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A list of technical papers that were presented at the 2007 JSAE Annual Congress that was held in May 2007 is presented.

This article presents a list of technical papers presented at 2006 Japanese Society of Automobile Engineers (JSAE) Annual Congress in May 2006. It includes "Development of a Wide Range Sparkplug," "Development of 3stage 1-VTEC VCM Engine for Hybrid Vehicle," and "An Accurate Idle Speed Control for the Gasoline Engine With a Variable Valve Actuation."

A list of technical papers presented at the 2005 annual congress of the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan or JSAE is provided, including "Single Cylinder Miller Cycle Engine With Lead Valve," "Development of Electromagnetic Variable Valve Timing System for Exhaust Camshaft" and "Improvement of Combustion by Asymmetric Piston Speed."

This paper proposes a rotary electric actuator for an active suspension system that controls movement in the roll, pitch, and bounce directions of the vehicle. The effect of sky-hook and inertia control on vehicle performance was then clarified. This paper also describes the effects of the actuator from standpoints of responsiveness and consumption energy of the active suspension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-mixed compression ignition (PCI) combustion of low NOx emission was realized in a multi cylinder diesel engine on a previous paper. The PCI combustion operation is limited on a low load and it must be transitioning to conventional combustion at a high load condition. In addition, black smoke emission was observed at transition process from PCI to conventional combustion on a vehicle. Control method of combustion mode transition of PCI combustion was researched with parametric study in this paper. And control method was developed with no increasing of NOx and SOOT emissions on combustion mode transition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of sloshing noise is one important issue in fuel tank development. This paper describes an example of the application of free-surface flow CFD analysis to the development of automotive fuel tanks with the aim of reducing sloshing noise. By applying CFD analysis from the first steps of development, it becomes possible to improve the basic shape of fuel tanks without using additional parts made of absorbing material. This paper also describes efforts to shorten the analysis time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual task method is one of techniques to assess demands on drivers caused by in-vehicle information control tasks. The Lane Change Test, discussed in ISO/TC22/SC13/WG8, is a kind of dual task method. This paper describes appropriate procedures for conducting dual task methods by investigating the sensitivities of LCT on differences among task demands. Results showed LCT performances, an indicator of demands, were influenced by drivers' experiences of both LCT and in-vehicle tasks and they were not correlated to the drivers' behavior in actual driving. Based on the results, this paper discusses how important it is to select participants in LCT carefully and grasp trade-off relationships among two task performances according to the drivers' information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-mixed compression ignition (PCI) combustion of low NOx emission was applied to a multi cylinder diesel engine in a previous paper. It is known that the ignition timing varies with the ignitability of fuel (i.e., cetane number) in PCI combustion. For the commodification of a PCI combustion engine, it would be necessary to detect the start of combustion (SOC) timing and to compensate with the difference in cetane number. This paper shows the results of SOC detection and feedback control in PCI combustion using a knock sensor for a gasoline engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly describes the history of pedestrian protection research in the international field and activities for the Pedestrian Safety Global Technical Regulation (GTR) under UN/ECE/WP29. Additionally, this paper explains how the Japanese government and industry was involved in such international harmonization activities and their contributions to the research and development of the Pedestrian Safety GTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the lane departure delay system in order to cooperate with the driver and the car. The start timing of the driver assist intervention and the action method should be properly set with the necessary technology. In this paper, the approach of the system design is examined referring to the lane deviation. This paper focuses on the lane departure delay strategy and the effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by experiments using the driving simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, attention has focused on smokeless, sulfur-free dimethyl ethyl (DME) as a clean fuel for heavy-duty diesel vehicles. As a part of its Next-Generation Environmentally Friendly Vehicles Project (EFV21), the Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has developed an engine for heavy-duty trucks in the 20-ton class that uses DME as its fuel. The developed DME engine performance achieved an output and fuel consumption the same as the base diesel engine, and also achieved near zero emission levels for NOx (0.11 g/kWh) and PM (0.001g/kWh). In this paper, a summary of the project is given and development targets are described. Furthermore, this paper explains the final results of development regarding a DME injection system, improvement of DME combustion, and a NOx reduction catalyst system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, amount of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) finite element (FE) analysis models are becoming increasingly large. At the same time, reduction of product development time has become an urgent requirement. This paper presents a new method for efficiently evaluating the effects of structural modifications by utilizing normal mode analysis results of the baseline design model. The paper presents an application of the new structural modification method with a large FE model of an automotive vehicle body in actual product development. This paper also presents an application of the method to create a simplified and reduced version of the original large FE model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the analysis method of a driver's facial expression as a subjective evaluation tool. It says that a method of quantitative analysis of the facial expression of drivers has been proposed by the paper. It states that human facial expressions are classified into six patterns which include happiness, sadness and fear. Accordingly, the paper focuses on one human facial expression which is the surprise state. It adds that the said state has been measured to evaluate human emotion using 3-dimensional image analysis method.

Traffic simulation is important technology for assessing the influence of traffic on the environment. It is also necessary to model driver behavior to evaluate the influence of new ITS services. In this paper, we describe a layered model which adds a physical car dynamics layer to the three-layer model of driver behavior and proposes a new distributed processing architecture to reduce the computational complexity using the space locality and time granularity of each layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the status of Active Safety technology, as the research fields being provided into the vehicle research field, the road environment field, the driver research field and the evaluation methodology research field. Technical problems and future direction for solving the problems are proposed. Especially development of Driver Behavior model including cognitive and judgment process is introduced to be important item. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the future outlook for transmission development activities. Increasing number of gears, further introduction of continuously variable transmission (CVT) and automated manual transmission (AMT), and improvement of element efficiency are expected to continue for reducing environmental impact, realizing easy shifting and smooth drive feel, and enhancing driving pleasure. Dual clutch transmission (DCT) should also increase for its easy shifting combined with smooth, direct drive feel. 4WD would see polarization into small, lightweight systems and those with high-performance, while hybrid systems would be narrowed down based on transmission efficiency and cost down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an original evaluation method for estimating workload of operating In-Vehicle system focused on brain resource. An original index (spare mental capacity) is compared with vehicle behavior, subjective appraisal, and occlusion method. The validity of this evaluation method is verified in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new clean 2.0L L4 DI diesel engine, called the M9R engine, has been developed. This engine achieves the best performance in its class by the use of new technologies (e.g. piezo-driven type injectors) and meets the targets of the new Japanese emissions regulations (Post New Long Term: PNLT) with the successful application of a Lean NOx Trap (LNT) catalyst, a world's first for a diesel engine. This paper introduces an outline of the M9R engine and its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It had been demonstrated that the fatigue life of hot forging dies for connecting rods was improved by cavitation peening (CP). In the present paper, in order to improve peening intensity and identify CP surface modification, the changes in Vickers hardness, surface roughness and residual stress were measured in terms of their depth within a specimen made of alloy tool steel peened by CP. It was demonstrated that peening intensity improved in comparison with shot peening (SP) and the former type of CP, and that residual stress in the sub-surface changed according to CP processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method to provide a forward obstacle collision warning system (FOCWS) based on deceleration for collision avoidance (DCA) proposed in the first report. First, driving simulator experiments are performed to determine reaction time, which is an essential parameter for the calculation of the index. Next, we propose a new FOCWS that provides drivers with a real-time indicator of DCA as visual information in addition to a warning sound as auditory information. Driving simulator experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and acceptability of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disc wheels of cars have evolved with the development of steel, aluminum, and magnesium materials. For further development, this paper introduces an outline of the possibility of weight reduction and the issues for practical use by making trial full carbon composite disc wheels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes deceleration for collision avoidance (DCA) as a new index to evaluate collision risk against forward obstacles. Cases in which the vehicle in front maintains its current acceleration or decelerates abruptly are defined as overt- and potential DCAs, respectively. Numerical simulations are performed to compare the DCA values with time-to-collision and margin-to-collision, which are wellknown indices used to evaluate the potential collision risk in a situation where the possibility of collision with a forward obstacle is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Position information of the vanishing point is necessary to estimate 3D information using optical flow of images obtained from an onboard vehicle camera. However, the vanishing point does not exist when the host vehicle turns. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the 3D information in which the vanishing point is not used by extracting the optical flow in each area classified into vehicles, the road surface, and the background regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its flat-shaped combustion chambers, the combustion characteristics of rotary engines (RE) are quite different from those of ordinary reciprocating gasoline engines. In this paper, in order to gain a better understanding of RE combustion, ignition and flame propagation were observed in detail using visualization apparatus such as an optical RE and a rapid compression machine. Furthermore, this development focused on achieving faster RE combustion for reducing CO2 emissions. Combustion simulation, visualization, and dynamometer tests were conducted. As a result, the optimal spark plug arrangement leading to high thermal efficiency was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A measuring method has been developed that can measure the liquid fuel (= wall-wet) quantity in an intake port and a cylinder under transient states. This method uses a specified single-cylinder research engine with a rapid valve train shutdown system for maintaining the wall-wet condition after it occurs and a transient state engine speed control that uses a low-inertia dynamo. This paper clarified the ratio of injected fuel at the 1st cycle from cold start (intake port wall-wet: 64%, cylinder wall-wet: 24%, burned fuel: 12%), and the increasing transition of these wet quantities cycle by cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-board measurement systems with an exhaust gas analyzer were installed on test vehicles, and road tests to analyze the correlation between environmental factors such as the gradient of the road and traffic flow and emission increase. Based on this data, the mechanisms increasing NOx from vehicles driving at specific spots such as downward slopes, sharp curves and so on were verified by the catalyst model presented in this paper to understand the catalyst reaction atmosphere by numerical analysis of A/F fluctuation. Furthermore, effective pollution abatement measures were investigated for the hot spot NOx emission increases using our catalyst model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of this report have proposed "Judgment Line of Brake Initiation" in phase plane of the index (KdB_c) and the gap (D or distance). It was determine by a test driver's brake initiation in moderate danger levels. The experiments with several subjects in a proving ground (a test course) were conducted and differences among individuals were recognized. In this paper, a method to adapt "Judgment Line of Brake Initiation" to individual drivers in public roads is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A permanent magnet DC brushless motor is the most suitable for high torque electric power steering. Unlike brush motors, these motors can be driven up to high revolution speeds by using field weakening control that reduces the magnetic flux. However, vibration caused by this field weakening control occurs in an 8-pole 9-slot DC brushless motor. Therefore, the issue is that high power and low vibration must be compatible. The authors focused on this issue, and investigated the mechanism of the vibration. This paper proposes a countermeasure based on the results of this investigation, and reports test results of reduced vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an energy security and CO2 reduction point of view, much attention has been given to biofuels. Yet, the major challenge in combusting high concentration ethanol fuel(E85) in SI engines is to retain stable cold startability and emission performance. This is due to the large latent heat required to vaporize ethanol. In this Paper, evaporation of high concentration ethanol fuel at cold temperatures is analyzed quantitatively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, spray structure mechanisms are described and the important factors for calculating diesel spray using LES are described, such as computational grid resolution, convective scheme and spray models. Furthermore, visualization of spray and vortex structure for LES spray simulation is conducted. Results indicate that spray droplets are distributed around a three-dimensional vortex structure composed of many hairpin vortexes. Results also suggest that the three-dimensional spray structure is influenced by a three-dimensional vortex structure developed in the ambient gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have previously proposed a worm gear with a new tooth profile for use in electric power steering (EPS). Use of this new tooth profile enables a reduction in the diameter of the worm wheel. This worm gear with its new tooth profile additionally provides increased transmission torque, reduced friction torque, and greater strength, thereby resolving basic issues that have previously affected conventional worm gears. This paper describes the study of the worm wheel with the new tooth profile proposed by the authors that was conducted with a view toward enhancing transfer efficiency. For this purpose, a meshing model for the worm gear was first created and used in order to examine the effects of the flexural rigidity of the worm wheel on transfer efficiency. Next, worm wheels that actually have different flexural rigidity were fabricated. The transfer efficiency of the different worm wheels was studied in terms of their meshing area. The results revealed that there is a proper value for the flexural rigidity required to enhance transfer efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are developing a traffic simulator called STREET, which evaluate effectiveness to reduce accidents by safety systems. To evaluate safety systems, however, we have to be able to faithfully reproduce traffic accidents that are caused by interactive events between vehicles and between vehicles and pedestrians. In this method, we have constructed the driver model of normal driving behavior, and driver model which simulate driver's error in cognition, decision-making and operation. In this paper, we describe a method of reproducing traffic accidents. In addition, we talk about evaluating the ratio of accidents with/without active safety systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For active safety application, we developed a system that estimates the level of risk of traffic situations perceived by the driver, based on the driver's driving behavior. An interaction model between driving environment and operation is acquired by online learning, and driver- adapted results are output. This paper outlines the system algorithm and estimation experiment results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares evaluation indices for estimating driver risk perception of a rear-end collision. First, the definition and the characteristics are described briefly for each index. Second, relationships among the indices are theoretically discussed. Third, we compare time history characteristics in typical following situations by using numerical simulations. The indices were categorized into three groups in terms of required variables for calculation. The separation from the changes in which drivers do not decelerate at all was verified based on experiment data of typical vehicle-following situations acquired using a driving simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correspondence to the seriousness of global environmental issues are required to the automobiles, as well as driving performances strongly required from the end-users. As a technology to improve both requirements, the variable valve actuation system, which controls valve events and lifts continuously, has been developed. This paper describes features of the system as well as the knowledge and test results obtained through the development of the system until it reaches the mass-production stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is shown that in a LPG liquid-phase injection engine, the pressure in a LPG fuel supply system should be controlled which lead to a fuel efficient engine system. Especially at a high output of injection fuel follow, the pressure is not necessarily controlled at high pressure. Thus the optimal pressure is determined experimentally and the experiments are followed to control the pressure at the lower optimal pressure for different outputs of the injection fuel follows for the different speeds of the engine. The fuel supply system without the return pipe exploited in our laboratory is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents to report a summary of the recycling activities with FRP or composite materials in EU. NA(North America) and Pacific Rim Area, where, recently, great efforts have been made. In EU, "Green Label System" and "ECRC(European Composites Recycling Concept)" have been started. In NA, recycling material (recyclate) is much more applied. In Japan, "Cement Kiln process" is successfully being devised while chemical recycling technologies are being developed actively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4 wheel active steering system (4WAS), which controls all four steering angle, is developed first in the world. This system achieves dynamic performance with secure and invigoration feel on higher level, based on active steer technology of rear axle. This paper describes aim and necessity of all four steering control, and introduces outline and efforts of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As computational fluid dynamics plays a crucial role in vehicle body design, the CFD committee, one of the technical committees comprising JSAE, embarked on a benchmark project in which a number of CFD codes would be tested on the same vehicle body. A wind tunnel test of the 1/5 scale model was conducted to provide reference data for the benchmark test. In this paper, details of the measurements are presented. On the body surface, smooth flow patterns were visualised by tufting. It was also found that total pressure loss in the wake of the model displayed a unique pattern similar to a mushroom cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the application of Model Predictive Control (MPC) to vehicle motion control using individual wheel braking. The control system comprises a three level hierarchical design, with MPC operating in the middle level. Above this is a model-based reference system for motion control integration, and at the lowest level are individual wheel-slip controllers. Performance advantages are shown to derive from linearization of the predictive model about the general (non-equilibrium) operating point at each controller time step, due to strong nonlinearity in the tire force generation. Performance is evaluated using a "sine with dwell" handling test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As bio-fuel is carbon neutral, it is considered to be an effective fuel for reducing CO2. Bio hydrofined diesel (BHD) seems to have a high potential for use as an automotive fuel because of its zero aromatic content and higher oxidation stability. This paper describes the effects of BHD on material compatibility and emissions using the latest heavy-duty diesel engine. It shows that the effects of a BHD-blended fuel are almost the same as conventional diesel fuel. As a result, BHD fuel is demonstrated to be an appropriate fuel for diesel engine vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research has been conducted on collision damage mitigation systems. The Pre-Crash Safety system (PCS), which can help detect the presence of pedestrians through a combination of information received from millimeter wave radar and camera images, has been developed and introduced into certain vehicles. Since it is difficult for millimeter wave radar alone to detect pedestrians because a pedestrian's reflection is lower than that of a vehicle and their level of reflection can fluctuate widely, a specialized detection method is needed. This paper describes an analysis of radar wave reflection from a human body as fundamental data for millimeter wave radar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers have proposed methods of recognizing vehicles in front by on-board cameras. However, with these recognition methods, it is difficult to detect features of a distant vehicle from an image by conventional means because the image is too low-resolution (LR). This paper presents a vehicle image recognition method for detecting features of a distant vehicle by frame-merging of image sequences. To detect vehicle features in an LR image, image sequences obtained from the camera are used, and super-resolution image reconstruction is applied. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown through experiments using real road images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some approaches to emulating expert driver's longitudinal and lateral integrated control using jerk information are studied in this paper. We proposed a longitudinal driver model which works in coordination with any steering input. The longitudinal acceleration command is calculated by the vehicle lateral jerk information. Adopting programmed and preview-follower model for the steering input, we compared with the expert drivers cornering and braking lane change test results. The both results agree well, and we confirmed the model can emulate a certain respect of expert driver's control strategy for trade-off between longitudinal and lateral acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are environmentally friendly and energy efficient vehicles for the 21st century, and do not emit CO2 or other toxic emissions. Therefore, FCVs are considered as one of the most promising clean energy vehicles for the future. This paper describes the current status of FCV development around the world and also summarizes worldwide FCV demonstration test results. The future outlook for FCVs is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a yellow light at a signalized intersection, drivers occasionally fall into the dilemma whether to pass through the intersection or to stop at the stop-line. As the result of an aggressive pass or a sudden stop, rear-end collisions and head-on accidents may occur. In this paper, drive recorder equipped vehicles provide many incident data that occurred during yellow lights, and actual dangerous zone is extracted. Because the zone is one of the targets for accident prevention, the obtained insights are useful in considering measures for enhancing safety such as the dilemma avoidance signal control and other related ITS technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an automotive exhaust heat recirculation system. This system was developed to improve fuel economy after cold starts in the winter. The warm-up speed of the engine and heater performance can be improved by recovering exhaust heat from exhaust gas to the engine coolant. As a result, the actual fuel economy is improved due to earlier engine stops in hybrid vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to represent the real world faithfully, computer simulations have become increasingly more complex in recent years, which has tended to lengthen the computational time involved. In simulation-based robust design, the necessity of considering the variation of each parameter greatly increases the number of specifications that are calculated. In practical terms, that makes it impossible to examine robust designs thoroughly in some cases. With the aim of overcoming this problem, this study examined a method for executing a robust design efficiently even when simulations requiring a long computational time are used. The proposed method was applied to optimize the shape of an automotive engine exhaust port. This paper describes the proposed method for executing simulation-based robust designs efficiently and presents the results of its application to the exhaust port shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large transit hybrid bus equipped with an inductive recharging system was developed in a Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) project. The hybrid bus passed through motor vehicle inspection and registration, and is still under continuous examination. We evaluated the fuel and electric economy of the hybrid bus in city driving and the efficiency of the inductive recharging system during charging to the battery. This paper reports the test results of the hybrid bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a low NOx and low smoke combustion concept for a DI diesel engine and an investigation into its combustion characteristics. In this concept of combustion, using a high EGR rate combining with head swirl, combustion chamber design and optimal injection timing, the combustion process occurred under a moderate reaction rate with greatly improved fuel mixing. As a result, both NOx and smoke emissions were reduced considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]