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This paper presents the main factors limiting soil fertility in the Moldova Noua area, Caras-Severin County, Romania. The goals of this paper are: characterising the natural landscape, identifying and characterising soil types and subtypes, describing the factors limiting soil fertility, and presenting soil fertility improvement and protection measures. The material used is represented by the main soil subtypes in the studied area. Results allowed the description of the most important factors limiting soil fertility and the suggestion of soil fertility protection, conservation and recovery solutions, i.e. agricultural and soil improvement works. This was determined by the very complex soils located in a relatively moist climate area and on a strongly fragmented relief made up mainly of a wide variety of rocks. Along the valleys, there are prepodsols and different subtypes of prepodsols, together with regosols and erodosols, while on the terraces, there are stagnogley prepodsols and, in the mountain area, podzols, rendzinas and lithosols are predominant. Moldova Noua is located in southern Caras-Severin County, Romania, on the Danube River, covering 146 km². Geologically, the territory belongs almost entirely to the Meridional Carpathians, namely to the Locvei Mountains, which are made up of lime rocks and crystal shales rich in copper. In lime areas altitude reaches over 700 m. To study the factors limiting soil cover fertility in Moldova Noua, Caras-Severin, Romania, we had to conduct a set of laboratory analyses. The studied area belongs to Moldova Noua, Caras-Severin County, Romania, and is characterised by varied geological and physical and geographical conditions, which generated a complex soil cover represented by 6 types and 77 subtypes of soil: Luvisols, measuring 932.06 ha (15.23%) of the studied area; Entianthroposols, measuring 0.63 ha (0.01%); Chernozems, measuring 3,977.24 ha (65%); Phaeozems, measuring 1,001.77 ha (16.37%); Pelosols, measuring 18.35 ha (0.30%); and Vertosols, measuring 188.8 ha (3.09%). The aide range of factors influencing soil fertility caused a wide variety of soil subtypes: this diversity is of considerable importance for each crop from the perspective of crop favourability and suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific paper is based on a selective evaluation of specilaity literature data on fundamental, general and particular aspects regarding soil resources of the Jimbolia locality perimeter and the establishment of these soils' fertility. The paper objectives are as follows: caracterization of the natural frame; identification of soil resources and determination of soil fertility. Soil resources identified within the researched perimeter are generally very fertile, belonging to the Chernisoil class. There are brown soils tending towards dark brown and black. Two main chernozem types occur: the slightly gleyed classic Chernozem with insertions of carbonic, phreatic-humid and vermic Chernozems and the cambic Chernozem, often associated with psamosoils. On reduced surfaces, mollic gley soils and white alkali soils also occur. The researched perimeter is located in the western part of Romania. Within the borders of the Timiş county, it is located in the western extremity, at a 39 km distance from Timişoara city. As a geographic position, it is situated in the Banat Plain, at the contact point between the Timişului Plain and the Mureşului Plain, at an average altitude of 82 m. From a climatic point of view, it corresponds with the temperate-continental climate type specific for Central Europe, where sub-Mediterranean influences can be registered. From an agro-climatic point of view, certain restrictive factors are signaled regarding the insufficient precipitation quantity, especially during the warm season, and the relatively high frequency of droughts. Underground water can be found at a 3-5 m depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the main drivers, which pushes a society for change, showing influences in both the economic and social environment. Agriculture in turn is influenced by various factors that get out of human control, such as natural and technical factors. Some of the main natural factors are the shape of the land and the type of soil, and the technical factors are represented by mechanization, irrigation, chemicalization, etc. The increase in large-scale agricultural production has led to the emergence of intensive agriculture. A system that is based on the concentration and specialization of production. (Okros 2016) The different components of the technological system are intensively applied. There are issues that are in favour of this type of agriculture and others against it, because the use of chemicals to accelerate crop production pollutes the waters and soils.(Berbecea, 2014) Through this paper we want to present a case study on an intensive agricultural system located in Gătaia. The area of this locality offers an ideal environment for crop diversity due to the plain area in which it is located, with a temperate continental climate and soils of high fertility.(Borcean 2009) The data presented are collected from a farm for a period of 3 years, more precisely for the years 2018, 2019, 2020 with a total area of 4.160.21 ha. The main agricultural crops within the farm being wheat and corn and the rest of the crops are intended as a feed base for the livestock sector that the farm owns and to carry out a judicious crop rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has been a vital area of human activity since ancient times, a thing that can be observed even today, representing both the only source of food and an important supplier of raw materials for different industries. The importance of agriculture differs from country to country, but it continues to be the main economic branch in all nations, including the highly developed ones. In this paper we want to present the suitability level of the soils in Carani, for the establishment of a tree plantation in this area (Marin 2013, Astrid 2017). The suitability of the soils is checked for the following varieties of trees: apple (MR), pear (PR), plum (PR), plum (PR), cherry-cherry (CV), apricot (CS), peach (PC).((In order to determine this suitability, a series of soil types and subtypes were chosen, namely: typical endocalcaric preluvosoil (7.50 ha), typical preluvosoil (29.13 ha), stagnant preluvosoil (4.15 ha) and molic preluvosoil (6, 30 ha). Following the analysis performed on the characteristics of the soil they are distributed within one of the four classes of suitability (Florescu 2014). The bonitary marks offered to the soils being the main indicator for classifying them. The total area considered for this study is 47.08 ha. A number of recommendations will also be made regarding possible improving the suitability of the if that is possible (Mihut, 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red oak is a native North American species that was cultivated in Europe from the XVII century onward firstly in ornamental purposes and then in forest plantations. At present, the species occupies in our country a surface of 2.500 ha and is renowned for its rapid growth. The present paper has characterized red oak stands from the West Plain taking into account their environment and stand conditions. In order to achieve this, data from forest management plans were used from the period 1995- 2008 from 13 forest districts located in this area. Red oak stands occupy a surface of 474 ha in this area (4%), especially in Tinca, Oradea, Radna and Săcuieni, and are situated at altitudes between 120-300 m. This species appears in field and slope areas, on preluvisol, luvisol and eutric cambisol soils and in Quercus mixtures, oak stands or Turkey oak stands. Tree pruning is low towards average, while the composition is mixed or in dense clusters. The structure is even-aged and the production class is average and average towards superior. The knowledge of these characteristics is very important for adapting the best practices in forestry and for the protection of best stands of the read oak, especially because this area (the West Plain) is one of the main area where the species is present in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research undertaken finds its origin in the current scientific and practical preoccupations more and more assiduous to identify and develop an integrated management of agroecosystems, efficient from an agronomic point of view, with reduced energetic and financial efforts, ecological and conservative for soil and environment. This paper presents a few aspects regarding the edaphic layer structure and its quality, as well as some restrictive features of land quality, features that define their vocation for certain utilities and different favorabilities for certain plants and fruit trees. The geographical area known as the Lipovei Hills, Lipovei Piedmont or Lipova Plateau is positionally located in the western part of the country. As a geographical unit of transition between the orogeny of the Western Carpathians. They are an integral part of the Western Hills, which are well-individualized geomorphological units by the structure of deposits, their location on the periphery and altitude. The situation of the land of recent developments and its current state consists of all areas represented by land areas and those covered by water, regardless of destination, the title on which they are held or the public or private domain to which they belong. Referring to the area taken into account, the issue addressed refers to an area of 309,186 ha of which 181,890 ha are agricultural land (58.83%) and 110,695 ha (35.80%) land with forest vegetation, located in western Romania, which from an administrative point of view, they belong to a number of 25 ATUs from Timiş (17) and Arad counties (9). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes all soil types and subtypes within the Lipova Forest District. Geographically, the Lipova Forest District is located in the western part of Romania, in the Lipova Hills, with the Mureș River as limits to the north, the hills within the Bega River basin to the south, and the boundary between the western plain and the Lipova hills (UP I and UP IX) to the west. The average altitude is between 120 m, in the meadow of the Mureş River, and 340 m. Most forests are found at altitudes between 200 and 400 m. Slope is the predominant geomorphological unit, followed by plateau, meadow and mane. The terrain configuration is usually flat and wavy, less often bumpy. Slope is a physical-geographical character with an ecological determinant role for soil and vegetation, bringing important changes in surface leakage. A number of arboreta suffer from the stationary conditions in which they vegetate, the soil being exposed to excess water -- short-lived (0.67 ha) or seasonal (0.83 ha) -- while others have stems damaged by game or rot at the base as a result of the origin of the shoots. These destabilising factors affect a total area of 2,687.18 ha as follows: 1.50 ha of low-to-medium intensity; unhealthy stems on 2,685.68 ha of which 10-20% (2,677.41 ha) and 30-50% (8.27 ha). These destabilising factors act either singularly or cumulatively (most often) with a different degree of intensity and, depending on it, they affect the normal development of the respective arboreta. Within the Lipova Forest District, the soils of the luvisol class predominate by 95%: luvosol, by 77%, preluvosol by 16%, and allosol by 2%. Next are the protisol class soils that participate with 3% of the area of forests and land for afforestation or reforestation while the smallest area is occupied by the cambisol class, which participate with only 2% of the area of forests and land for afforestation or reforestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the soils that are found in the Suceava River basin, soils that have certain distinct features in terms of parental material but also of their physical, hydric, and chemical properties. Both alluviosols and certain gleic, salic, and salinized subtypes are found, i.e. soils that are influenced by groundwater located at shallow depths and which influence their features, fertility, and occupancy. Of the total area studied of 87,552 ha, forests occupy quite small areas, i.e. 19.34% compared to 44.66% by the forests of Suceava County, Romania. Moreover, at the level of our country, Suceava County has the highest degree of afforestation in the country, i.e. 52.88%, which is one of the reasons why it is worth studying, protecting, and highlighting. As for the zoning of vegetation in the Suceva River basin, there are both forests and meadows. Two sub-areas are present: the beech area and the sessile oak area. It is important that the forested area at both Suceava County and country level, where soils are not suitable for agriculture, be forested. There is also a need for afforestation of those soils that are found spread over large slopes, where there is a risk of landslides, erosion for better use, and conservation of these soils.Vegetation acts as a protective screen on the soil limiting the amount of water drained on the slopes, reducing the striking force of raindrops, and reducing areolar and linear erosion. Human intervention by deforestation and improper cultivation technologies favours accelerated erosion. In the forest area, soils are highly acid, there are fewer nutrients, poorly humified, and forming dark raw humus which causes reduced biological activity. Vegetable residues are very importantȘ in deciduous forests, two or three times more nutrients are obtained compared to evergreen forests. The territory studied falls within the area of silvostepe, with two subzones: the beech area and the sessile oak area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis the the natural environment (terrain, paleogeographical evolution, geology, climate, hydrography, hydrogeology, soil) and soil fertility potential, ie how to use these soils in the low plain, which is part of the Banat plain requires separate treatment of each component, identifying relationships, influence or conditioning that occurs between these components. In this paper are analyzed the natural characteristics of the interfluve Timis-Bega. The analysis of the natural environment was based on works of scientific documents on the region studied, as well as observations from the site. Interfluve Timis-Bega, downstream of Timisoara, fully overlaps a region of low plains, which is part of the Banat plain. The genesis relief of this unit is closely linked to the dynamics of the foundation plates and microplates of Pannonian Basin, especially those that led to the formation of mountain relief, to the faults and local diving foundation plains. The entire area of the Banat plain and implicitly interfluve Timis-Bega, ranges from average annual isotherms of 10 ° C and 11 ° C and average yearly rainfall is around 600 mm / year. The main rivers courses are Timis and Bega, which is the surface perimeter of limit analyzed. Timis and Bega rivers, over time floods have caused several catastrophic effects of the natural environment and human settlements nearby. It may be mentioned in this regard the flooding caused in 1859, followed by another 30 such events, with very serious consequences. A number of environmental factors and "abandonment of" hydrotechnical works, wich led to a catastrophic hydric event in the spring of 2005. Groundwater level is low in the plain at a depth that influence pedogenetic processes. Until recently, much of the low plain is under increased groundwater influence. Groundwater mineralization determined at different stages of soil salinization. Groundwater bodies related study area are: ROBA03-Timisoara (body of groundwater) and ROBA18 (deep groundwater body). Interfluve Timis-Bega overlap of low plains, with favorable climate conditions and relief, which prints a high fertility soils in this area. The soils from area of analysis have a high degree of fertility. Largest surfaces of total arable land are included in Classes II and III of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]