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Background In HIV-infected T lymphocytes, NF-κB/Rel transcription factors are major elements involved in the activation of LTR-dependent transcription from latency. Most NF-κB heterodimer p65/p50 is sequestered as an inactive form in the cytoplasm of resting T lymphocytes via its interaction with IκB inhibitors. In these cells, both absolute HIV latency and low level ongoing HIV replication have been described. These situations could be related to differences in the balance between NF-κB and IκBα ratio. Actually, control of IκBα by cellular factors such as Murr-1 plays a critical role in maintaining HIV latency in unstimulated T lymphocytes. Formerly, our group demonstrated the presence of nuclear IκBα in T cells after PMA activation. Now we attempt to determine the dynamics of NF-κB/IκBα nucleocytosolic transport in absence of activation as a mechanism to explain both the maintenance of latency and the existence of low level ongoing HIV replication in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes. Results and conclusion We show that the inhibition of the nuclear export by leptomycin B in resting CD4 + T cells resulted in nuclear accumulation of both IκBα and p65/RelA, as well as formation of NF-κB/IκBα complexes. This proves the existence of a rapid shuttling of IκBα between nucleus and cytosol even in absence of cellular activation. The nuclear accumulation of IκBα in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes results in inhibition of HIV-LTR dependent transcription as well as restrains HIV replication in CD4 + T lymphocytes. On the other hand, basal NF-κB activity detected in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes was related to low level HIV replication in these cells.

In HIV-infected T lymphocytes, NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors are major elements involved in the activation of LTR-dependent transcription from latency. Most NF-kappaB heterodimer p65/p50 is sequestered as an inactive form in the cytoplasm of resting T lymphocytes via its interaction with I kappaB inhibitors. In these cells, both absolute HIV latency and low level ongoing HIV replication have been described. These situations could be related to differences in the balance between NF-kappaB and I kappaB alpha ratio. Actually, control of I kappaB alpha by cellular factors such as Murr-1 plays a critical role in maintaining HIV latency in unstimulated T lymphocytes. Formerly, our group demonstrated the presence of nuclear I kappaB alpha in T cells after PMA activation. Now we attempt to determine the dynamics of NF-kappaB/I kappaB alpha nucleocytosolic transport in absence of activation as a mechanism to explain both the maintenance of latency and the existence of low level ongoing HIV replication in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes.We show that the inhibition of the nuclear export by leptomycin B in resting CD4+ T cells resulted in nuclear accumulation of both I kappaB alpha and p65/RelA, as well as formation of NF-kappaB/I kappaB alpha complexes. This proves the existence of a rapid shuttling of I kappaB alpha between nucleus and cytosol even in absence of cellular activation. The nuclear accumulation of I kappaB alpha in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes results in inhibition of HIV-LTR dependent transcription as well as restrains HIV replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes. On the other hand, basal NF-kappaB activity detected in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes was related to low level HIV replication in these cells.