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Implementing biomolecular techniques in the study of written cultural heritage has led to a steady development of biocodicology and the study of DNA and proteins in parchment in the past years. In this context, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has gained increasing attention as a powerful tool to study the ancient writing support. With a particular focus on the main components of parchment – different types of collagens – proteomic applications of the technique are highlighted. The review summarises advances in biocodicological studies focusing on manufacturing aspects and conservation treatments. Herein we further investigated proteomic studies on animal skin to prove the potential of MALDI-MS imaging (MALD-MSI) to broaden our knowledge and take studies on damage assessment and degradation of parchment to another level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial from the journal Restaurator emphasizes the importance of preserving and conserving manuscripts as valuable records of history and culture. It highlights the need for collaboration between the fields of natural science and the humanities to develop effective strategies for conservation. The editorial presents a collection of scientific papers that explore different methodologies and approaches to understanding the materiality of manuscripts. The hope is that these contributions will inspire new collaborations and advancements in the field of written heritage conservation. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Late Antique manuscripts; Late Antique parchment; parchment-making; parchment conservation; epidermis; belly button repair; Vienna Dioscorides; visual analyses; Spätantike Handschriften; spätantikes Pergament; Pergamentherstellung; Pergamentkonservierung; Epidermis; Bauchnabel-Reparatur; Wiener Dioskurides; visuelle Analysen EN Late Antique manuscripts Late Antique parchment parchment-making parchment conservation epidermis belly button repair Vienna Dioscorides visual analyses DE Spätantike Handschriften spätantikes Pergament Pergamentherstellung Pergamentkonservierung Epidermis Bauchnabel-Reparatur Wiener Dioskurides visuelle Analysen 93 110 18 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction Most of us are familiar with fine parchment used for written and often opulently decorated medieval manuscripts, for example the famous Bible of king Wenceslaus IV from 1390 (Austrian National Library, Cod. 2759-2764) written in Prague on skilfully prepared calf parchment. Late Antique parchment, Late Antique manuscripts, parchment-making, epidermis, belly button repair, Vienna Dioscorides, visual analyses, parchment conservation (c) Epidermis patch completely covered by the illumination on the hair side of the parchment, folio 2v (d) Identical epidermis patch seen from the flesh side of the parchment, folio 2r. 3.3 Epidermis Patches in Late Byzantine and Greek Manuscripts Parchment of later Byzantine and especially Greek manuscripts from the 10th - 13th centuries differs from the quality of the parchment used in early Byzantine manuscripts, but also shows certain similar characteristics. [Extracted from the article]

Investigating the Properties of Folded Parchment - A Preliminary Study. [Extracted from the article]

Non-Invasive Physico-Chemical and Biological Analysis of Parchment Manuscripts - An Overview. [Extracted from the article]

2.2 Nanoparticle Formulations and Application Procedure Nanoparticle formulations were designed and synthesised by the partners involved in the NANOforArt project and comprised calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate nanoparticles dispersed in propan-2-ol or cyclohexane ([2]; [26], [27]; [32]). In Figure 3, the plot of elastic modulus ( I E' i ) versus RH is presented for control untreated, and nanoparticle treated samples as measured by Controlled Environment Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA-RH). Similar nanoparticle formulations were also applied on leather showing the same positive effects: accelerated thermal ageing proved to induce more damage to untreated leather sample compared to CaCO SB 3 sb -treated sample and aged treated sample ([2]; [26]). Keywords: parchment; conservation treatment; alkaline nanoparticles; pH adjustment; Pergament; konservatorische Behandlung; alkalische Nanopartikel; pH-Einstellung EN parchment conservation treatment alkaline nanoparticles pH adjustment DE Pergament konservatorische Behandlung alkalische Nanopartikel pH-Einstellung 143 158 16 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction Materials and practices used in the past for the conservation treatment of parchment have been proven to lead to unwanted alterations and major changes ([19]; [10]). [Extracted from the article]

Documents, reconstituted parchment, authenticity, dyed parchment, parchment binding, leather dyes, pastels Keywords: dyed parchment; parchment binding; documents; reconstituted parchment; leather dyes; pastels; authenticity; gefärbtes Pergament; Pergamenteinband; Urkunden; rekonstituiertes Pergament; Lederfarben; Pastellfarben; Authentizität EN dyed parchment parchment binding documents reconstituted parchment leather dyes pastels authenticity DE gefärbtes Pergament Pergamenteinband Urkunden rekonstituiertes Pergament Lederfarben Pastellfarben Authentizität 35 52 18 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Historical Review Dyed parchment in codices and documents is a rare commodity in libraries and archives and consequently on conservators' work benches. 6.3 Dyeing the Pulp When dyeing hide powder suspensions, leather dyes are more suitable than pastel powder or natural pigments ([10]). 6 Descriptions of Colouring Techniques 6.1 Colouring with Pastels Pastels are pigment-based crayons that are usually applied in a dry manner. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: calcium phytate; gelatine; parchment; iron gall ink corrosion; bathophenanthroline; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy; Calciumphytat; Gelatine; Pergament; Tintenfraß; Bathophenathrolin; ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie EN calcium phytate gelatine parchment iron gall ink corrosion bathophenanthroline ATR-FTIR spectroscopy DE Calciumphytat Gelatine Pergament Tintenfraß Bathophenathrolin ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie 73 92 20 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction Iron gall ink (IGI) corrosion on paper has long been recognised as an imminent threat to cultural heritage. These are relevant for the treatment of parchment for the following reasons: Phytic acid may react directly with free iron ions without having to exchange calcium ions as in the calcium phytate complex. Nevertheless, there are cases of parchment degradation by IGIs: [3] found in artificially aged parchment prepared with iron gall ink, in addition to the migration of sulphate ions, significant differences in the shrinkage temperature of up to 15.5 °C as well as clear signs of denaturation by ATR-FTIR analysis. After many decades of research in treating IGI corrosion on paper during the 20th century (for a comprehensive overview, see [26]), a method involving calcium phytate, the calcium salt of phytic acid, was introduced by [21], further developed and refined over subsequent years ([15]) and is now well-established for treatment of paper documents where it has proved effective in inhibiting both factors of IGI corrosion on paper. [Extracted from the article]

The purple dyes, inks, and pigments of the Vienna Genesis, the Codex Purpureus Petropolitanus, the Codex Sinopensis, and the Dagulf Psalter were analysed with Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS), spectrofluorimetry and µ-XRF and compared with reference material (Appendices 2 and 3). The shades of unaged and light aged parchment samples dyed with orchil resembled most of the tones of the Vienna Genesis (Figure 6). Based on a literature search and the results of the dye analysis ([3]) we selected orchil dyes (obtained from I Lasallia pustulata i and I Roccella tinctoria i species), folium (obtained from I Chrozophora tinctoria i fruit I s) i , and shellfish purple (obtained from I Hexaplex trunculus i snails I ). i The orchil dyes were applied by brush, cotton swab, and immersion in a bath. Keywords: parchment; orchil dye; Vienna Genesis; purple dyed parchment; Pergament; Flechtenfarbstoffe; Wiener Genesis; Purpurpergament EN parchment orchil dye Vienna Genesis purple dyed parchment DE Pergament Flechtenfarbstoffe Wiener Genesis Purpurpergament 3 33 31 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction The Vienna Genesis (Austrian National Library, Cod. theol. gr. 31) is an illuminated Greek manuscript written with silver ink on purple parchment. On the Vienna Genesis an orchil-based dye was identified as the main purple dye by Maria J. Melo and Maurizio Aceto with their respective teams ([2]). [Extracted from the article]

Two separate ways of applying formaldehyde to the sample pieces were tested: in the form of formaldehyde vapours, and by immersion. Collagenous material, leaf casting, formaldehyde, fibre suspension, parchment infills, Rekonstituiertes Pergament, Anfasern, Kaliumaluminiumsulfat, Fasersuspension, Pergamentergänzung, reconstituted parchment, potassium aluminium sulphate, Kollagen, Formaldehyd Since formaldehyde was available in a different concentration, 29.6 ml of the glutaraldehyde solution was used instead of the 40 ml of formaldehyde in the original recipe of Wouters et al. Keywords: reconstituted parchment; collagenous material; leaf casting; formaldehyde; potassium aluminium sulphate; fibre suspension; parchment infills; Rekonstituiertes Pergament; Kollagen; Anfasern; Formaldehyd; Kaliumaluminiumsulfat; Fasersuspension; Pergamentergänzung EN reconstituted parchment collagenous material leaf casting formaldehyde potassium aluminium sulphate fibre suspension parchment infills Rekonstituiertes Pergament Kollagen Anfasern Formaldehyd Kaliumaluminiumsulfat Fasersuspension Pergamentergänzung 53 71 19 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction In the conservation of paper, leaf casting is a widespread practice: An aqueous fibre suspension is used to fill in missing parts of paper; this can be done either by machine or by hand. [Extracted from the article]

Accelerated ageing is an often-used tool in conservation research, yet difficult to apply to parchment due to the materials inherent heat sensitivity. The complexity of this organic material makes the analysis of its deterioration especially challenging. An attempt to develop a non-heat ageing protocol for parchment is described in this paper. The work was performed within the scope of a MA-thesis at the State Academy of Art and Design Stuttgart. Samples of a modern new limed goat parchment and pieces of reconstituted parchment made from bovine hide powder were subjected to a combination of light ageing and dynamic ageing at moderate temperatures. All samples were analysed with the goal to observe degradation on as many structural levels as possible: colour measurement via VIS spectrometry and light-microscopic observation of fibre damage were employed to assess visible changes. Shrinkage temperature (Ts) was measured as an indicator for the amount of intact intrafibrillar bonds and the determination of the maximum moisture absorption capacity gave an impression on the parchments overall level of hygroscopy. In addition, PMF (Peptid Mass Fingerprinting) via MALDI/MS TOF was performed on extracts from unaged and light aged goat parchment. The results of the different types of analysis showed significant degradation on different structural levels of the parchment, indicating that accelerated ageing of parchment that uses a combination of light and dynamic ageing may be a viable alternative to the more commonly applied thermal ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the suitability of reconstituted parchment as a repair material for three-dimensional and movable parts of books, such as joints and the spine, was assessed. Reconstituted parchment sheets were produced with the 'dry method' following five recipes: Budapest, Giovannini's, Forstmeyer's, Wouters' and a new recipe. Tensile and lap-shear resistances were tested. Half the samples for the tensile and the lap-shear tests were folded 1, 000 times to model the mechanical stress. As the result of the tests, Forstmeyer's reconstituted parchment was applied with 3 % (w/v) gelatin mousse to repair damaged spines of parchment book models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called Croÿ albums, kept by the Collection of Manuscripts and Rare Books at the Austrian National Library, form a convolute of 15 baroque red leather bindings housing 936 gouache paintings on double-sided parchments dating from 1560 to 1621. The opulently decorated topographic views of the possessions of Charles Duc de Croÿ (1560-1612) have undergone conservation treatment at the Institute for Conservation, followed by digitisation, allowing for a restricted access to the valuable albums. The planning of the project involved a wide range of possibilities and several levels of decisions. The construction of a decision tree and decision matrices helped to visualize the complexity of the issues involved and to consider the various options. The cultural importance of the Croÿ albums was decisive for choosing an overall treatment. Polyester pockets which had been added in the 1970s were removed from the albums. The fragile paint layers on the parchments were consolidated with gelatine. The modified remounting of the gouache paintings into the albums was done with a modified form of T-hinges which are combined with a protective layer of Japanese paper. Extremely sensitive paintings were taken out of the albums and mounted in double-sided mats. For the readers, an illustrated instruction sheet was placed into each volume's archival box. It shows the correct turning of the album pages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, fans have been produced in a large range of shapes, styles, sizes and a variety and combination of materials. Each one, therefore, requires its own tailor-made mount, as poor display can cause severe damage. Long term display or storage in the open position, for instance, can lead to a fan becoming 'set' in that position, and if it can no longer be closed, its integrity is compromised. This article outlines some of the likely weaknesses of fans and the way in which they can deteriorate if not properly supported while on display. The vulnerabilities inherent in fans with a paper element are, more often than not, equally applicable to those incorporating other materials such as vellum or textiles. An understanding of the potential causes of degradation will guide good mount design and display practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the color in the seventeenth to nineteenth-collection choir books in Sacromonte Abbey in Granada, Spain. The choir books are made of parchment and are illuminated in color. Several techniques are applied in the color analysis that include organoleptic analysis, photography and macro-photography. As indicated by the result, it was discovered that the palette was made up of a narrow and standardized number of colors with an unusual mixture of colors.

The article presents a study, which applied thermographic diagnostics to the study of ancient books. In particular, the technique was tested as an evaluation tool for the state of conservation and for analyzing the structural details of some parchment bindings. With the help of thermographic analysis it was possible to detect the presence of damage, which could not be detected by optical or mechanical analysis, to test the adhesion state of the different parts of the bindings and to analyze the techniques employed for the assembly of the binding and the book-block.

Examines the structure of collagen in skin and subsequently in parchment. Primary layers of skin; Hierarchical arrangement of collagen from skin; Impact of the parchment making processes on collagen structure.

Presents information on a study which dealt with the conservation treatment and removal of blood stains on parchment fragments of a Hebrew manuscript. Information on the damage and deformation of parchment fragments of the Bible; Treatment; Conclusions.

Deals with a study which examined the effect of heat as a single factor on the deterioration of aged and historical parchment. Background on the use of parchment in ancient civilizations; Experimental samples; Information on accelerated aging; Changes in the mechanical properties; Results; Discussion.