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The article focuses on ocular hypertension which exists when a patient intraocular pressure is elevated above normal but there are no additional signs of glaucomatous damage such as progressive optic nerve cupping, retinal nerve fiber layer or ganglion cell complex thinning on optical coherence tomography or visual field defects on automated perimetry.

The article discusses the investigation of vision restoration and neuroprotection for patients with glaucoma. Topics mention including maintaining of low target pressure range, measuring functional endpoints which include electrophysiology, visual field and visual acuity and several drugs and therapies such as Brimonidine, stem cells and neurotrophic factors.

The article discusses the pathology and treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). It notes PACG as the leading cause of blindness, which increases with age and frequently misdiagnosed. It highlights the subcategories for describing patients with angle closure such as primary angle closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary acute angle closure attack. Diagnostic and treatment measures for each subcategories are provided.

The article focuses the importance of measuring the rate of change for visual field loss in glaucoma diagnosis. It mentions that the rate of visual field progression tell the patient's likelihood of developing visual disability, which guides clinicians in treatment decisions to lessen the risk. Three studies are cited which offers information about rates of progression in glaucoma.

The article provides information about low-pressure glaucoma, which is also called normal-tension glaucoma. The condition is a subgroup of open-angle glaucoma in which untreated intraocular pressure (IOP), is in normal range. It is noted that IOP-independent mechanisms maybe the main cause of the neuropathy. The disease represents 20% to 30% of patients with open-angle glaucoma in the U.S.

The article discusses concepts which may be utilised to better equip optometrists in appropriately managing patients who require glaucoma surgery. Surgical intervention is required if target intraocular pressure (IOP) is not achieved, or the patient is showing progressive structural or visual field loss on maximum drug therapy. Optometrists are recommended to wait six to eight weeks before observing the new postoperative IOP state.

The article discusses various differential diagnoses for patients with glaucoma. Information regarding the need for practitioners to differentiate between a primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) from secondary glaucoma, the patient's demographic characteristics, and the need for clinicians to consider the medication's side effects, costs, and mechanism of action, are mentioned.

The article reports that vascular deregulation has a huge impact on the eyes. It discusses the symptoms of primary and secondary vascular deregulations and also reviews ocular vasculature. It also reports of hypotension and hypertension conditions and its impact on the eyes. The article explains this with the help of diagrams, charts and a quiz. INSET: OSC QUIZ.

The article discusses the role of aqueous humor secretion and its outflow regulation min maintaining the normal level of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma. Topics discussed include the aqueous humor outflow (AHO) resistance dysfunction, the use of gonioscopy in collecting information about the chronic and progressive disease, and the aqueous angiography to image the AHO.

The article offers information related to Normal-tension glaucoma that is a unique condition in which optic nerve damage and vision loss have occurred despite a normal intraocular pressure inside the eye. It mentions several reasons for the condition including fragile optic nerve and reduced blood flow in optic nerve. INSET: The Optic Nerve in NTG.

The article provides information on the prescribed drugs used to cure patients with inflammatory conditions of the eye. Loteprednol and prednisolone are considered the most effective ophthalmic corticosteroids to treat eye disorders. It states that corticosteroids are the prominent supporter for medical therapeutics in office-based eye care. Steroid or antibiotic-steroid medicine could easily cure patients with acute red eye, as well as in inflammatory in nature. INSET: Why Taper Steroids?.

The article offers classes of ophthalmic corticosteroids. The most widespread use corticosteroids for eye disorders includes Loteprednol which uses an ester base, Prednisole which has the greatest anti-inflammatory efficacy of topical ophthalmic steroids, Dexamethasone which has greater propensity to raise intraocular pressure, Fluorometholones and Rimexolone. It is emphasized that the cortecosteroids are mainstay of medical therapeutics in office-based eye care.

The article focuses on the common causes of secondary glaucoma such as the pigmentary glaucoma (PG), exfoliative glaucoma (XFG), uveitic glaucoma (UG) and steroid-induced glaucoma. It was believed that PG was caused by packets of lens zonules rubbing against the peripheral iris. XFG is associated with a systemic condition known as exfoliation syndrome (XFS). UG presents an inflammatory damage to the trabecular meshwork and uvea coupled with steroid-induced ocular hypertension.

The article features the most widely used corticosteroids for the treatment of eye disorders. It is asserted that the most effective of the ophthalmic corticosteroids are loteprednol and prednisolone. Other topical corticosteroid drugs include Novartis' Inflamase Forte and eFlone. Dexamethasone is considered less clinically effective than prednisolone, and has a greater propensity to raise intraocular pressure. Also, the alcohol and acetate formulations of fluorometholones are useful in some primary inflammatory conditions. INSETS: Why Taper Steroids?;The Very Few Steroid Contraindicatlons.

Discusses the integration of several medical tests in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Majority of information important in the patient's history that relates to knowledge of the disease's epidemiology and risk factor analyses; Analysis of pertinent topics and relevant issues; Implications for studies of glaucoma.

The article presents a study on pediatric glaucomas that occur between birth and 18 years of age. Topics discussed include the symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment. It mentions information on various glaucomas categorised based on children's age such as primary congenital glaucoma which occurs between birth and two months, primary infantile glaucoma between two months and two years, and late-onset primary infantile glaucoma after two years of age.

A case study of a 66-year old male suffering with glaucomatocyclitic crisis is presented, It reports that the patient's longstanding vision decrease in his left eye from an old macular scar. It mentions that the patient was diagnosed in a recurrence of glaucomatocyclitic crisis (GCC). It further reports that the elevated IOP serves to disrupt the sodium-potassium pump on the corneal endothelium with resultant corneal edema and associated symptoms of blurred vision and halos.

The article discusses the pathology of the different forms of secondary glaucoma, presence of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or glaucomatous damage as the result of a specific causative etiology. It focuses on the four most common forms including pseudoexfoliatve glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, corticosteroid-induced glaucoma and glaucoma associated with trauma. It describes their causes, signs and symptoms and management, including the major cause of the rise of IOP in each type.

The article discusses the signs, pathophysiology, and management of angle recession glaucoma. It is noted that sports injuries and assault are the most common traumatic causes that result in angle recession. In angle recession, blunt trauma to the eye forces aqueous laterally and posterior within the anterior chamber. Glaucoma medications that reduce aqueous production are very effective treatment.

The article discusses the signs, pathophysiology, and management of glaucomatocyclitic crisis, an onset of an acute, mild, self-limiting uveitis follows by a disproportionately large intraocular pressure elevation. The glaucomatocyclitic crisis is considered an inflammatory disease preferentially affecting the trabecular meshwork. The most effective treatment of the disease is a topical corticosteroid.

The article explains the necessity of tapering ophthalmic steroids. It is stated that the important reason for this phenomenon is the rebound effect of local inflammation. It is emphasized that the discontinuing topical steroids may allow the suppressed inflammation to bounce back. The explanation includes understanding of body's system for regulating natural steroids in the bloodstream.

The field of glaucoma has made great strides in diagnosis, treatment and management, but in order to take the next quantum leap for our patients, we have to drop one [...]

Nutrition and other health choices can affect your patients' risk of disease and progression. Here's what you need to know to educate them properly. Environmental factors, diet and lifestyle habits [...]

Treatment without evidence is like taking a shot in the dark. These major studies provide proof to apprehend the 'sneak thief of sight.' A 51-year-old white female presented for a [...]

Intraocular pressure is unquestionably associated with glaucoma. For decades, clinicians who frequently manage glaucoma patients have had a 'love-hate' relationship with IOP. As medical care providers, we look for consistent, [...]

The ability of steroids to suppress inflammation (clinical efficacy) is based on two factors: potency (as compared on a mg-per-mg basis) and bioavailability (the ability to penetrate into target tissues). [...]

The ability of steroids to suppress inflammation (clinical efficacy) is based on two factors: potency (as compared on a mg-per-mg basis) and bioavailability (the ability to penetrate into target tissues). [...]

The ability of steroids to suppress inflammation (clinical efficacy) is based on two factors: potency (as compared on a mg-per-mg basis) and bioavailability (the ability to penetrate into target tissues). [...]

With continued advances in drugs in recent years, we can successfully manage many glaucoma patients with medical therapy. Still, medical treatment does not always succeed in lowering IOP, and some [...]

Signs and Symptoms The initial precipitating event in glaucomatocyditic crisis (GCC) is the acute onset of a mild, self-limiting uveitis followed by a disproportionately large intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Glaucomatocyclitic [...]

We've long considered high intraocular pressure as the primary culprit in glaucomatous visual field loss, but recent investigations convince us that inadequate perfusion and ischemic insult to the retinal nerve [...]

Most glaucomas are asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease, and therefore a careful, comprehensive eye examination, including history, is essential to the early diagnosis. The majority of information [...]

Secondary open angle glaucomas are defined as the presence of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or glaucomatous damage as the result of a specific causative etiology. Secondary glaucomas are often identified [...]

Most glaucomas are asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease, and therefore a careful, comprehensive eye examination, including history, is essential to the early diagnosis. The majority of information [...]

Signs and symptoms The initial precipitating event in glaucomatocyclitic crisis (GCC) is the onset of an acute, mild, self-limiting uveitis, followed by a disproportionately large intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. GCC [...]

Most glaucomas are asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease, and therefore a careful, comprehensive eye examination, including history, is essential to the early diagnosis. The majority of information [...]

This patient avoided follow-up for CRVO for four months. Secondary glaucoma reduced his vision to 10/300 O.S. A 67-year-old white male presented following a sudden onset of blurred vision in [...]

When German ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe first observed large, suspicious cupping in patients whose intraocular pressure (IOP) was normal, the ophthalmologic community was stunned--so stunned that, under peer pressure, Dr. [...]

Most glaucomas are asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease, and therefore a careful, comprehensive eye examination, including history, is essential to the early diagnosis. The majority of information [...]

Signs and Symptoms: A patient with pseudoexfoliation syndrome remains asymptomatic until an advanced glaucoma develops. The condition is most common in those in their 50s to 70s; glaucoma develops later [...]