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The aims of the study were to investigate the levels of depression and to identify the predictors of depression among older adults in 3 different environments based on their primary place of leisure time activity, including their homes, small community halls, and senior welfare centers. A convenience sample of 833 older adults participated in the study. Instruments for measuring functional independence, social support, life satisfaction, and depression were used. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple hierarchical regressions. The level of depression in older adults at home was significantly greater than the level of depression in those in both small community halls and senior welfare centers. Life satisfaction was the strongest negative predictor of depression in older adults both at home and in senior welfare centers, whereas employment status was the one in those in small community halls. Across the 3 groups, poor subjective health was the strongest positive predictor of depression. The levels of depression and predictors differed among the settings. Nurses should have a thorough understanding of these differences when planning effective strategies for managing depression in older adults.

The purposes of the study were to develop a theoretical model to explain the relationships between immigration transition and midlife women’s physical activity and test the relationships among the major variables of the model. A theoretical model, which was developed based on transitions theory and the midlife women’s attitudes toward physical activity theory, consists of 4 major variables, including length of stay in the United States, country of birth, level of acculturation, and midlife women’s physical activity. To test the theoretical model, a secondary analysis with data from 127 Hispanic women and 123 non-Hispanic (NH) Asian women in a national Internet study was used. Among the major variables of the model, length of stay in the United States was negatively associated with physical activity in Hispanic women. Level of acculturation in NH Asian women was positively correlated with women’s physical activity. Country of birth and level of acculturation were significant factors that influenced physical activity in both Hispanic and NH Asian women. The findings support the theoretical model that was developed to examine relationships between immigration transition and physical activity; it shows that immigration transition can play an essential role in influencing health behaviors of immigrant populations in the United States. The NH theoretical model can be widely used in nursing practice and research that focus on immigrant women and their health behaviors. Health care providers need to consider the influences of immigration transition to promote immigrant women’s physical activity.

The purpose of the study was to develop a situation-specific theory for explaining health-related quality of life (QOL) among older South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes. To develop a situation-specific theory, three sources were considered: (a) the conceptual model of health promotion and QOL for people with chronic and disabling conditions (an existing theory related to the QOL in patients with chronic diseases); (b) a literature review using multiple databases including Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, PsycINFO, and two Korean databases; and (c) findings from our structural equation modeling study on health-related QOL in older South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes. The proposed situation-specific theory is constructed with six major concepts including barriers, resources, perceptual factors, psychosocial factors, health-promoting behaviors, and health-related QOL. The theory also provides the interrelationships among concepts. Health care providers and nurses could incorporate the proposed situation-specific theory into development of diabetes education programs for improving health-related QOL in older South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes.

To develop successful physical activity promotion programs for midlife immigrant women, especially for Korean immigrant midlife women, concrete theoretical bases are needed. However, virtually no theoretical frameworks and/or theories exist that can explain the influences of immigration transition on the physical activity experience of midlife immigrant women in general or Korean immigrant midlife women in specific. The purpose of this article is to present a situation-specific theory on physical activity experience of Korean immigrant midlife women (SPAKIM) with its development process. An integrative approach was used to develop the theory based on the midlife women's attitudes toward physical activity (MAPA) theory, the transitions theory, a review of the relevant literature, and two studies on midlife women's attitudes toward physical activity. The proposed theory includes nature of transitions, nonmodifiable and modifiable transition conditions, contexts of daily life, patterns of response, and nursing therapeutics as major concepts, and each major concept includes several related subconcepts. Because several concepts of the theory were developed mainly based on the literature review, the major concepts and related subconcepts need to be further developed and evaluated in future studies.Keywords: nursing theory; midlife women; Asian American; immigrant; physical activityWith an increasing number of immigrants across countries, immigration has become a prominent international phenomenon throughout the world (Gallup, 2013). Immigrants are vulnerable to various types of health risks because they tend to earn less income, are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed, are more likely to live in low-income situations, and are under tremendous stress by immigration itself (Meyer, Torres, Cermeno, MacLean, & Monzon, 2003). Also, ethnic minority immigrants, including midlife Korean immigrant women, have been reported to have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and all-cause mortality, which frequently results in health disparities among the populations (Eyler et al., 1999). Moreover, midlife Asian immigrants including midlife Korean immigrant women tend to have central obesity, which is frequently associated with Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and increased mortality (Crespo, Yoo, & Hawkins, 2011).Researchers have suggested that increasing physical activity would be a low-cost way to prevent disease occurrence and the protective effects of physical activity, especially for midlife immigrant women, would be greater than that for other groups of women (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2013). However, in comparison to nonimmigrants, immigrants are reported to have much lower rates of participation in health promotion programs, including physical activity promotion programs, because of multiple barriers including language and communication barriers, cultural beliefs and traditions, and daily socioeconomic challenges (Huh, Prause, & Dooley, 2007; Meyer et al., 2003). Thus, researchers have pointed out the necessity of unique physical activity promotion programs that effectively work for midlife immigrant women (Eyler et al., 1999; USDHHS, 2009). To develop successful programs for midlife immigrant women, especially for Korean immigrant midlife women, concrete theoretical bases are needed. However, virtually no theoretical frameworks and/or theories exist that can explain the influences of immigration transition on the physical activity experience of midlife immigrant women in general or Korean immigrant midlife women in specific.Im and Meleis ( 1999) proposed situation-specific theories as a new type of theories that could be ready-to-wear in nursing practice and research. Despite some argument on the typology of situation-specific theories, situation-specific theories are "the theories that focus on specific populations or to particular fields of practice; that consider sociopolitical, cultural, and historical contexts of nursing encounters; and that include blueprints for action" (Im & Meleis, 1999). …