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Background: Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are increasingly used in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). In general, these catheters have been reported to manage MPE efficiently. Unfortunately, insurance companies in the Netherlands do not reimburse these catheters in either first-line treatment or following failed talc pleurodesis. Objectives: Investigation of direct costs of IPC placement. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. Direct costs for both catheters and vacuum bottles were calculated. Indicators for indirect costs such as adverse events and complications and the need for additional home care for drainage were registered. Results: Mean costs for IPC amounted to EUR 2,173 and were different between tumor types - mesothelioma: EUR 4,028, breast: EUR 2,204, lung: EUR 1,146 and other: EUR 1,841; p = 0.017. Four patients were admitted to hospital for treatment of complications. Mean costs for IPC placement was similar when inserted as frontline treatment and after failed pleurodesis. Approximately 75% of patients did not need any help from specialized home care. Conclusion: Direct costs for IPC placement turn out to be acceptable when compared with estimated hospitalization costs for pleurodesis treatment. Randomized controlled trials have to be performed to compare the cost-effectiveness of IPCs compared to pleurodesis. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]