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Recently, renewable energy generation (REG) forecasting has become a challenging task for effective energy management. To date, a number of time-series models utilizing physical models, statistical techniques, and artificial intelligence algorithms have been proposed to deal with this problem. Fuzzy time series (FTS) models stand out among these methods since they do not need extensive historical data or some statistical assumptions like the normal distribution. Because intuitionistic fuzzy sets incorporate non-membership values in addition to membership values, they provide more information than conventional fuzzy sets do. In this regard, this paper recommends a hybrid methodology that combines the intuitionistic FTS method with the intuitionistic fuzzy c-means method for REG forecasting of Turkey between the years 2000–2020. According to the empirical results, it can be concluded that the presented integrated model showed good performance in terms of accuracy. The suggested framework is a useful tool not only for REG forecasting but also for other time series forecasting problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its widespread potential and technological advancements, it is critical to use the greatest amount of wind power in reaching the 100% renewable energy target in power grids. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis is frequently used to evaluate alternative strategies in multi-criteria decision issues. This paper employs a hybrid Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) approach based on SWOT to assess the future development of wind power capacities in Turkey in light of the sectoral effects of the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020. To validate the proposed approach, the results are compared to the results of the SWOT-based Analytic Network Process (ANP), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and fuzzy AHP (FAHP). According to the findings, "Development of domestic and efficient technologies (ST1)" and "Sustaining support mechanisms in investments and technological research (SO2)" are the best alternative strategies in all analysis models. While the priority ranks of other alternative strategies are the same in AHP and FAHP hierarchical techniques, FANP differs from ANP when the linguistic assessment process is taken into account. This study proposes long-term strategies for increasing wind power capacity and sector sustainability, and it demonstrates that FANP could be an appropriate approach for prioritizing these strategies in current scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on climate change in Turkey caused by energy consumption using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis. The motivation and aim are: Finding evidence of causality for the relationship between energy consumption, growing economies and climate change depending on parameters that vary over time, which are observed and argued through political implications. Temperature and precipitation are the dependent variables for climate change; energy types and Gross Domestic Product per capita are the independent variables for economic determiners. Data was collected annually from various institutions between 1980 and 2019. According to the Toda-Yamamoto test, a negative relationship is determined between renewable energy consumption and temperature in both the short and long term. The results reveal that a 1% increase in renewable energy reduces the temperature by 0.031%. The increase of renewable energy may help in decreasing temperature. Precipitation and non-renewable energy consumption have a positive relationship in both the short and long term, with a 1% increase in non-renewable energy consumption causing a 0.175% increase in precipitation, indicating a negative effect on climate change. Encouraging renewable energy consumption through government incentives can be a powerful solution to decrease the negative effects of climate change in Turkey. • This study examines the relationships between climate change and energy consumption. • It conducts an ARDL analysis and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests in a growing economy. • Renewable energy consumption has a positive effect (reduces) temperature. • Non-renewable energy consumption has a negative effect (increases) precipitation. • Renewable energy consumption is critical mitigating global warming in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide a scientific approach that indicates the need to focus on renewable energy potential to meet energy needs in Turkey. Turkey began to take advantage of renewable energy technologies a few years ago. Accordingly, the issue of determining the best renewable resources for the country has been brought to the agenda in recent years. The issue was considered to be a limited multi-objective optimization problem allowing us to achieve a reliable result. However, the parameter of each resource was considered as a range value, rather than traditionally expressed as an exact value, and a multi-objective decision problem was developed with an interval coefficient. This method allows us to obtain more accurate and reliable results without the need to resort to normalization methods used to eliminate unit differences. According to the results of this study, the most convenient alternatives for Turkey are hydro, wind, and solar power. The findings also support decision policies aimed at reaching targets for the electricity sector in 2023, as put forth by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). • Multi-dimensional analysis of optimum renewable energy resources for a sustainable economy. • Selection of renewable energy sources under uncertainty. • More sensitive selection of resources by representing the instability in expert opinions with interval numbers. • The most optimum renewable energy resources for Turkey: "geothermal, solar, and wind.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector with 70% public budget influence in Turkey is unsurprisingly one of the sectors over which most policies have been developed. Although Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources such as solar, water, wind, geothermal; as the speed of the consumption of the energy generated through these resources is higher than the production, the use of other non-renewable energy sources is at stake, and increases the emission amount released into the environment depending on this type of energy used. In this study, Energy Extended Input-Output Analysis has been conducted using the data of emission occurred depending on energy use within the framework of energy economy as an interdisciplinary field of study. And research has been carried out on the mutual interdependency between energy and economy. This paper employs an analysis recently published as an input-output table of the year 2014 of Turkey and energy use emission data of the same year in the World Input-Output Database. The emission occurred as a result of one single unit of energy use in the sector of electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply, which are one of the two sectors including the whole components of the energy sector in Turkey, comes first with 51.4327 TJ/million-dollar coefficient, manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, which is the other sector, ranks at the ninth row with the coefficient of 4.4556 TJ/million-dollar. As a result of the conducted analysis, while normalized total backward energy use emission linkages coefficients (BL j) equal 10.1074 TJ for Electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector, they are 1.1676 TJ for the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Normalized total forward energy use emission linkages coefficients (FL i) are 21.448 TJ for electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, yet they are 1.3941 TJ for manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Policies on the sustainable use of energy in Turkey have been developed through the achieved results in the content of the study. Policies by focusing on the economy and prioritizing the role of energy in providing sustainable development, preferring environmentally friendly renewable energy sources, and encouraging less production of emission, have especially been mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, as a result of the rapid increase in population and industrial development, the need for energy has increased. Many investments are made especially for electrical energy which is an inevitable requirement for the industry. Most of these investments are made by using fossil resources in countries' lands. Fossil sources are known to be consumable as well as too poisonous gases they give to the atmosphere during energy production. This situation causes global climate change. To prevent climate change, the carbon emitted to the atmosphere has to be brought under a certain control mechanism. In this context, the first Kyoto Protocol and then Paris Climate Agreement was signed. Under these agreements, countries will be responsible for the level of their greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This situation led to the carbon trade among countries. This situation accelerated the transition of countries from fossil sources to renewable energy sources. In this study, the effect of hydroelectric power plants, one of the renewable energy sources, on carbon emissions was investigated. According to the results, based on fossil sources of 408,533.57 tCO 2 per year from Turkey Gökçekaya dam has been shown to reduce the carbon footprint. • The paper provides a comparison of carbon emissions between hydroelectric and fossil fuel energy sources. • The article examines carbon emission reduction from a perspective of carbon markets and the legal framework. • The study also provides an analysis based on the example of Gökçekaya HEPP in Turkey. • The study provides an economic analysis of the Gökçekaya HEPP with the feasibility analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of the study is to rank and evaluate renewable energy sources that are the only alternative of non-renewable energy sources, according to twenty-six regions in Turkey. Multi-criteria decision making methods are widely employed in the solution of energy selection problems because energy selection problems contain many criteria contradicting each other. In this study, the importance levels weights of the evaluation criteria were measured by the Fuzzy Entropy method. Later, with the Fuzzy COPRAS and Fuzzy MULTIMOORA methods, renewable energy sources alternative rankings were acquired for the regions. According to the fuzzy COPRAS results in Appendix 2, the hydroelectric energy source has been defined as the suitable renewable energy source alternative for seventeen regions. According to the fuzzy MULTIMOORA results in Appendix 2, the hydroelectric energy source has been determined as the suitable renewable energy source alternative in the first rank for eighteen regions. With this study, a resource is presented to regional investors to reach an investment decision for renewable energy sources. This study constitutes an indication for development agencies along with investors. • Ranking and evaluation of renewable energy sources. • Weights of the evaluation criteria were measured by the Fuzzy Entropy method. • The Fuzzy COPRAS and Fuzzy MULTIMOORA methods were applied for ranking. • Paper concentrates on choosing the most proper RES for twenty-six regions. • Hydropower have been classified as a suitable alternative RES for most regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, where the demand for energy has increased and the supply/demand balance for energy has become increasingly difficult, the role of renewable energy is quite important. One of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world is the biogas, which offers great contributions to prevent environmental pollution and ensure ecological balance. Because Turkey has the necessary resources for the production of biogas, it is a popular country for the establishment of biogas production facility, which has a great importance from renewable energy sources. The aim of this study is appropriate city selection for a new biogas facility which will be an alternative to already existing biogas production facilities in Turkey. The study focuses on the identification of renewable energy potentials by evaluating 3 cities with rich and diverse characteristics in terms of biomass quantity. In this paper, a model with 12 criteria which affects the evaluation of the alternatives is proposed for selecting the suitable city in Turkey for biogas production with proposed solution method. In proposed methodology, the SWARA method, which uses the ranking of each decision maker, is used in the first phase of the solution in which the importance weights of the criteria in the model are determined. After obtaining criteria weights with SWARA method, for selecting appropriate city to establish a biogas facility, COPRAS method is used that is a one of multi criteria decision making method. The proposed model is showed by an illustrative example and the results are explained. • SWARA and COPRAS methods were integrated for a selection problem. • For a MCDM problem, the importance of the criteria was determined by SWARA method. • The alternatives were evaluated by COPRAS method. • The proposed hybrid method was applied to a sector problem that had never been applied before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower has the largest share among renewable energy sources in the world, supplying more than 16.6% of total global electricity to over 160 countries around the world. Global hydropower capacity increased to approximately 1096 GW with the addition of 25 GW of new hydropower capacity in 2016. With a 216 TWh per year generation capacity, Turkey’s hydropower potential is the largest in Europe. The increased rate of installed capacity in Turkey was ranked 7th in the world in 2016 with an annual installed hydroelectric capacity of 0.8 GW. The main objective of this paper is to review the developments of hydropower installations around the world and in Turkey with an emphasis on the potential of small scale hydropower systems such as waterwheels in utilizing low head water flow for household electricity usage. In the first part of this study, the growth of worldwide hydropower capacity is reviewed and the countries with the largest installed and new built hydropower capacities are reported. In the second part of this study, the current status of Turkey’s hydropower plants is discussed in detail with respect to annual regional rainfall, gross water mass flow and potential of Turkey’s major water basins to demonstrate the potential energy output that can be harnessed from small-scale systems implemented in low-head water sources. In addition, the most recent information on Turkey’s electricity generation and consumption rates are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques are gaining popularity in energy supply systems. The aim of this paper is to develop the multi-criteria decision support framework for ranking renewable energy supply systems in Turkey. Given the selection of renewable energy supply systems involves many conflicting criteria, multi criteria decision methods (Fuzzy TOPSIS) were employed for the analysis. The Interval Shannon's Entropy methodology was used to determine weight values of the criteria. In this study, α = 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 values based sensitivity analysis were performed. Three α -cutting levels were identical to the sequence of alternatives. According to result, the first criterion in preference ranking of renewable energy sources in Turkey is the Amount of Energy Produced, followed by the ranking systems Land use, Operation and maintenance cost, Installed capacity, Efficiency, Payback period, Investment cost, Job creation, and Value of CO 2 emission. Thus the multi-criteria analysis showed that the Hydro Power Station is determined to be the most renewable energy supply system in Turkey. Additionally, the Geothermal Power Station, Regulator and Wind Power Station are determined to be the second, third and fourth, respectively. The government of Turkey should invest, in order of priority, in these systems. The government should also evaluate the projects, which are related to these renewable energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the last decade, Turkish electricity demand has increased more than 8% per annum as a result of economic development. Being one of the renewable energy sources par excellence, non-exhaustible, non-polluting and economically more attractive than other renewable sources, hydropower has turned out to be an important contributor to the future energy mix of the country. Turkey''s renewable energy sources especially hydropower sources are plentiful and extensive, and represent the second-largest domestic energy sources after coal. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/year and 140 TWh/year of this capacity can be used economically. Currently, Turkey has 172 hydroelectric power plants in operation with total installed capacity of 13,700 MW generating an average of 48,000 GWh/year, which is 35% of the economically viable hydroelectric potential. 148 hydroelectric power plants are under construction 8,600 MW of installed capacity to generate average annual 20,000 GWh representing 14% of the economically viable potential. The share of renewables in total electricity generation is 17%, while that of thermal is 80% in 2009. The projection for the period 2010–2020 is for annual growth of 8% in total electricity generation. The additional generation capacity needed up to 2020 will require huge investments. This paper deals with present situation and future prospect of renewable energy and the role of hydropower in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Generating electricity, from renewable energy sources has become a high priority in the energy policy strategies at a national level as well as on a global scale. Although Turkey has many energy resources only coal and hydropower are significant at present, and as demand had risen, it has been necessary to import fuels to meet the total energy demand. The fossil resources, both indigenous and imported, have become expensive and also have undesirably high emissions. Turkey has an extensive shoreline and mountains and is rich in renewable energy potential. The share of renewables on total electricity generation is 35% while that of thermal power is 65% for the year 2010. Turkey is one of those countries that are considered rich and abundant in renewable energy resources. Turkey is facing serious challenges in satisfying its growing energy demand. To fuel a rapidly growing economy, the country’s electricity consumption is increasing by an average of 8–9% every year, and significant investments are needed in generation, transmission and distribution facilities to balance the power system’s supply and demand. With very limited oil and gas reserves, Turkey is increasingly turning to renewable energy sources as a means to improve its energy security and curb dependence on imported gas from Russia and Iran. This paper investigates the potential of renewable energy resources in Turkey at present and the magnitude of their present and future contributions to the national energy consumption. Energy politics are also considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Turkey is a rapidly growing country regarding its economy and population and therefore has a large and continuously increasing energy demand. Turkey mostly meets its energy demand from imported fossil sources. However apart from petroleum and natural gas, Turkey has almost all kinds of energy resources and hence it would not need to meet its energy demand through import. In addition, Turkey has very large potential of hydraulic energy but to date only one-third of this significant economical potential could be used. This ratio seems insufficient when compared with that of European countries. In this paper the role of hydroelectric power, its potential and its present status are investigated in detail for Turkey. Especially the small scale hydropower plant is emphasized as Turkey''s renewable energy source. Furthermore the water resources of Turkey are examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Turkey the laws published in recent years succeeded in promoting the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation. After the publication of Renewable Energy Law on 18 May 2005 in Turkey there occurred a boost in renewable energy projects along with hydropower development. Thus, the economically feasible hydropower potential of Turkey increased 15% and the construction of hydropower plants also increased by a factor of four in 2007 as compared to 2006. From this perspective, this paper was aimed to evaluate the small hydropower potential of municipal water supply dams of Turkey and discussed the current situation of SHP plants in terms of the government policy. It is estimated that the installing small hydropower plants to exiting 45 municipal water supply dams in Turkey will generate 173 GWh/year electric energy without effecting the natural environment. For a case study, Zonguldak Ulutan Dam and its water treatment plant has been investigated in detail. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Turkey''s demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. Turkey''s energy production meets nearly 28% of its total primary energy consumption. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey''s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey presently has considerable renewable energy sources. The most important renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind. Turkey''s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Turkey has a great and ever-intensifying need for power and water supplies and they also have the greatest remaining hydro potential. Hydropower and especially small hydropower are emphasized as Turkey''s renewable energy sources. Turkey''s hydro electric potential can meet 33–46% of its electric energy demand in 2020 and this potential may easily and economically be developed. This paper presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Geothermal energy, a relatively benign energy source when compared with other energy sources due to reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, is used for electricity generation and direct utilization. Turkey has a place among the first seven countries in the world in the abundance of geothermal resources, but it has only used about 4% of its potential. The paper presents the status of energy needs and renewables, potential, utilization and the importance of geothermal energy in Turkey. It also gives a comparison between geothermal energy and other energy sources regarding environmental issues. It is estimated that if the geothermal heating potential alone in Turkey is used, 5 million residences will be heated and as a result, releases of 48 million ton/year CO2 emissions into the atmosphere will be prevented. In addition to this, if the other geothermal potential (i.e. electricity) is used it will provide considerable environmental benefits. Therefore, it is expected that geothermal energy development will significantly speed up in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One of the most commonly used heating devices in geothermal systems is the heat exchanger. The output conditions of heat exchangers are based on several parameters. The heat transfer area is one of the most important parameters for heat exchangers in terms of economics. Although there are a lot of methods to optimize heat exchangers, the method described here is a fairly easy approach. In this paper, a counter flow heat exchanger of geothermal district heating system is considered and optimum design values, which provide maximum annual net profit, for the considered heating system are found according to fuel savings. Performance of the heat exchanger is also calculated. In the analysis, since some values are affected by local conditions, Turkey''s conditions are considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Turkey is one of the developing countries. The production of electricity in Turkey is basically focused on hydro-power and thermal-power. On the other hand, measurements show that Turkey has a reasonable wind potential but this potential was not being used for many years due to government policies which supported the use of petroleum, coal, and hydro power as energy sources. In recent years there is an increasing interest in using wind energy as one of the energy sources. This paper briefly introduces a study of the determination of wind power potential of Nurdag˘ı/Gaziantep district where is on the south of Turkey for future wind power generation projects. Evaluation of wind data; taken by Turkish Electrical Power Resources Development Administration at the foot of the mountain, Nurdag˘ı, shows that the district has a mean wind speed of 7.3 m/s at 10 m height and observed highest value wind speed is 23.3 m/s. Mean power density of the site is found as 222 W/m2 and the results suggest that the site encourages investors especially since the terrain is a grassy plain on the side of the mountain and the measurements are taken at 10 m height. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]