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Introduction: The investigation of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) can be challenging. Several bronchoscopic modalities have been developed to reach and biopsy PPL but the level of adoption of these techniques by interventional pulmonologists (IPs) is unknown. This international survey was conducted to describe current practices in PPL investigation among IP. Methods: This survey was sent to all members of the World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology, Canadian Thoracic Society Procedures Assembly, AABIP, and the Groupe d'Endoscopie Thoracique et Interventionnel Francophone. The survey was composed of 48 questions and three clinical cases to establish a portrait of modalities used to investigate and treat PPL by IP around the world. Results: Three hundred and twelve IP responded to the survey. Most of them practice in Europe (n = 122), North America (n = 97), and Asia (n = 49). Half of responders perform more than 100 endoscopic procedures for PPL annually. General anesthesia and conscious sedation are used in similar proportions (53% and 47%, respectively). Rapid on site evaluation (ROSE) is used when sampling PPL by 42%. Radial EBUS (69%), fluoroscopy (55%), and electromagnetic navigation (27%) are the most widely used techniques. Most IP combine techniques (89%). Robotic bronchoscopy (15%) and cone-beam CT (8%) are almost exclusively used in the USA where, respectively, 60% and 37% of respondents reported using these modalities. Ten percent of IP currently had access to endoscopic treatment modalities for PPL. However, half of the remaining IP plan to acquire an endoscopic treatment modality in the next 2 years. Conclusion: Available techniques and practices worldwide vary significantly regarding PPL investigation and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite a growing number of tracheobronchial stent types and indications, complications remain frequent, and high-quality evidence on practices to prevent stent-related complications is lacking. Understanding current management practice is a first step to designing prospective studies to assess whether specific practices aimed at mitigating stent-related complications improve patient-centered outcomes. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to understand current management strategies following tracheobronchial stenting. Method: We performed a nationwide survey of members of the American Association of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (AABIP) and the General Thoracic Surgical Club (GTSC) who place airway stents. The electronic survey captured data on practitioners' demographics, practice setting, airway stent volume, and standard post-stent practices (if any) including the use of medications, mucus clearance devices, surveillance imaging, and surveillance bronchoscopy. Results: One hundred thirty-eight physicians completed the survey. Respondents were majority male (75.4%) and had diverse training (50.0% completed interventional pulmonary fellowship; 18.1% thoracic surgery; 31.9% other stent training). Post-stent management strategies varied markedly across respondents; 75.4% prescribe at least one medication to prevent post-stent complications, 52.9% perform routine surveillance bronchoscopy in asymptomatic patients, 26.1% prescribe mucus clearance regimens, 16.7% obtain routine computed tomography scans in asymptomatic patients, and 8.3% routinely replace their stents prior to stent failure. Conclusions: In this national survey of practitioners who place airway stents, there was marked heterogeneity in post-stent management approaches. Further studies are needed to identify which, if any, of these strategies improve patient-centered outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease with a heterogenous course of disease. Comprehensive information about the complexity and treatment indications is essential for improving patient knowledge and adhering to therapy. Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate the level and resources of information in patients with sarcoidosis and to analyze differences in patient subgroups including age and gender. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based online survey in Germany and three semi-structured focus group interviews. The interviews were evaluated independently by two investigators using a structured qualitative content analysis. Results: A total of 402 completed questionnaires were analyzed, 65.8% of participants were women, and the mean age was 53 years. The majority of patients felt well informed about their disease in general (59.4%), but 40.6% were inadequately informed. The most relevant information gaps related to the future perspective (70.6%) as well as fatigue and diffuse pain (63.9%). Most patients received information from their treating pulmonologist (72.1%). 94% used the internet, especially homepages of patient support groups (75.2%). Male participants more often reported being well informed about their disease and were more satisfied with the information (p = 0.001). During the interviews, patients expressed their wish for more comprehensive information and highlighted the importance of psychological co-care as well as the future perspective. Conclusions: A relevant proportion of patients with sarcoidosis are inadequately informed about their own disease, particularly with regard to factors impeding quality of life such as fatigue. Efforts are needed to improve the level and quality of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors discuss how interventional pulmonologists can effectively address climate change. Other topics include the World Health Organization Global Air Quality Guidelines (WHO AQG) to improve air quality and reduce emissions, and the calls for the health care community to assume leadership roles in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Background: Financial relationships between healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies have historically caused conflicts of interest and unduly influenced patient care. However, little was known about such relationship and its effect in clinical practice among specialists in respiratory medicine. Methods: Based on the retrospective analysis of payment data made available by all 92 pharmaceutical companies in Japan, this study evaluated the magnitude and trend of financial relationships between all board-certified Japanese respiratory specialists and pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. Magnitude and prevalence of payments for specialists were analyzed descriptively. The payment trends were assessed using the generalized estimating equations for the payment per specialist and the number of specialists with payments. Results: Among all 7,114 respiratory specialists certified as of August 2021, 4,413 (62.0%) received a total of USD 53,547,391 and 74,195 counts from 72 (78.3%) pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. The median (interquartile range) 4-year combined payment values per specialist were USD 2,210 (USD 715–8,178). At maximum, one specialist received USD 495,332 personal payments over the 4 years. Both payments per specialist and number of specialists with payments significantly increased during the 4-year period, with 7.8% (95% CI: 5.5–9.8; p < 0.001) in payments and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.61–2.4; p = 0.001) in number of specialists with payments, respectively. Conclusion: The majority of respiratory specialists had increasingly received more personal payments from pharmaceutical companies for the reimbursement of lecturing, consulting, and writing between 2016 and 2019. These increasing financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies might cause conflicts of interest among respiratory physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) cover a wide heterogeneous group of disorders, both of unknown and known causes. Accurate diagnosis is essential but, at the same time, presents many challenges. Typically, the distinction between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) can prove extremely difficult. However, another major, but underestimated, challenge is the diagnosis of connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD), specifically when ILD is the initial manifestation or when extrapulmonary manifestations are subclinical. Antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) is a characteristic example where lung involvement can be the predominant feature in the absence of other evidence suggestive of CTD. In ASyS, lung involvement can be the initial manifestation or muscle involvement can be subclinical with normal muscle enzymes. Furthermore, a negative antinuclear antibody test does not indicate autoantibody negativity in the context of ASyS. Imaging and pathology findings in ASyS are not specific and overlap with other ILDs. Finally, bronchoalveolar lavage can exhibit pronounced lymphocytosis (>30–40%). The latter, in combination with a history of exposure to an inciting antigen, can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of HP with obvious negative impact on patients' outcome. Herein, we report 3 female patients aged 61, 65, and 70 years and 1 male patient aged 43 years, with ASyS masquerading as HP and analyze the underlying reasons of misdiagnosis, aiming to raise awareness of the need for close collaboration between pulmonologists and rheumatologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the 2020 "Luftschlösser" (castles in the air) conference, experts from a wide range of pneumological fields discussed technical innovations in pneumology, which can be seen in many different areas of the field, including e-health, screening, diagnostics, and therapy. They contribute to substantial advancements ranging from the innovative use of diagnostic tools to novel treatments for chronic lung diseases. Artificial intelligence enables broader screening, which can be expected to have beneficial effects on disease progression and overall prognosis. There is still a high demand for clinical trials to investigate the usefulness and risk-benefit ratio. Open questions remain especially about the quality and utility of medical apps in an inadequately regulated market. This article weighs the pros and cons of technical innovations in specific subspecialties of pneumology based on the lively exchange of ideas among various pneumological experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imbalance between the prevalence of patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and acute-on-chronic respiratory failure and the number of intensive care unit (ICU) beds requires new solutions. The increasing use of non-invasive respiratory tools to support patients at earlier stages of ARF and the increased expertise of non-ICU clinicians in other types of supportive care have led to the development of adult pulmonary intensive care units (PICUs) and pulmonary intermediate care units (PIMCUs). As in other European countries, Italian PICUs and PIMCUs provide an intermediate level of care as the setting designed for managing ARF patients without severe non-pulmonary dysfunction. The PICUs and PIMCUs may also act as step-down units for weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation and for discharging patients still requiring ventilatory support at home. These units may play an important role in the on-going coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This position paper promoted by the Italian Thoracic Society (ITS-AIPO) describes the models, facilities, staff, equipment, and operating methods of PICUs and PIMCUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Emerging evidence suggests that long-term pulmonary symptoms and functional impairment occurs in a proportion of individuals following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although the proportion of affected patients remains to be determined, physicians are increasingly being confronted with patients reporting respiratory symptoms and impairment beyond the acute phase of COVID-19. In face of limited evidence, the Swiss Society for Pulmonology established a working group to address this area of unmet need and formulated diagnostic and treatment recommendations for the care of patients with pulmonary long COVID (LC). Method: The Swiss COVID Lung Study group and Swiss Society for Pulmonology (SSP) formulated 13 questions addressing the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary LC. A survey within the SSP special interest groups involved in care of LC patients was conducted in Switzerland. A CORE process/Delphi-like process was used to formulate recommendations. Forty experienced pulmonologists replied to the first survey and 22 completed the second follow-up survey. Agreement of ≥70% consensus led to formulation of a recommendation. Results: The participants in the survey reached consensus and formulated a strong recommendation for regarding the following points. Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 should have a pulmonary assessment including pulmonary function tests. Symptomatic subjects affected by COVID-19, including those with mild disease, should benefit from a pulmonary follow-up. Persistent respiratory symptoms after COVID-19 should be investigated by a pulmonary follow-up including plethysmography, diffusion capacity measurement, and blood gases analysis. Individuals having suffered from COVID-19 and who present with persistent respiratory symptoms should be offered a rehabilitation. Additional questions were given moderateor weak recommendations for. The panel did not reach sufficient consensus for pharmacological therapy (e.g., therapy specifically targeting lung fibrosis) to formulate recommendations for LC drug treatment. Conclusion: The formulated recommendations should serve as an interim guidance to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of patients with pulmonary LC. As new evidence emerges, these recommendations may need to be adapted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to guidelines, it is possible to biopsy lung tumors "immediately adjacent to the esophagus" with EUS-B-FNA. However, it is unknown what "immediately adjacent" exactly means. Objective: to investigate the possibility of achieving EUS-B-FNA biopsies from a lung tumor depending on the distance from the esophagus and to establish the maximal allowable distance between the tumor and the esophagus. Methods: In a prospective observational study, we included patients with a lung tumor located maximum 6 cm from the esophagus and indication of EUS-B-FNA from the tumor. The tumors were of different sizes. In a plot presenting the tumor size-distance relationship in cases with (biopsy) versus without (non-biopsy) successful EUS-B-FNA, a separation line representing the threshold between the groups were identified and a biopsy-index equation established. The maximal tumor-size corrected distance (TSCD) was calculated using the residuals to the separation line. Results: In total, 70 patients were included. EUS-B-FNA from the lung tumor was possible in 46 patients. All tumors with a distance from the esophagus below 19 mm could be biopsied. The maximal allowable esophagus-tumor distance depended on tumor size. From the separation line, a biopsy-index equation was established with the sensitivity of 93.5%, a specificity of 100%, and total accuracy of 95.7%. The TSCD was 31 mm (sensitivity: 95.7%, specificity 75.0%, and accuracy: 88.6%). Conclusion: We established a biopsy-index equation to predict the achievability of a lung tumor using EUS-B-FNA depending on distance to esophagus and tumor size. A general maximal TSCD was 31 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In potentially curable non-small-cell lung cancer, different practice guidelines recommend invasive me-diastinal staging in tumors larger than 3 cm, central, or hy-permetabolic N1 lymph nodes. There is no consensus concerning the use of an endosonographic procedure or a mediastinoscopy in the first line in patients with a radiologically normal mediastinum, while in case of a mediastinal involvement, the latest European guidelines recommend the combination of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and endoscopic ultrasound/endoscopic ultrasound with EBUS endoscope (EUS/EUS-B), using a systematic endosonographic procedure. This international survey was conducted to describe current medical practices in endoscopic mediastinal staging amongst interventional bronchoscopists. Methods: A survey was developed and sent to all members of different interventional pulmonology societies, with the purpose to describe who, when and how an endoscopic mediastinal staging was performed. Results: One hundred and fifty-three bronchoscopists responded to the survey. Most of them practiced in Europe (n = 84, 55%) and North America (n = 52, 34%). In the first line, EBUS alone was the most widely used endoscopic procedure for mediastinal staging. Half of the responders performed a systematic endoscopic staging procedure, including a systematic examination of all accessible nodal stations and a sampling of all lymph nodes >5 mm in the short axis at each station. A higher proportion of bronchoscopists who have completed a dedicated fellowship program performed systematic endoscopic mediastinal staging. Few endoscopists routinely perform combined EBUS/EUS(-B) for mediastinal staging and use the combination only in selected cases. Conclusion: There are several areas of divergence between published guidelines and current practices reported by interventional bronchoscopists. EBUS alone is the most widely used endoscopic procedure for mediastinal staging in lung cancer, and a combined endoscopic approach is frequently omitted by the responders. A fellowship program appears to be associated with a higher rate of systematic endoscopic staging procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a severe, progressive genetic disease that affects approximately 1 in 2,500 individuals globally [Ashizawa et al.: Neurol Clin Pract 2018;8(6):507–20]. In patients with DM1, respiratory muscle weakness frequently evolves, leading to respiratory failure as the main cause of death in this patient population, followed by cardiac complications [de Die-Smulders et al.: Brain 1998;121(Pt 8):1557–63], [Mathieu et al.: Neurology 1999;52(8):1658–62], [Groh et al.: Muscle Nerve 2011;43(5):648–51]. This paper provides a more detailed outline on the diagnostic and management protocols, which can guide pulmonologists who may not have experience with DM1 or who are not part of a neuromuscular multidisciplinary clinic. A group of neuromuscular experts in DM1 including pulmonologists, respiratory physiotherapists and sleep specialists discussed respiratory testing and management at baseline and during follow-up visits, based on their clinical experience with patients with DM1. The details are presented in this report. Recent Findings: Myotonic recruited 66 international clinicians experienced in the treatment of people living with DM1 to develop and publish consensus-based care recommendations targeting all body systems affected by this disease [Ashizawa et al.: Neurol Clin Pract. 2018;8(6):507–20]. Myotonic then worked with 12 international respiratory therapists, pulmonologists and neurologists with long-standing experience in DM respiratory care to develop consensus-based care recommendations for pulmonologists using a methodology called the Single Text Procedure. This process generated a 7-page document that provides detailed respiratory care recommendations for the management of patients living with DM1. This consensus is completely based on expert opinion and not backed up by empirical evidence due to limited clinical care data available for respiratory care management in DM patients. Nevertheless, we believe it is of relevance for professionals treating adults with myotonic dystrophy because it addresses practical issues related to respiratory management and care, which have been adapted to meet the specific issues in patients with DM1. Summary: The resulting recommendations are intended to improve respiratory care for the most vulnerable of DM1 patients and lower the risk of untoward respiratory complications and mortality by providing pulmonologist who are less experienced with DM1 with practical indications on which tests and when to perform them, adapting the general respiratory knowledge to specific issues related to this multiorgan disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A thorough diagnostic process is essential with regard to prognosis and treatment of the more than 200 different types of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Key to this complex process is a comprehensive medical history. For this, a template is recommended and questionnaires are increasingly used. Yet, the optimal questionnaire has not been established. Objectives: We aimed to compare well-established questionnaires that are used in the diagnostic process of interstitial and rare lung diseases. Methods: Via a structured internet search and ILD expert interviews, we identified 6 different questionnaires for the diagnosis of ILDs: the questionnaires developed by the German Respiratory Society (DGP), American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), National Jewish Health (NJH), Österreichische Röntgengesellschaft/Gesellschaft für Medizinische Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin (OERG), University of California, Los Angeles Health (UCLA), and University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (UCSF). We compared the forms, lengths, and contents of the 6 questionnaires regarding symptoms, comorbidities, drug history, previous ILD therapies, family history, smoking habits, occupational history, exposures, travel history, and former diagnostic procedures. Results: The questionnaires differed in length and content. The UCLA questionnaire focuses on connective tissue diseases extensively, while the NJH questionnaire captures previous diagnostics in detail. The OERG questionnaire is condensed, while the other 5 questionnaires are very detailed. The UCSF questionnaire contains a personal assessment part for the patient. For the majority of the questions, the patient can choose options from a preselected list of possible answers. The DGP questionnaire offers the patient the opportunity to add additional information in the form of free text to some of the key questions. Conclusions: Questionnaires are an important tool in the diagnostic process of ILDs. Further validation and adjustment to clinical guidelines will help to improve existing questionnaires. Future work must aim to develop an internationally accepted template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thoracic ultrasound is accurate in the diagnosis of a wide range of respiratory diseases. Yet the extent of its use is unknown. Through a national survey, we aimed to explore the clinical use of thoracic ultrasound and the barriers to the diffusion of the technique in Italy. Methods: Accademia di Ecografia Toracica (AdET) developed a self-administered survey which was sent by email to Italian pulmonologists via national scientific societies and networks. Results: Of the 2010 physicians invited, 514 completed the survey (26% response rate). According to 99% of responders, thoracic ultrasound had a relevant clinical role. Seventy-nine percent of the responders used thoracic ultrasound at least once a month. The main settings were: 53% pulmonology ward, 15% outpatient clinic, 15% interventional pulmonology room, 10% internal medicine ward, 4% respiratory intensive care units, and 9% other. Thoracic ultrasound was primarily used: (1) with both diagnostic and interventional aims (72%), (2) as diagnostic imaging (17%), and (3) as guidance for interventional procedures (11%). The main clinical applications were: (1) diagnosis and management of pleural effusion, (2) pneumothorax, (3) pneumonia, (4) cardiac failure, and (5) acute dyspnea. Twenty-one percent of the responders do not use thoracic ultrasound. The main reported bar-riers were: (1) availability of an ultrasound system (52%), (2) lack of protected time and training (22%), and (3) use of the technique by other specialists (15%). Conclusion: Thoracic ultrasound is widely used by Italian pulmonologists and considered a clinically relevant tool. The availability of dedicated ultrasound systems seems to be a major limit of the use of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The widespread use of rapid on-site evaluation is hampered by constraints related to time and resources, inadequate reimbursement, and evidence from randomized trials that show a lack of increase in diagnostic yield and specimen adequacy associated with its usage. Objective: We aimed to verify whether a pulmonologist can assess endosonography-derived lymph node samples after a comprehensive and reproducible training provided by a specialist pathologist. Methods:Prospective, observational trial structured in three phases. In the first (training) phase, a pathologist critically evaluated the smears from 150 archival endosonography cases with a pulmonologist. In the second (test) phase, the pulmonologist was asked to assess 50 archival endosonography-derived samples. In the last (real-life) phase, the pulmonologist classified the samples from 200 patients during the endosonography. The overall agreement between pulmonologist and pathologist (gold standard), assessed through κ-statistics, was the primary outcome. The agreement for the identification of specific cytological categories was the secondary outcome. Results: The overallagreement between pulmonologist and pathologist was 84% (κ0.765, 95% CI 0.732–0.826) in the test phase and 89.7% (κ 0.844, 95% CI 0.799–0.881) in the real-life phase. The agreement for specific cytological categories was 92.7% (95% CI 0.824–0.980) for inadequate samples, 90.3% (95% CI 84.5–94.5%) for reactive lymphadenopathies, 90.5% (95% CI 0.845–0.946) for malignancy, and 73% (95% CI 0.515–0.897) for granulomatous samples. Conclusions: A trained pulmonologist can reliably assess adequacy and malignancy for endosonography-derived samples, which could be useful in institutions where a cytopathologist/cytotechnician is not available regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antifibrotics are recommended for the treatment of individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but treatment use remains at ∼60%. Objective: To investigate the views of individuals with IPF and pulmonologists on the diagnosis and management of IPF to understand treatment patterns. Methods: Interviews and/or online surveys were completed by patients and pulmonologists from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK. Responses from physicians were analyzed by time between diagnosis and treatment initiation in the majority of patients with IPF (group A, > 4 months; group B, ≤4 months). Statistical comparisons between physicians were undertaken using z tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The physicians in group A saw fewer patients, were less comfortable discussing the IPF prognosis with patients, and had less belief in the benefits of antifibrotic treatments than the physicians in group B. These physicians' attitudes contrasted with those of the patients, who wanted more information about the IPF prognosis and pharmacological treatment options at diagnosis and were more concerned about preventing disease progression than avoiding medication side effects. Differences between countries were found regarding physicians' comfort in discussing the prognosis at diagnosis and access to care. Conclusions: Several barriers to antifibrotic treatment, principally reflecting the differing views and values of patients and physicians, were identified in this study, suggesting a need for better patient-physician communication about pharmacological therapy for IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a bronchoscopic treatment for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy. In this “expert best practice” paper, the background and practical aspects of BT are highlighted. Randomized, controlled clinical trials have shown BT to be safe and effective in reducing severe exacerbations, improving quality of life, and decreasing emergency department visits. Five-year follow-up studies have provided evidence of the functional stability of BT-treated patients with persistence of a clinical benefit. The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines state that BT can be considered as a treatment option for adult asthma patients at step 5. Patient selection for BT requires close collaboration between interventional pulmonologists and severe asthma specialists. Key patient selection criteria for BT will be reviewed. BT therapy is delivered in 3 separate bronchoscopy sessions at least 3 weeks apart, covering different regions of the lung separately. Patients are treated with 50 mg/day of prednisolone or equivalent for 5 days, starting treatment 3 days prior to the procedure. The procedure is performed under moderate-to-deep sedation or general anesthesia. At bronchos­copy a single-use catheter with a basket design is inserted through the instrument channel and the energy is delivered by a radiofrequency (RF) generator (AlairTM Bronchial Thermoplasty System). BT uses temperature-controlled RF energy to impact airway remodeling, including a reduction of excessive airway smooth muscle within the airway wall, which has been recognized as a predominant feature of asthma. The treatment should be performed in a systemic manner, starting at the most distal part of the (sub)segmental airway, then moving proximally to the main bronchi, ensuring that the majority of the airways are treated. In general, 40–70 RF activations are provided in the lower lobes, and between 50 and 100 activations in the upper lobes combined. The main periprocedural adverse events are exacerbation of asthma symptoms and increased cough and sputum production. Occasionally, atelectasis has been observed following the procedure. The long-term safety of BT is excellent. An optimized BT responder profile – i.e., which specific asthma phenotype benefits most – is a topic of current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Standardized training of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUSTBNA) is available only in highly developed countries. Objective: To compare the skill differences in the performance of EBUS-TBNA by pulmonologists trained under different learning methods. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 145 EBUS-TBNA cases. We set up 3 comparative training groups: a standardized training group, a teaching group, and a self-study group. The main clinical outcomes were sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of EBUS-TBNA. Cumulative sum analysis was used to track EBUS-TBNA proficiency of the 3 groups. Results: The sensitivities of EBUSTBNA in the different groups were 90, 88, and 67%, respectively. The accuracies of the different groups were 91, 90, and 71%, respectively. With respect to the sensitivity and accuracy, there was no significant difference between the standardized training group and teaching group. However, the self-study group was inferior to the other 2 groups. By comparing the learning curve among the groups, we found that the minimum number of operations needed to reach a 90% accuracy for the standardized training group, the teaching group and the self-study group was 17, 32 and 40 cases, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with the teaching and self-study groups, the standardized training group resulted in practitioners achieving high skill levels following the performance of a lower number of cases. Pulmonologists trained in the teaching group achieved a similar level of skills, but required more experience to reach this level. Practitioners in the self-study group did not achieve a satisfactory level of skills, despite performing a high number of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discusses the steps they have taken for the introduction of the endobronchial valves (EBV) treatment in the Netherlands. Topics mentioned include access of expert centers to other bronchoscopic and surgical treatment options, implementation of a registry to monitor EBV treatment outcomes in routine clinical practice, and patient selection by a multidisciplinary team.