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Starting in 2021, the current inflation process has spurred plenty of discussion in academic and policy circles. This paper studies the relationship between firms' markups and inflation during the 2021–22 inflation surge in several industrialized countries. It begins by explaining markup inflation and its critics in the context of the current debate over the sources of inflation. Then it reviews the characteristics of markup inflation within the post-Keynesian theory of markup pricing and complementing it with the Institutionalist approach to inflation that distinguishes between basic inflationary pressures and propagation mechanisms. The second part assesses markup inflation for several industrialized countries using descriptive statistics and conventional econometrics. The main contribution falls in empirically estimating markups considering the contribution of material cost and controlling for changes in capacity utilization over time. It concludes that there is some evidence pointing at markup inflation and, importantly, the existence of markup inflation leads to rejecting any wage-price spiral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a post-Keynesian stock flow consistent (PK-SFC) model that analyses the dynamics of an economy characterised by several — often individually studied — features of PK-SFC studies together with some innovative aspects. In particular, we investigate the income and wealth distribution between two social classes, capitalists and workers, after a period of a crisis subject to different policy scenarios. Non-financial firms but also government can undertake investments decisions and both accumulate capital. Finally, we consider the workers' and capitalists' consumption behaviour that contributes to produce (un)sustainable paths. Our model is built upon Bibi (2020, 2021) within an endogenous money framework and is calibrated using available data for major advanced economies. Simulations are conducted to question the different government fiscal policies to reduce unemployment boosting the economic activity, to obtain a more equitable distribution between social classes while obtaining those goals in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain post-Keynesian (PK) authors consider Means as one of the founding figures of PK theory and a notable contributor to heterodox economic thought in general. Paradoxically, many surveys of PK economics do not mention his name at all. It is the purpose of the current study to scrutinize the possible reasons behind the contradictory evaluations of Means’ contributions among PK authors. Based on a critical analysis of his stance on Keynesian and political economics traditions as well as his labor analysis, I argue that Means’ ideas and PK theory remain in harmony on the surface but conflict at a more fundamental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Chapter 5 'Effective Demand and Employment' in Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations by Marc Lavoie. This chapter covers one of the most distinctive contributions of the post-Keynesians, and one of its most profound insights. Analysis of effective demand and employment is a crucial and distinct foundation of post-Keynesian economics. Identifying the determinants of the level of employment and output represent one of the most significant contributions of post-Keynesian analysis. This is in total contrast to mainstream theory, according to which the level of output and employment are determined in the labour market, with labour seen as just another commodity, and the wage rate playing the role of the price equating supply and demand for labour. For post-Keynesians, the main determinant of the level of output and employment is the level of effective demand rather than the wage rate. Their views on the labour markets, taking into account segmented labour markets and efficiency wages, are considered. The determinants of profits and the profit share play important roles in the determination of employment and output. It is argued that fiscal policy plays a vital role in economic stabilisation, and that the typical arguments regarding its limitations are incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article represents a systematic presentation of the post-Keynesian alternative to mainstream economic theory. It places observation of reality at the centre of the investigation and derives — through an in-depth examination of post-Keynesian literature — an analytical model capable of interpreting the behaviour of firms in a capitalistic market economy. The chapter on which this article focuses is in a book covering the core elements of this heterodox model, which creates a coherent framework for investigating and interpreting the workings of an economic system that approximates reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present a bird’s-eye view of Robinson’s intellectual journey and I follow Harcourt in his assessment of her contributions and intellectual personality. From his many articles and books, in all his unconditional support and admiration of her, there were also some theoretical disagreements. These particularly revolve around her interpretation of Marx, and in some respects also of Sraffa. This bears witness to Harcourt’s integrity and intellectual honesty, a scholar who could be at the same time both critical and sympathetic in intellectual confrontations, whilst also being a very close friend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article implies that the time is ripe for a new paradigm in economic theory comprising classical (Ricardian) and Keynesian elements of analysis. The central Section Five presents the basic equations of classical-Keynesian political economy, the price and the quantity equation, based on three constitutive principles: the classical labour value and surplus principles and the Keynesian principle of effective demand. Subsequently, two employment mechanisms implied in the super-multiplier relation, the classical-Keynesian quantity equation, are mentioned, the internal and the external employment mechanism. Section Seven provides an analysis of the actual situation on the basis of the external employment mechanism, associated with cumulative processes of increasing disequilibria and inequalities. Given this, it ought to be replaced by the internal employment mechanism, allowing for Keynesian employment and distribution policies (Section Eight). However, the internal mechanism can only be implemented if a new world economic order is brought about, based upon a supranational currency, that is, Keynes's bancor, to ensure balance of current account equilibria worldwide. Section Ten sets forth Keynes's social liberalism, the social philosophy underlying classical-Keynesian political economy, the fundamental social ethical value of which is the Common Good. Social Liberalism thus emerges as the alternative to Capitalism and Socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an answer to the question: What is new, what is good and what is relevant for Eurozone countries in Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)? The answer is organized under six questions: (1) What is MMT? (2) What is the definition of a sovereign currency — an important concept for MMT authors? (3) Does the institutional setup play any role in assessing monetary sovereignty? (4) Is the euro a foreign currency for eurozone countries, that is, are eurozone countries currency users or currency issuers? (5) Why could there be a eurozone financial crisis and was it a balance-of-payment crisis, as a number of authors have claimed? (6) And as a conclusion, what is the future of the Eurozone? It is argued that MMT is part of the Institutionalist branch of post-Keynesian economics; that the current definition of a sovereign currency is insufficient; that the Eurozone crisis arose from the combination of Maastricht-like rules and the convention that the European Central Bank would not act as a purchaser of last resort; and that this crisis can only be taken to be a balance-of-payment crisis when considering that bond investors thought some countries would leave the Eurozone and face currency depreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supermultiplier model is gaining momentum. To become a cornerstone of modern macroeconomics, it should explain the dynamics of advanced market economies in a coherent, complete, and simple way. In particular, it is supposed to clarify the possibilities and limits of credit-driven economies, like the one observed in most advanced countries after 1995. This paper contributes to these goals by integrating the Sraffian supermultiplier with the post-Keynesian hypothesis of credit money endogeneity. This hypothesis is somehow modified when autonomous banks are able to accelerate credit above output growth, as happened after 2002. The gap between credit and output growth implies that a part of the loans is financing non-output transactions (land, old houses, shares), usually with a speculative bias. The consequences of a persistent gap are demand depression and asset inflation, as we observed after 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper celebrates the contributions to Keynesian theory of the late Brazilian economist Fernando Cardim de Carvalho (1953–2018). We use Carvalho's 12 refereed English-language papers on Keynesian theory — the first published in 1983, the last in 2016 — as a point of departure for reflecting on two questions confronting macroeconomists today. First, what is the work of the economist — in what does economic analysis consist? Second, in this post-crisis era, how might macroeconomics — and specifically Keynesian macroeconomics — be rebuilt? Carvalho's writings show that the work of the economist can be as much about understanding the raw elements of human behavior in the real world — what we will call the foundational level of analysis — as about constructing models depicting the momentum of economic systems incorporating these behaviors. Adopting this approach to the practice of theory leads to insights and frameworks that would be lost if macroeconomic theorizing were equated with formal model building: it will enrich exchanges among economists, deepen the conceptual roots of Post Keynesian macroeconomics, and facilitate interdisciplinary exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apparently never-ending phase of economic slowdown that advanced economies have been experiencing in recent decades has recently contributed to the resurrection of the hoary old argument of 'secular stagnation'. In this paper, situated intellectually within the strand of research documenting the negative impact on growth of inequality and financialization, we elaborate on the idea that such a prolonged period of stagnation is associated with a new paradigm of socio-economic policy, known as 'finance-dominated capitalism'. In this way, we distance ourselves from the mainstream 'secular stagnation' narrative, adopting instead a post-Keynesian perspective that allows us to discuss the links between financialization and inequality, on one hand, and economic performance, on the other. Then, we submit our arguments to empirical scrutiny by undertaking an econometric analysis of 21 OECD countries between 1990 and 2016. The evidence indicates that excessive levels of financialization, along with high inequality and weak labor market institutions, have a negative impact on real growth. Based on our findings, we propose possible demand-side policies, to be implemented through expansionary fiscal measures, which could help sustain GDP growth and employment in the current context of stagnation, mitigating income inequality and sustaining an inclusive recovery at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While modeling macroeconomic interactions, post-Keynesians propose rationales to verbally motivate the choice of behavioral equations. This informal approach to microfoundation results in inconsistencies and fuzzy arguments. The rationales for different behavioral rules are mutually inconsistent, require strong and nontransparent assumptions, or refer to highly endogenous variables that are not part of the model. The postulated behavioral rules are invariant to endogenous changes in the microenvironment, whereas the rationales imply that they adjust endogenously. The prevailing assumption of purely backward-looking expectations is neither theoretically nor empirically satisfying. The article concludes that revisiting the issue of microfoundation within the post-Keynesian framework may be a rewarding line of research. Furthermore, post-Keynesians should be open to various microfoundations as long as models feature the core of post-Keynesian theory—the principle of effective demand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Frederic Lee has been a major contributor to post-Keynesian economics, mainly to its theory of pricing. This article summarizes his objections to the neoclassical view of the firm and pricing, as well as his view that changes in quantities, rather than in prices, provide the important information to firms. It also outlines Lee's views on competition, and examines the three pricing doctrines Lee carefully analyzed—markup pricing (associated with Kalecki), normal-cost pricing or full-cost pricing (associated with Andrews), and target-return or administered pricing (associated with Means). The article then discusses the relationship between Lee and three strands of post-Keynesianism: Kaleckian, Sraffian and Eichnerian pricing theories. It explains why Lee objected to some features of each of these. The article concludes by discussing why, towards the end of his life, Lee felt (mistakenly) that his ideas had been dismissed by heterodox economists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]