with oral steroids as well as to operations in the long-term control., Objective: This study is a one year investigation that evaluates the important role of leukotriene receptor antagonists on nasal polyposis, with or without association to any allergic disease. Likewise, it compares its use with the conventional therapy used in the above mentioned disease., Patients and Methods: We included 30 patients, 12 men (40%) and 18 women (60%), with ages between 16-45 years old. The mean age was of 20.7 years. Systematic assessments were made at the beginning of the study, as well as in the third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth month. Objective assessments, computed axial tomography of paranasal sinuses, allergological tests, nasal and bronchial symptoms evaluation, and interleukines, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin determinations were made., Results: There was an improvement of nasal symptoms in the patients of group 1 (montelukast plus beclomethasone). They included the respiratory ones (p < 0.05), the nasal washing cells (p < 0.05), and the peak flow (p < 0.05) at the third, sixth, and twelfth months, respectively. There was no significant difference with the improvement obtained in the patients of group 3 (surgery-montelukast-beclomethasone) (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in group 2 regarding the baseline in the studied variables (p > 0.05).

Objective: To compare the efficacy of nasal budesonide plus oral zafirlukast against nasal budesonide plus oral loratadine/pseudoephedrine combination in the control of symptoms of rhinitis and asthma., Patients and Methods: A controlled, clinical, randomized, double blind and crossover study was made in 36 patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma following one of the next treatment regimes: group a) nasal budesonide plus oral zafirlukast twice a day or group b) nasal budesonide plus oral loratadine/pseudoephedrine twice a day, both of them during six weeks, and two weeks of washing and crossover of the treatments during six more weeks. Changes in the rhinitis and asthma symptoms, blood eosinophils, pulmonary function testing, and nasal cytology were evaluated before and after the treatment., Results: 19 patients were assigned to group a, whereas 17 patients to group b. The age ranged between 16 to 45 years, and it predominated the female group, 70 and 89%, respectively (statistically no significant). During the first six weeks of the treatment, V0 to V3, both groups of patients got better nasal symptoms but group a was superior to group b. However, in bronchial symptoms, cough, wheezing and breathlessness, group a showed efficacy in comparison with group b, where no significant improvement was shown. Once the crossover was made, from V5 to V7, there was no difference between both groups. The other evaluated indicators, such as eosinophilia, VEF1 and nasal eosinophils, had a significant improvement before and at the end of the study., Conclusions: The association of a nasal steroid with a leukotriene modifier (zafirlukast) was more effective for controlling nasal symptoms and especially bronchial symptoms than the association of a nasal steroid with antihistamines (loratadine) with pseudoephedrine. Other inflammation indicators, such as eosinophilia and nasal eosinophilia, were diminished; the VEF1 increased significantly in both treatment groups. All the above may be due to the nasal steroid use associated to a leukotriene modifier.

Background: Urticaria and angioedema are illnesses of easy diagnosis, but to solve them or to determine their cause is complex, as well as the therapeutic management of chronic cases., Objective: To determine the prevalence, possible precipitating factors and chronic urticaria characteristics., Material and Methods: A questionnaire was applied to 4,000 persons selected at random, from the ages of 18-50 years, women and men. We made up simple frequencies, odds ratio, confidence interval at 95%. Possible interventions from the some variables were determined through regression logistic model., Results: Chronic urticaria and angioedema prevalence was 4.8%. From the 147 sick persons, 71.4% were women (p = 0.00) 51.70% had only wheals, 10.88% angioedema alone and 37.41% of the patients with chronic urticaria also have angioedema. Potential triggering factors that we found were 18.36% drugs (p = 0.00) and 4.08% foods (p = 0.00). Family (p = 0.00) and personal allergy (p = 0.00) antecedents were documented in 55.8% and 68.70%, respectively. In 40.1% symptoms interfere with daily activities of the patients and 53.1% of patients had symptoms at night., Conclusions: Despite of being a retrospective study, the results show us that the chronic urticaria and angioedema are important health problems in the northeastern of Mexico. We can not identify the etiology, and the symptoms can disturb quality of life of the patients. Female sex, family and personal allergy antecedent could be important for these pathology presentations.

Background: Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways that modify behavior response of persons and affect family function., Objective: To determine if there is a disorder of the familial dynamics in asthmatic patients of Tamaulipas., Material and Methods: An observational, comparative, open and cross-sectional study was performed to determine: family categorization, family function and evaluation of conjugal subsystem. We included 300 persons who were 30 to 50 years old, male and female: 100 subjects with asthma diagnosis, 100 with diabetes type 2 and 100 healthy people., Results: The asthmatic subjects' age average was of 45.67 years, complete nuclear family was documented in 15% of sick persons, women were the family head in 50% of the cases, we appreciated great family dysfunction in relation to: adaptability function (50%), participation (63%), family grow-up (61%) and feeling manifestations (64%). In 53% of the conjugal couple cases of the patients, do not carry out her family functions like: communication 59%, share out functions 59%, sexual satisfaction 60%, and making decision 59%., Conclusion: It is only feasible to treat these patients when there is an active participation of the family members.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for allergic conjunctivitis in childhood populations, in two communities with different urban and industrial development, and population density., Methods: A questionnaire was applied to childhood from 6 to 14 years old, selected through cluster sampling. This was an epidemiologic study, observational, open, retrospective and cross-sectional. This is a case-control study with cohorts. Statistical analysis consisted in frequency distributions, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was p < 0.05., Results: In the population El Higo, at Veracruz state, where sugar industry is the most important commercial activity, allergic conjunctivitis prevalence was 9.7%; allergic family antecedent was found in 79.74% of patients (p = 0.001, OR = 8.1); nicotinism at home in 12.65% (p = 0.001, OR = 0.34); factory near of patients' house in 65.82% (p = 0.001, OR = 3.5). In Tampico-Madero-Altamira suburb, the prevalence of the pathology was 10.09%; allergic family antecedent 58.89% (p = 0.001, OR = 2.52%); nicotinism at home 36.25% (p = 0.59, OR = 1.06); factory near of house 21.01% (p = 0.03, OR = 1.29)., Conclusions: Results let us to know the problem that health staff will cope when facing allergic conjunctivitis; that results will be important for strategies designing, in order to establish preventive actions to take in the health-disease evolution of this pathology.

Objective: To determine the risk factors in asthmatics patients with high blood pressure (HBP)., Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, and comparative clinical study, with 132 subjects, divided in 2 groups, sex and age paired. 66 patients with asthma and HBP, and 66 with HBP only as a control group., Results: We identified 69.69% females, age groups from 37-69 years, average 32. Asthma evolution ranged from 1-50 years average 9.60 and HBP evolution ranged from 1-40 years, average 12.21. Hereditary risks allergy were 34.84% (P = NS), pets indoors 16.55% (P = NS), home carpets 16.66% (P = NS), smoking 42.42% (P = 0.001), feather pillows 10.60% (P = NS), 51.51% patients had different diseases beside asthma and HBP (P = 0.0001)., Conclusion: Asthma and HBP are chronic diseases that require a surveillance long period. Consequently, it is necessary early risk factors diagnosis to design strategies to do in a positive form, breaking the health-disease chain. Smoking and the presence of other disease factors were significatives, limiting the quality of life of these patients.

Aims: Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic disease in the upper respiratory tract, requiring better diagnostic methodology to counteract its onslaught., Material and Method: This study included 116 subjects by random election, sex indistinct, between 1 and 68 years old with an average of 24.6. Data were obtained by medical history, measure levels of circulating eosinophils, serum IgE, mucous nasal eosinophils and coproparasitoscopic test. The subjects were divided in two groups, 58 patients with allergic rhinitis and 58 health subjects., Results: From total subjects, 56.3% were female, 18.9% showed high levels of circulating eosinophils and sera IgE. 24.1% had positive identification of eosinophils in nasal mocous and 25% suffered parasitosis. In the rhinitis group, the average time of evolution was 5.3 years, in 80% with perennial presentation, 37.9% showed environmental exposure to allergens at home (p = NS), 56.8% had family history of allergy, 60% had more than twice monthly acute crisis, 29.3% had risen above the upper level of circulating eosinophils (p = 0.0049), 25.8% had high levels of IgE (p = 0.0002), in 37.93% were found nasal mucous eosinophils (p = 0.0009) and in 10.34% were identified intestinal parasitosis (p = n.s.)., Conclusion: In accordance with this work, it is necessary to promote a change in attitude, utilizing the medical history as a diagnostic instrument and do not restrict prevention and opportunity in treatment to laboratory results.

Aims: To determine the diagnostic value of the medical history in the allergic rhinitis., Material and Method: This study included 112 subjects, sex indistinct, between 2 and 31 years old, mean. We made 2 groups, one of the cases and another of control. Data were obtained by medical history, laboratory test and X-Ray of the upper respiratory tract. The gold standard of the diagnosis was the skin testing. We assessment, sensitivity (S), specificity (E), predictive value positive (VP+), and predictive value negative (VP-) RESULTS: From total subjects, 53.57% were female, the evolution mean time was 4 years, with 5 monthly acute crisis. In 80% of the cases was perennial the presentation. 57.14% had family history of allergy (S = 57%, E = 100%, p = 0.0001). Clinical dates obtained were: sneezing 75% of the cases (S = 75%, E = 100%, p = 0.0001), nasal congestion 50% (S = 50%, E = 100%, p = 0.0001). 30.35% had risen above the upper level of circulating eosinophils (S = 30.35%, E = 91%, p = 0.0049), 26.78% had high levels of IgE (S = 26%, E = 87.5% p = 0.0002), in 78.57% were found nasal mucous eosinophils (S = 39.28%, E = 89.28%, p = 0.0009) and in 10.34% were identified intestinal parasitosis (P = NS)., Conclusion: In accordance with this work, it is necessary to promote a change in attitude, utilizing the medical history as a diagnostic instrument and do not restrict prevention and opportunity in treatment to laboratory results.

Material and Methods: Serum IgE levels and the relationship with some variables in 78 asthmatic children patients, (1 to 5), is reported., Results Showed: 66% had more than one year of the evolution with the illness, 64% presented more than two asthma episodes per month arid 82% had required hospital care for their stability Laboratory results: 52 patients had higher concentration in IgE serum levels than normal limit (ranges: 8 to 12,000, median 687.27 Ul ml). From these patients, 92% had required hospital care; 96% they had more than 2 years of illness evolution and 72.96% they had a higher concentration of eosinophils., Conclusion: In this study, the results have allowed us to know characteristics of the patients with high serum IgE levels in our region. Also, the obtained data will allow us to base the design of further research.

Material and Methods: It was carried out cultivation of oozing pharyngeal to 248 fellows, 128 of them were asthmatic and 120 seemingly healthy. From group of asthmatic 55.46% they correspond to the masculine sex and 44.54% to the feminine; 72.97% they present more than two sharp squares of asthma per month., Results: In the cultivation of 107 asthmatic the presence of germs is reported like: Staphylococcus aureus positive 43.56% (p = NS), the Streptococcus betahemolytic 72.97% (p = 0.001), Candida albicans 70.58% (p = 0.004), Streptococcus alpha haemolyticus 61.42% (p = 0.008)., Conclusions: When they exist more than two germs in a same individual frequently the Staphylococcus aureus is detected with the Streptococcus beta hemolytic 42.10% or with the Candida albicans 31.57%. We proposes to magnify the problem to which the patients face in order to order a medication or examine of laboratory with opportunity and when we hoped to obtain the good benefit for the health of the population.

Material and Methods: 600 subjects were studied, chosen at random, between 1 and 55 years old, 300 asthmatic and the rest apparently healthy., Results: Of 300 asthmatic patients, the average concentration of eosinophils in peripheral blood was of 615.93/mm3 (p = 0.000004, R = 2.13), the asthmatic patients with levels of eosinophils over a 400/mm3 presented: more severe asthma per month and made use of hospital services more often, (p = 0.00001, R = 3.56). In 195 patients were detected eosinophils in nasal mucus with an average concentration of 10.54% (p = 0.04, R = 0.70)., Conclusions: The incidence and prevalence of asthma seem favored by the lact of predictive sensors. In the study, the blood and nasal eosinophils, in high levels were identified in subjects at high risk, consequently its use is proposed to diagnose and follow up, with the goal of applying measures in the balanced phase of the health-illness chain.

Asthma results from a complex interaction between genetics and environmental factors. Authors have demonstrated the role play by these, however a greatest number of family and asthmatic patients not identify the sources of pollution into their home. A sampling of 369 patients finds that males were predominant mainly affecting before five years of age. 67.2% have factors of risk in their microenvironment (RR = 4.06; OR = 11.38; RA = 53.21; P = .001). Tobacco predominant with 129 patients (RR = 3.12; OR = 3.76; RA = 37.08; P = 0.04). Carpets in 32.29% (RR = 2.81; OR = 4.52; RA = 31.44; P = .007). Animals 19.24% (RR = 1.64; OR = 1.90; RA = 11.27; P = .051). Patients with a great number of broncoespasm acute description have been hospitalized rely on factors risk in their home. Data demonstrate the necessity to design projects of education to limit the family injury.

With the help of an structures observation we detect that 98% of the confined patients come from the emergency service. As a consequence of this, we proceed to go through some of the factors that bore upon the quality of the attention in that level. The medical staff non specialized subject to a survey reflect a diagnostic conviction only with the presence of sibilances. Review important fact its examine the management of the patient with a stay of some hours in the observation area in the emergency service.