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In contemporary times, where most academic research mainly focuses on the factors of economic and environmental sustainability and emissions reduction. Yet, very little attention has been paid to the identification of the factors of renewable energy, which requires appropriate policy-level attention. Consequently, this research investigated two developed economies, i.e., Germany and the USA, from 1991 to 2021 where, the objective of the study includes using novel and robust empirical methods to test the causal relationship between renewable energy and CO2 emissions, economic growth, technological innovations and oil prices. Using the normality and unit root estimators, this study observed that non-normal data distribution, yet all the variables are stationary. Using time-series and panel cointegration tests, the results validate the cointegration between economic growth, oil prices, carbon emission, technological innovation, and renewable energy adoption in the United States whereas Germany does not show cointegration between the variables. This study employ 's the Morlet-Wavelet approaches and key findings show that all these variables have a significant role in improving renewable energy adoption in both the region. Furthermore, results show a unidirectional and bidirectional causal association between the variables via the panel-stacked Granger causality test. This study recommends effective policy ramifications concerning improved investment in technological innovation, improved low-carbon production, and diverting economic growth to renewable energy transition. Use of improved new time-series method of wavelet coherence show the key contribution in this paper with new evidence of time frequency analysis on how external variables affect renewable energy consumption in developed countries of US and Germany. The objective includes understanding the effects of CO2 emissions, economic growth, technological innovations and oil prices on renewable energy which would give evidence to policy makers and environmentalists on how developed countries should improve clean energy adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is an important bridging biofuel for reducing greenhouse gases (GHG). In 2015, Germany introduced a new GHG based quota scheme for biofuels. However, the use of default GHG values for rapeseed cultivation could provide inaccurate for specific regions and locations. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to use RELCA (a REgional Life Cycle inventory Approach) to assess the regional and spatial variation of GHG emissions associated with biodiesel production in Central Germany and to compare these results with the default values of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), as well as to identify potential mitigation options for biodiesel production. The RELCA simulations indicated GHG emissions of 31.9–39.83 CO 2 eq./MJ, with emission magnitude changing between biodiesel configurations due to their locations within the CG region. In comparison with typical RED values for biodiesel, the CG simulations showed 13–31% greater mitigation potential. The results also indicated that the configuration of biomass and conversion plant needs to be assessed to develop the most appropriate mitigation strategies. Current GHG mitigation strategies are limited to the energy sector, allowing leakages within the agricultural sector. Therefore, for more spatially targeting GHG accounting to be implemented, sustainability certification should be expanded to other biomass markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power production from biogas is quite common in Germany and other parts of the world. German biogas production, in particular, primarily uses silage corn as feedstock which is unpopular with the society because of the negative side effects. Sugar beets could be an alternative. This paper maps the aggregated results concerning the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy balances of power production from different energy crops at national level based on field experiments and all biogas plants registered in Germany. The regional feedstock production costs integrated into the objective function of a plant specific linear optimization model were calculated based on regional production circumstances and district specific yields. Different scenarios with e.g. a fixed share of sugar beets in biogas plant feedstock mix as well as yield increases due to biological and technical progress of silage corn and sugar beets were compared to a business as usual scenario in terms of their effects on GHG emissions and energy balances of power production. The results demonstrated that the GHG emissions and energy balances depend on regional production circumstances. Furthermore, forcing sugar beets into feedstock mix resulted in generally higher GHG emissions and deteriorated energy balances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of geothermal energy application as a part of Germany’s renewable energy portfolio is a multidimensional process with fast growing improvements. In this paper basic information on geothermal application in low-enthalpy regions, such as Germany and Abu Dhabi are given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]