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In this paper, we explore the co-movements between renewable and non-renewable energy sources and CO 2 emissions and GDP per capita in Saudi Arabia, respectively. Using the spectral Granger causality approach, our results suggested that non-renewable energy sources lead to carbon emission expansion in the frequency domain. Taken together, a significant causal relationship from fossil to economic growth is perceived over the long-term horizon while renewable energy source drives economic growth over different frequencies and considerably contributes to carbon emissions reduction. The wavelet plots revealed strong discrepancies in all variables in the time-frequency space. While non-renewable energy sources indorsed the economic growth across short-and medium-term scales and contribute to a polluted environment, renewable energy consumption has a substantial effect on carbon emission drop and on economic growth in the short-term. The multiple wavelet outcomes show that renewable energy may not only stimulate the economic growth but also promote sustainable and cleaner environment. The combined effects of non-renewable energy sources rise the carbon emissions. Thus, Saudi's government is counselled to promote the green energy investments and accelerate the transition to renewable energy production as its use as a substitute of fossil fuels carries advantages and opportunities alternating from environment to social-economic. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance and renewable energy are aimed at enhancing the world's economy and environmental sustainability. This study examines the link between green finance, renewable energy investment, green economic recovery, and environmental performance in G-20 countries. We employ a quantile regression model based on the 2010–2020 to estimate the effects of green economics and digital banking on environmental preservation. This study empirically demonstrated the integration of these variables. The pooled mean group estimation results imply that non-emerging countries and nations with more vital technologies or sustainability strategies may gain from environmental performance. Digital finance affects operating performance more than economies of scale according to the effect mechanism test. Green finance boosts energy-environmental performance more in regions with less-developed credit and capital markets. In developing countries and those with low levels of green finance, green financing facilitates green innovation. However, it negatively affects green product innovation in industrialised countries with high levels of green innovation or sustainability policies. The empirical findings have policy implications for developing nations to foster green innovation and improve environmental performance. • Green finance and environmental sustainability were examined. • We employed quantile-on-quantile regression. • Green finance boosts the environmental sustainability in G-20 economies. • Green finance boost environmental performance in G-20 regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the G7 group of countries through the ecological footprint and its components (namely built-up land, carbon, cropland, fishing grounds, forest land, and grazing land). Most previous contributions rely on CO 2 emissions as a measure of environmental damage, whereas using disaggregated ecological footprint allows us to consider resource consumption and waste generation compared to nature's resource generation and waste absorption. The empirical application is based on a panel data analysis for G7 countries from 1980 to 2018. The results indicate that the EKC hypothesis is confirmed for the ecological footprint overall, but the impact of GDP growth is unequal across its components. Long-term elasticities point to renewable energy generation significantly improving environmental sustainability. Globalization also decreases pollution indicators, while economic complexity seems to contribute to environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the influence of renewable energy transition, industrialization, and green innovation on the ecological sustainability of selected OECD countries using annual data from 1990 to 2019. It also evaluates the moderating effects of industrialization and green innovation on ecological footprints. In doing so, we apply method of moments quantile regression that allows asymmetric impacts of energy transition and other variables at conditional quantiles of ecological footprint (EFP). The initial findings justify the presence of cross-sectional dependence, heterogeneous slope coefficients, panel cointegration, and stationarity properties of the data. The results from linear heterogeneous estimators confirm that clean energy transition and green innovations reduce EFP. In contrast, industrialization, economic growth, and foreign investment contribute to higher EFP. The outcomes through MMQR reveal that industrialization, economic growth, and foreign investment contribute to a higher EFP; however, their marginal contribution substantially varied at lower and higher quantiles of EF. Manifestly, the impact of the renewable energy transition is more substantial at higher quantiles and vice versa. The moderating effects of industrialization and green innovation implied that the integration of green innovation policy neutralizes negative fallouts of industrial processes. These results offer valuable policy recommendations. • MMQR applied to address non-linearity in OECD panel from 1990 to 2019. • Renewable energy transition reduces EF. • Industrialization and FDI contribute to a higher EF. • Green innovation mitigates the negative influence of Industrialization on EF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing attention on the role of renewable energy in promoting economic growth and environmental sustainability, its adoption rate remains uncomfortably low, especially in developing countries. This study attempts to explore the ways to extend the installed capacity of renewable energy in 16 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1980-2017. The results from panel cointegration econometric techniques suggest that policies to enhance financial integration should increase the installed capacity of renewable energy in SSA both in the long and short-run. This long-run effect holds, although disproportionately when the financial integration index is disaggregated into its de facto and de jure aspects. Moreover, the quantile regression analysis reveals that the effect of financial integration on renewable energy capacity is positive but heterogeneous across the conditional distribution of renewable energy capacity. However, the positive effect of financial integration is not enough to ensure the diversification of the energy mix. The results finally show that economic growth is positively linked to renewable energy generation capacity while financial development is negatively associated with renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the role of green energy in realizing green transition and addressing environmental degradation needs to be brought into full play. To promote green energy development in China, this paper examines the relationship among green economic growth, green finance, and green energy (3G) between 2011 and 2019. The heterogeneous, asymmetric, and mediation impact relationship that exists in the 3G nexus is also explored in this study. Accordingly, the results suggest that: (1) Green economic growth and green finance are positively associated with green energy, and the impact is heterogeneous on different types of green energy and in different regions; (2) the impact of green economic growth on green energy are asymmetric, while that of green finance is consistent; and (3) green innovative technology is an effective mediator between green economic growth and green energy, while the investment effect is not significant. This paper contributes to formulating several reasonable policies for improving the green energy industry and achieving sustainable development. It is essential to give full play to the transformation of green achievements to enhance the role of green economic growth in promoting the green energy industry. • This study explores 3G nexus (green economic growth, finance, and energy (GRE)) in China. • The heterogeneity, asymmetry, and mediating mechanism are further analyzed. • Green economic growth and green finance can significantly promote GRE. • The impacts of green economic growth and green finance on GRE are heterogeneous. • Green technological innovation is an effective mediator in the 3G nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance is an effective policy instrument in mitigating climate change, but to date little is known about its impact on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. This study extends the literature on the relationship between green finance and CO 2 emissions while taking trade openness and economic development into consideration to comprehensively explore the conservation/feedback hypothesis using the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag–Error Correction Model (ARDL–ECM) on data collected from 2000 to 2019. By constructing a green finance index comprising green credit, green securities, green insurance, and green investment, results include the following. (1) Support was found for the conservation hypothesis running from green finance, trade openness, and economic development to emissions per capita; the conservation hypothesis also was supported for the unidirectional relationship running from trade openness and economic development to green finance. (2) Green finance is found to be significantly and negatively related to emissions per capita in both the short and long term. (3) Trade openness shows a positive effect on emissions per capita. Robustness tests are provided. This study deepens policy implications of green finance in the post-pandemic era and highlights the moderating role of renewable energy in the green finance impact on carbon mitigation. • This study constructs a green finance index for China. • The autoregressive distributed lag–error correction model is employed. • Green finance contributes to carbon mitigation in both the short and long run. • CO 2 emissions are Granger result of green finance, trade openness and economic growth. • Trade openness and economic growth are Granger causes of each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian economies in contrast with other developing economies appear to be the lowest in competition when it comes to achieving sustainable development. The reason is connected with energy security and non-renewable energy as these are one of the key issues which are confronted by these nations. Therefore, the current study proclaims to investigate the crucial factors that play a bigger role in sustainable development. These factors are measured in the context of adjusted net savings and the study extracted the data from 10 Asian economies covering the time period of 1990–2020. The study adopted panel estimation, slope heterogeneity, co-integration, and CS-ARDL techniques to estimate the coefficient. Whereas, for robust analysis, AMG and CCEMG techniques were used. The findings revealed that REW energy, economic growth, and financial development altogether enhance adjusted net saving and reduce non-REW energy consumption. It is recommended in the study that the sample countries should adopt the required provisions in renewable sectors. • Renewable energy, financial development, and economic growth increase adjusted net savings. • Energy is a crucial enabler of sustainable development goals (SDGs) since it boosts productivity. • To achieve sustainable development, it has become imperative to meet the ever-increasing energy demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explores the effect of economic growth, technological innovation, trade openness, and industrialisation on energy intensity in the BRICS economies using a dataset from 1990 to 2019. Furthermore, this study evaluates the combined effects of industrialisation and technological innovation on energy intensity. We employed second-generation approaches such as Westerlund co-integration, method of moments quantile regression (MMQR), and panel causality. In addition, we conducted a robustness analysis by using the long-run estimators including the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and fixed effect-ordinary least square (FE-OLS). The MMQR allows for a heterogeneous income-energy intensity nexus at different conditional quantile distributions of energy intensity, which the conventional mean regressions would generally ignore. The empirical evidence from the MMQR confirms that economic growth and industrialisation contribute to higher energy intensity; meanwhile, trade openness and technological innovation decrease the energy intensity. The combined effects of industrialisation and technological innovation reduce energy intensity in the BRICS economies. The outcomes from the MMQR are supported by the DOLS, FMOLS, and FE-OLS estimators. Furthermore, the causal interaction between the energy intensity drivers is also investigated using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality tests, which reveal that industrialisation and technological innovation Granger cause energy intensity. Meanwhile, a bidirectional causal interaction between economic growth and energy intensity is found, as well as between trade openness and energy intensity. Policymakers must design industrial policies that promote technological innovation, which is the mechanism of inhibiting industrialisation. • MMQR applied using BRICS Data. • Economic growth and industrialisation lead to higher energy intensity. • Trade openness and technological innovation decrease the energy intensity. • The joint effects of industrialisation and technology innovation are stronger. • Bidirectional causality exist between model variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial institutions are enforcing strict environmental rules to curb climate change, spurring the shift to renewable energy (RE) sources due to rising public awareness and engagement with stakeholders. As a result, this research examines the factors that have influenced China's economic development from 1990 to 2019. Using the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, we examine how changes in energy consumption, industrial expansion, urbanization, and carbon emissions affect China's GDP growth. According to these studies, which are inverted U-shaped, there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product in the long and near term. China's increased usage of fossil fuels has resulted in a rise in carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita rise by 0.311% for every one percent increase in fossil fuel consumption per capita. Consumption of RE may have a progressive impact on lowering carbon dioxide emissions. In the long term, a 1% rise in REC per capita reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 0.324%. At the same time, our findings show that the continued advancement of the RE industry in China simultaneously raises the emission of GHGs, and a 1% rise in REC increases the release of carbon dioxide gas by 0.245% to 0.252% in the short term. China must keep up the use of renewable energy and make people aware of the carbon emissions from China's rapid growth of renewable energy. • Financial institutions are enforcing strict environmental rules to curb climate change. • Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique is employed for study. • Study examines how changes in energy consumption affect China's GDP growth. • There is a high correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP in China. • China's increased usage of fossil fuels has resulted in a rise in carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy-growth nexus has been explored extensively by researchers and academia; however, the role of cleaner energy, especially in the context of emerging economies, i.e., Nex-11 countries, have been ignored. Therefore, to fill the gap in the literature, this paper considers a non-parametric panel method, to test directly for the importance of renewable energy in economic performance for Next eleven (N-11) countries. The econometric estimations—which focused on a panel of N-11 countries—determined that: (i) renewable energy consumption boosts economic growth in short run only; and (ii) industry value added, human development, and consumption expenditures accelerate economic, whereas globalization decrease it. Hence, all countries need to reduce the risk associated with renewable energy so that to make them effective for economic growth. Moreover, there is a need to provide different types of invested capital for ongoing activities of renewable energy production. In general, this study provides relevant policy implications in the context of renewable energy, globalisation and economic growth for the Nex-11 economies. • Renewable Energy led Economic Growth Hypothesis is tested in the Next-11 countries. • The novel Method of Moments Panel Quantile Regression is employed. • Renewable energy led economic growth is valid in the selected panel economies. • Consumption expenditures, Human Development, Industry Value Added enhances growth. • Globalisation is found to limit economic growth in case of Next-11 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of solar energy, environmental policy stringency (EPS), and climate technology in realizing environmental sustainability in OECD economies from 2001 to 2018. The preliminary findings confirm the issues of slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency; thus, we apply the cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lags (CS-ARDL) model. The overall results indicate that solar energy, EPS, and climate technologies are playing a positive and significant role in encountering environmental issues and ensuring environmental sustainability in the long run, while economic growth is the key driver of environmental degradation. A similar insight is observed in the short run; however, their coefficient size and significance substantially vary. Moreover, the Error Correction Term is significantly negative, implying the convergence towards long-run equilibrium in case of any shock in the short-run. These results are consistent with alternative estimators and suggest the promotion of solar energy, implementation of stringent ecological policies, and climate technologies to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth. • Cross-sectional dependence, Slope heterogeneity and cointegration properties exist. • Energy is reducing the environmental pollution like CO2 for OECD economies. • Economic growth is a direct contributor towards sustainability issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relevance of establishing low-carbon economic growth has been extensively highlighted in the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals declarations, the analysis of the macroeconomic determinants of carbon productivity has remained overlooked in the literature. Therefore, this study makes a novel attempt to evaluate whether energy efficiency gains, along with renewable energy use, financial inclusivity, economic growth, globalization, and urbanization, improve carbon productivity in the emerging seven countries between 2007 and 2018. Moreover, the study contributes to the literature by predicting the net moderating and mediating effects of energy efficiency improvements on carbon productivity. The findings support that enhancing the level of energy use efficiency by 1% helps to improve carbon productivity by around 0.3% in the long run. In addition, the predicted net effects reveal that energy efficiency gains exert a moderating effect on the level of carbon productivity and reverse the negative impact of financial inclusivity, trade globalization, and urbanization on carbon productivity. However, energy efficiency gains cannot moderate to neutralize the carbon productivity-inhibiting impact associated with economic growth. Moreover, the analysis shows that energy efficiency gains mediate to jointly boost carbon productivity alongside higher renewable energy use. Lastly, financial globalization is evidenced to enhance carbon productivity in the emerging seven countries in the long run. Accordingly, a set of relevant policies are recommended. • 1% improvement in energy efficiency enhances carbon productivity by 0.3%. • Energy efficiency improvement exerts moderating and mediating effects. • Renewable energy use does not directly influence carbon productivity. • Financial inclusivity, economic growth, and urbanization reduce carbon productivity. • Globalization exerts heterogeneous impacts on carbon productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies exploring inter-relations between non-renewable energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, GDP, and CO2 emission are quite limited in Vietnam due to the limitation of data. Different major players in this market, such as investors, regulators, and other financial actors have different time horizons. By applying innovative multivariate wavelet analysis tools, including partial wavelet coherency and partial wavelet gain, this paper investigates these relations in the time and frequency dimensions in Vietnam during the 1985–2019 period. The multiple coherencies between the non-renewable energy consumption and GDP and CO2 growth suggest that these regions were located at medium frequencies (5–12 years) and concentrated on the 1985–2000 period and the 2003–2019 period. Regarding the relation between renewable consumption and GDP and CO2 growth that the region only concentrated in the high-frequency band (from 2 to 12-year frequency-band) running from 1985 to 2001 and low-frequency band (from 22 to 25-year frequency-band) running from 2011 to 2019. The partial coherency between non-renewable energy consumption and GDP reveals two phases. In the first phase (the beginning of sample to 2000), changes in the non-renewable energy consumption led to changes in GDP, and the relation is negative, while GDP is in-phase with non-renewable energy consumption leading in the second phase (from 2000 to 2015). The partial phase-difference between non-renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission suggests that changes in CO2 emission led to changes in non-renewable energy consumption, and the relation was negative. Regarding the partial coherency between renewable consumption and GDP, most regions were located in the 2–12-year frequency band running from 1985 to 2001, from 2001 to 2003, and from 2005 to 2012. During the 1985–2991 period, the results indicate the anti-phase relation with the GDP growth leading, while changes in renewable energy consumption led to changes in GDP growth, and the association is negative from 2001 to 2003. Since 2003, there was an anti-phase relation with the GDP growth leading. Lastly, the partial wavelet coherency of renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission indicates that regions were found to be statistically significant in the 3-4- and 7-15-year frequency band and there was the anti-phase relation with the CO2 emission leading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth in the top ten renewable energy-consuming countries over the period 1970–2019 using newly developed Fourier panel cointegration and causality tests. The negligence of structural breaks can significantly alter causal relationships, leading to misinterpretation of renewable energy policies. This study eliminates the problem using Fourier-based techniques. The long-run estimates show that non-renewable energy supports economic growth in eight out of the ten countries, while renewable energy has a positive effect on economic growth in Brazil, the United Kingdom, and France. The Fourier causality test indicates that the energy-led growth hypothesis is valid for both types of energy in the United States, India, the United Kingdom, and Spain. While the non-renewable energy-led growth hypothesis is valid for Italy, the conservation hypothesis is valid for both energy variables for Germany and for renewable energy for China. The overall results show that renewable energy can also be an important driver of economic growth, although not as strong as non-renewable energy. Therefore, countries need to closely monitor economic development while pursuing policies to reduce fossil fuels and deploy renewables in a way that enables higher economic growth. • Advanced Fourier based cointegration and causality methods are employed. • Non-renewable energy supports economic growth more than renewables. • Renewable energy boosts economic growth in Brazil, the United Kingdom and France. • Renewable energy causes economic growth in the United Kingdom, the United States, India and Spain. • Energy conservation policies hurt economic growth in five out of ten countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on examining the impact of R&D and industrialization on green economic growth. Financial assistance for environmentally friendly initiatives, the advancement of new technologies, and the growth of a green economy may all be achieved via green financing. Because of this, it is a key driver of green economic development and industrial structural change. This investigates the impact of renewable energy, R&D, and industrialization on the green economic growth of the South Asian region from 2008 to 2020. The endogeneity of this connection is addressed using a two-step ordinary least square (O.L.S.). The findings show that upgrading industries and R&D reduce carbon emissions and achieve green economic recovery. As a result, 33.4% of the energy was saved, and 35.2% of the emissions were reduced. The partial mediation impact findings show the policy's affecting framework. The empirical results showed that technology spillover had the most responsibility to minimize tiers of CO 2 emissions, accompanied by improvements in industrial structure change. Our findings suggest that developing nations gain more from the industrialization initiative than developed countries because of the stronger economic impacts of the strategy. • There is a dire need to measure the relationship between green finance and renewable energy. • The development of green economic growth, R & D and green finance has been measured. • The green economic growth rate reduces for every unit increase in green finance. • The latent variables account for more than half of the natural variation in all relevant variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As economies grow, they tend to prioritize industrializing with fossil fuels over protecting the environment, impeding efforts to combat climate change. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the critical policy concern of financing a clean energy transition to ensure sustainable economic growth for current and future generations. We examine the effect of financial development on clean energy transition in 20 low-income and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The study employs fixed-effects and instrumental variable two-stage Least squares (IV-2SLS) models to examine the effect of financial development on the transition to renewable energy. Overall, the results show a positive effect of financial development on renewable energy transition. However, the financial development effect is only significant for financial institutions instead of financial markets – a signal of weak financial markets in the region. More importantly, the results show that this financial development effect on renewable energy transition is significant only in low-income countries, contrary to middle-income economies. We recommend that governments in the region further develop and promote innovative financial market products such as green bonds and digital finance that support private sector investments in renewable energy. Regarding trade, it is critical to subsidize environmentally friendly green energy imports while taxing non-renewable products that promote the use of fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides some empirical evidence on the dynamic linkage between modern renewable (clean) energy consumption (SDG-7.2) and economic growth using the Dynamic Common-Correlated Effects (DCCE) estimation Approach in 20 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries for the period from 2000 to 2017. The study also aims to examine the role of traditional energy dependence, income, and education in the linkage using the dynamic panel data threshold effects model with endogenous regressors estimations. The findings indicate that an increase in modern renewable energy in the total final energy mix is not conducive to economic growth (induces a certain economic cost) in the SSA region. This could be explained by the fact that modern renewables are not being utilized efficiently and fully in the region. However, the modern renewables-growth linkage depends on traditional energy dependence, the level of income, and education. Specifically, the negative effect of modern renewables tends to weaken in the regimes with lower traditional energy intensity, higher levels of income and education. Our main conclusion remains robust to additional control variables considered in the analysis. Hence, while expanding the use of clean energy technologies, basic enabling environments need to be created to make a smooth clean energy transition and reduce its economic costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on climate change in Turkey caused by energy consumption using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis. The motivation and aim are: Finding evidence of causality for the relationship between energy consumption, growing economies and climate change depending on parameters that vary over time, which are observed and argued through political implications. Temperature and precipitation are the dependent variables for climate change; energy types and Gross Domestic Product per capita are the independent variables for economic determiners. Data was collected annually from various institutions between 1980 and 2019. According to the Toda-Yamamoto test, a negative relationship is determined between renewable energy consumption and temperature in both the short and long term. The results reveal that a 1% increase in renewable energy reduces the temperature by 0.031%. The increase of renewable energy may help in decreasing temperature. Precipitation and non-renewable energy consumption have a positive relationship in both the short and long term, with a 1% increase in non-renewable energy consumption causing a 0.175% increase in precipitation, indicating a negative effect on climate change. Encouraging renewable energy consumption through government incentives can be a powerful solution to decrease the negative effects of climate change in Turkey. • This study examines the relationships between climate change and energy consumption. • It conducts an ARDL analysis and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests in a growing economy. • Renewable energy consumption has a positive effect (reduces) temperature. • Non-renewable energy consumption has a negative effect (increases) precipitation. • Renewable energy consumption is critical mitigating global warming in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China's economic reform, the country's economy has thrived. Chinese foreign direct investment is attracting more and more attention throughout the globe. Although China's energy issues and environmental degradation have worsened as the economy has grown, the energy consumption structure has become more problematic. The generation of green finance and renewable energy resources is essential to addressing environmental issues and achieving sustainable development. Using data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2019, this research examines the link between green finance, foreign direct investment, and GDP. Only economic growth is detected I(2) in the second stage, which uses first-generation and second-generation unit root tests for panel data (0). Due to these considerations, we adopted an autoregressive distributed lag technique with a Pooled Mean Group, Mean Group, and Dynamic Fixed Effect estimation model. According to the findings, only renewable energy was shown to be substantial and negative in terms of Greenhouse gas emissions, while FDI was determined to be important and beneficial only in the long run. This study shows that we need more strategic thinking about how we can deploy in the renewable sector while also advancing techniques, advancement, human capital, research, and development that will boost green finance production and sustainable development in the long run. • There is a dire need to measure the link between green finance, foreign direct investment, and GDP. • Chinese foreign direct investment is attracting more and more attention throughout the globe. • ARDL with Pooled Mean Group was conducted to examine the effects. • Only renewable energy was shown to be substantial and negative in terms of Greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of technological advancements and human activities has induced many undesirable effects in the environment that affect health and quality of life. Therefore, this study used a comprehensive indicator to measure the environment quality known as load capacity factor which is obtained from two main ecological components; bio-capacity and ecological footprints. The existing literature has not enough supporting evidence to explore the determinants affecting the load capacity factor in terms of environmental quality. This study evaluates the role of renewable energy consumption and health expenditures to improve the load capacity factor in ASEAN Countries from 1980 to 2018. The study employs the advanced Panel techniques (Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre unit root and cointegration test and Cross sectional augmented ARDL) to evaluate the nature of association among model variables and address various econometric issues of panel data analysis such as cross-section dependency, structural break, and slope heterogeneity. The long-run results reveal that renewable energy consumption and health expenditures play a significant role in improving load capacity factors in ASEAN countries, whereas economic growth produces negative effects. These results imply that government should allocate a substantial budget for renewable energy and the health sector to improve the load capacity factor. • Load capacity factor (LCF) is estimated to capture environmental performance. • Advance panel estimations are applied. • Renewable energy consumption and health expenditures improve LCF. • Economic growth produces negative effects on LCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the role of energy intensity, green economic factors, and blue economic factors to achieve sustainable economic growth in gulf countries. Additionally, we analyze the role of studied factors in view of Saudi Vision 2030. The findings of asymmetric ARDL report that labor and marine trade are the contributing factors of economic growth in gulf countries. However, the factors have improved in post-Vision 2030 estimations. The negative shocks in energy intensity leads towards sustainable economic growth. The positive shocks in renewable energy, grants, marine trade, and marine tourism are key factors for economic development. In country wide analysis, we recommend gulf countries need to widely focus on green and blue economic factors. For green indicators, research and innovation need extensive reforms to participate in sustainable economic development. In reviewing of the blue factors, we recommend reforms in fishery and marine tourism sectors. • The study uses panel asymmetric ARDL technique. • We investigate the role of energy, green and blue economic factors in GCC countries to achieve sustainable growth. • We confirm the significance of grants and marine trade in green economic indicators and blue economic indicators. • Post Vision 2030, marine tourism is playing its role in sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the impacts of political stability, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on tourism in Turkey for the period 1996–2018. For this purpose, we used a cointegration test, long-run estimator, and causality test that account smooth structural breaks for the robust results. The results showed that the cointegration relationship is valid for the model in which tourism is the dependent variable. According to the long-run estimates, political stability and renewable energy consumption have a significant and positive impact on tourism. The causality test results confirm unidirectional causality from renewable energy consumption and political stability to tourism and from tourism to economic growth. The results, therefore, highlight the necessity of implementing environmentally-friendly tourism policies and maintain political stability. The comprehensive results of this study provide a guide for policymakers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's rapid economic growth has attracted attention, as resulting energy demand has increased, and the energy consumed in Turkey is primarily derived from non-renewable sources. In this context, this study investigates the long- and short-term effects of gross domestic product (GDP), health expenditure (HE), and renewable (REC) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) on CO 2 emissions in Turkey from 1980 to 2016. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is used to examine long- and short-term effects. The Toda–Yamamoto causality test is also employed to study the relationships between the variables. The results of the ARDL method reveal that the variables have a cointegration relationship. The findings suggest that GDP and NREC are correlated to an increase in CO 2 , whereas HE and REC are correlated to reducing CO 2 in the long term. Only GDP and REC are determined to be correlated to an increase CO 2 in the short term. According to the Toda–Yamamoto causality test results, a unidirectional causality relationship exists from GDP, HE, REC, and NREC to CO 2. Subsequently, Turkish policymakers are encouraged to pursue policies that promote economic growth through the use of renewable resources, and invest more in health and renewable energy projects to combat environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher life expectancy reflects better public health status, an essential element for countries' overall development. However, life expectancy can be affected by various socio-economic and political factors. To mitigate the debate of the contributory factors, a detailed empirical study on factors that affect life expectancy is still a necessity. Therefore the main aim of this study is to identify the role of a number of disparate issues: renewable energy, environmental pollution, economic growth, urbanization and good governance on life expectancy at birth in the ANZUS-BENELUX countries utilizing the annual data of 24 years (1996–2019) by using different econometric approaches like the Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) standard error technique and feasible generalized least square (FGLS) model. This study reveals that renewable energy economic growth, good governance and urbanization have positive influences on life expectancy. With 1% increase of these variables, life expectancy increases by 0.009%, 0.070%, 0.022% and 0.107%, respectively; whereas environmental pollution has a negative influence on the life expectancy with the elasticity of 0.015. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test also identifies a causal association between the selected variables and life expectancy. All the findings are theoretically and empirically consistent and have important breakthrough for health policies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure the relationship between technological progress, renewable energy, and green economic growth (GEG). This study uses a data envelopment analysis (DEA) estimation method to evaluate the association between government expenditure on research and development (R&D), renewable energy deployment, and GEG in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) between 1990 and 2018. The estimates revealed an inconsistent GEG indicator in the analysis, suggesting the lesser impact disposition of public policy. In addition, the energy efficiency ratio of ECOWAS sub-region is under 0.50, implying energy poverty in the sub-region. Many people do not have sufficient energy to heat and cool their homes to enough temperature and meet their basic needs and energy security concerns. This research discovered that a percentage growth increase in renewable energy deployment results in a 3.2% increase in growth in sustainable performance. Alongside an essential effect of one percentage point growth in R&D expenditure boosts economic system sustainable performance to 4.4% combined with a supported effect of one percent. This research reveals that the ECOWAS government expenditure on human resources and R&D of sustainable energy resources would result in a low carbon growth via an advanced technological production process; nevertheless, the impacts are varied in the various countries in ECOWAS. • The study applies a longitudinal dataset of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). • The energy efficiency ratio of the ECOWAS sub-region is under 0.50, implying energy poverty. • Many people don't have access to sufficient and affordable modern energy. • A 1% increase in renewable energy deployment growth results in a 3.2% increase in growth of sustainable performance. • More investment in R&D of sustainable energy resources results in a low-carbon economic growth in ECOWAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the global economies are in pursuit of achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda, it has become pertinent to undergo an energy transition and enhance energy use efficiency in tandem. This is creating a disparity in the renewable energy generation, which is arising out the structural transformation of the economies. Against this background this study aims to assess the impacts of structural transformation on inequality in renewable energy productivity across selected OECD countries between 1990 and 2019. This study is important from the perspective that due to inequitable economic growth trajectory attained by the OECD nations, the renewable energy consumption levels of the OECD nations display significant amount of disparity which can also be reflected in terms of unequal distribution of renewable energy productivity across these countries. Besides, since the OECD countries are gradually transforming their economies from being agriculture-oriented to service-oriented and are becoming more focused on energy innovation and energy efficiency aspects, it can be hypothesized that this structural transformation might reduce the inequality in renewable energy productivity among these nations. Using second-generation methods and dynamic elasticity analysis, this study finds that structural transformation helps to reduce the inequality in renewable energy productivity. Besides, technological innovation is also evidenced to exert inequality-reduction effects. In contrast, conflicts and economic conflicts are evidenced to generated adverse effects on inequality in renewable energy productivity within the OECD countries. Furthermore, the outcomes from this study have also identified the policy interventions responsible for the aggravation of inequality in renewable energy productivity. Based on these findings, a policy framework has been provided to help the OECD countries to attain the objectives of SDG 7 and SDG13. • Structural transformation impacts inequality in renewable energy productivity. • Study is done for the OECD countries. • Dynamic elasticity analysis is used. • Policy framework to address SDG 7 is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between renewable energy consumption and ecological footprint in Saudi Arabia by considering the important role of economic growth in the environmental function during 1980–2017 periods. Capital and trade openness are determinants of environmental degradation. To determine the cointegration between the variables, we relied on the bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test. We also used the Granger causality based on the bootstrap ARDL approach to identify causal relationships between the factors of environmental degradation in the presence of structural break. The empirical results show the presence of cointegration between variables with a structural break. Furthermore, the results of the ARDL model state that an increase in human capital and renewable energy consumption improves environmental quality (decreasing the ecological footprint), while an increase in trade openness and GDP deteriorates environmental quality (increasing the ecological footprint). In the short run, the results of the VECM model show the existence of a bidirectional causal relationship between human capital and trade openness. GDP causes the ecological footprint, while human capital causes renewable energy consumption. Moreover, there is a causal relationship from GDP and renewable energy consumption to trade openness. In the long run, all variables cause renewable energy consumption on the one hand, and trade openness on the other. In view of these results, policy makers have an interest in implementing favorable measures that reduce the ecological footprint and improve the quality of the environment by using renewable energy consumption as an economic tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, economic sustainability depends in many ways on energy security, and this is more applicable for the emerging countries of the world in the perspective of sustainability of their growth. To this end, the present study analyzes the impacts of institutional quality, economic growth, and exports on renewable energy consumption using panel data for 19 emerging countries from 2002 to 2019. This research is based on the panel PMG-ARDL approach and examines the long-run relationship among the variables. The panel co-integrated model has also been employed to cross-examine the result. The robust results of the empirical analysis show that institutional effectiveness, economic growth, and export growth have significant effects on renewable energy consumption. Unidirectional causal link is found from economic growth and export to renewable energy while renewable energy is unidirectionally linked to corruption control. This result provides valuable insights on how emerging countries should best focus on their institutions to make those more effective and corruption-free so that countries can sustain their economic growth with better exploration and utilization of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an alternative perspective on the renewable energy-economic growth nexus from the lens of installed capacity. Twenty OECD countries in Europe are assessed using panel data methodologies with data period spanning from 1993 to 2018. Electricity generation share-weighted coal and natural gas price indexes are incorporated in explaining country differences in fossil fuel reliance. Compared to results obtained from unweighted price indexes, weighted energy price indexes seem vital in obtaining a more plausible description of the relationship between energy prices and renewable capacity growth. Our findings confirm the crucial role of economic growth for renewable energy capacity development and long-term causality is apparent. Results indicate coal price increases trigger a greater positive impact on renewable capacity than natural gas. Finally, climate policies that raise fossil fuels costs could potentially stimulate the addition of renewable capacity and expedite the transition to renewable energy through price effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the relationship among economic growth, CO2 emissions, fossil fuels consumption, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investments, and trade by taking into account countries with oil reserves (export groups) and countries without oil reserves (import group). The factors affecting CO2 emissions in countries with and without oil production have been investigated by using Panel VAR (PVAR) and Granger causality methods for the period of 1990–2015. In both country groups, growth positively affects CO2 emissions. While there is a negative relationship between CO2 emission and foreign direct investments in the oil importing country group, there is a positive relationship between CO2 and trade in the oil-exporting group. PVAR analysis results illustrate that the growth hypothesis is valid in both groups of countries. In addition, when both country group examined, the countries sacrifice their national income to reduce carbon emissions, which makes it difficult to reduce emissions in the world. According to the variance decomposition results, while the CO2 variable defines itself as 98% for oil importing countries, the second important variable that pollutes the air is GDP. In addition, the variables FDI, REN and FOSSIL affect air pollution by 4% over a 10-year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's largest energy consuming country, it is important to study the mechanisms of improving renewable energy and energy efficiency to achieve green economic growth in China and globally. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of environmental regulations on green economic growth and renewable energy development in China, respectively. First, this study measures the level of green economic growth in Chinese cities by the Metafrontier-Global-SBM super-efficient data envelopment analysis (DEA) model from the perspective of energy efficiency. And the environmental regulation intensity was measured using an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Second, a spatial econometric model based on longitudinal data was constructed to examine the non-linear effects of environmental regulations on green economic growth and its spatial spillover and feedback effects. The results indicated a U-shaped non-linear effect of energy efficiency-related environmental regulation on green economic growth as well as a spatial spillover effect and spatial feedback effect. Finally, the impact of environmental regulation on renewable energy development was investigated. The results show that renewable energy development, an important component of green economic growth, is equally dependent on the implementation of environmental regulation policies and that environmental regulation makes a significant contribution to renewable energy development. The findings of this paper provide a basis for the realization of green economic growth and the formulation of renewable energy policies in China. • Impact of environmental regulation on renewable energy development was investigated. • A spatial econometric model of 286 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2018 was constructed. • Environmental regulation has a significant U-shaped effect on green economic growth. • Non-linear effects include spatial spillover and spatial feedback effects. • Environmental regulation promotes green growth earlier in resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs are major indicators of sustainable socio-economic development, agriculture and energy. This study focused on genetic algorithm based optimization of rule curves for maximizing the hydropower and associated benefits through cascade reservoirs. Optimization has been carried out using RESOOSE model for maximizing hydro-power, irrigation and evacuation of sediment from multipurpose Diamer Basha and Terbela Reservoirs on Indus River in Pakistan. The best methods and values of Genetic Algorithm computed through sensitivity analysis were tournament selection method with 2 teams, population size 288, single point crossover method with crossover probability 0.8 and adapt feasible mutation method. The policy equations on storage, outflows and hydropower for the cascade reservoirs in series were formulated. The maximum annual overall benefits were 3380 Million US$ for multi-objective optimization of joint operation of Terbela and Diamer Basha Reservoirs, where hydropower was major contributor among all the associated benefits with highest annual benefits of 2724.7 Million US$. The results demonstrate that hydropower has been optimized along with maximization of the associated benefits. The optimized rule curves of the cascade reservoirs developed in the study have enhanced the overall benefits for achieving SDGs of zero hunger, affordable clean energy, economic growth and water availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, energy is indispensable to attain economic development; however, it also generates CO2 emissions, which are the dominant contributor to environmental deterioration and climate change. In this regard, clean energy can help to achieve both sustainable development and environmental sustainability since it comprises non-carbohydrate energy sources that do not or seldom generate emissions. Against this backdrop, this work considers economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and probes the impact of clean energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the third largest European economy France from 1987 to 2019 controlling urbanization and economic growth. Using the STIRPAT framework, the study employed the novel Augmented ARDL method that overcomes the limitations of the ARDL methods. The outcomes disclosed strong evidence of cointegration. The long-run analysis revealed that clean energy consumption does not contribute to emissions reduction in the long-run. However, EPU poses a threat to environmental sustainability by augmenting emissions levels. Economic growth boosts CO2 emissions, while urbanization is conducive to environmental quality supporting ecological modernization theory. The study detected causality from EPU to economic growth and emissions. Finally, based on the study outcomes, a policy framework is suggested to address the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 and 13. • Estimated effects of clean energy and EPU on emissions using augmented ARDL method. • Findings indicate cointegration in the model. • EPU increases CO2 emissions. • Economic growth augments emissions while urbanization reduces emissions. • Clean energy consumption does not significantly contribute to CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high commitments of the European Union (EU) member countries toward achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs), on average, the region has reportedly under performed in the area of ensuring sustainable production and consumption. This paper uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation of panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) with impulse response functions (IMFs) to assess the effects of domestic material consumption, renewable energy, financial development, and greenhouse gas emissions on environmental quality in the EU-28 countries based on the panel data for the period 2000:Q1–2017:Q4. The empirical results reveal that the shocks to domestic material consumption, renewable energy, economic growth, financial development, and greenhouse gas emissions affect the drives towards a sustainable environment. Particularly, the shocks to renewable energy and financial development improve environmental quality, while the shocks to domestic material consumption and greenhouse gas emission deteriorate environment quality. The shock to economic growth improves environmental quality up to the 4th horizon after which it begins to deteriorate environment quality. Furthermore, the panel causality results indicate bidirectional causality between greenhouse gas emissions and the rest of the variables except renewable energy, which is unidirectional. The causality between economic growth and renewable energy, economic growth and financial development, and financial development and renewable energy has a feedback effect while a unidirectional causality flows from economic growth to domestic material consumption. These findings have implications for sustainable production and consumption. • Effects of domestic material consumption, renewable energy, and greenhouse gas emissions on the environment are examined • Improved GMM estimation of Panel VAR and impulse response functions are explored • Renewable energy and financial development improve environmental quality • Domestic material consumption and greenhouse gas emissions deteriorate environment quality • Economic growth only improves environmental quality up to the 4th horizon after which it deteriorates the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the dynamic effect of non-renewable energy, renewable energy, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on environmental degradation in twenty selected African countries over the period 2000–2015. We have adopted Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and the Pollution Haven/Halo hypothesis simultaneously. In the first stage, this paper performs cross-independence test and found cross-sectional dependence in carbon emissions, non-renewable energy, and renewable energy. In the second stage, it applies first generation and second generation unit root tests for panel data and found that all concerning variables are I(1) except for economic growth which is found I(0). Therefore, we used the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach using Pooled Mean Group, Mean Group, and Dynamic Fixed Effect estimators. The results indicate that all independent variables are significant and positive to CO 2 emissions except for renewable energy found significant and negative to CO2 emissions, and foreign direct investment found significant and positive only in the long term. Moreover, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis did not hold in our sample, while we found strong evidence for the Pollution Haven hypothesis in selected African countries. • non-renewable energy, renewable energy, economic growth, and foreign direct investment-CO 2 emissions relationship is investigated. • Positive effect of non-renewable energy and negative effect of renewable energy are found. • The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis does not hold. • The Pollution Haven hypothesis is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability and economic growth are the two ends of a stream whereby when an economy excels towards growth and stability it causes harm to the environment whereas whenever there is less generation of domestic product there is less harm to the environment. Therefore, the present study intends to explore the role of green innovation and renewable energy in carbon emissions and economic growth by employing the unique methodology of Bootstrap ARDL proposed by McNown, Sam, and Goh (2018) on the theoretical guidelines of the neo-classical and STIRPAT model, in the context of Malaysia. The data have been collected from World Bank and OECD database from 1971 to 2017 (47 observations). The result reported that green innovation has a positive and negative relationship with growth and CO2 emissions respectively in both the short and long run. On the other hand, the result reported interesting findings in the relationship of renewable energy with economic growth in the short-run which was found negative however it becomes positive in the longer period, whereas the relationship of renewable energy with CO2 emission remains negative for both short and long run. Lastly, the present study recommended to the regulators that they should formulate the effective policies related to the innovation that enhance the sustainable development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption and economic growth play an important role in the global policy debate among policymakers around the world. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption at the state level for the U.S. from 2000 to 2016. As opposed to country-level studies, a focus on states within a country allows for comparisons across more homogeneous entities. The four known hypotheses are tested: growth, conservative, feedback, and neutral, differentiating between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. In order to address endogeneity, two strategies are developed: (1) a static analysis for 2016 where key policy covariates are gradually added to the model, and (2) a dynamic analysis using different generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators. The model is augmented using socioeconomic, regulatory and climatic variables, which allows for the evaluation of policies while facilitating a transition to renewable energy use. Overall, the results show that total energy consumption and non-renewable energy consumption support the feedback hypothesis. Results for renewable energy, industrial energy, and residential energy consumption show more support for the growth hypothesis. These results have policy implications in terms of optimizing decisions and investments to efficiently improve economic growth while reducing energy consumption. • This study explores the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. • Static and dynamic models are run for the years 2000–2016 for the U.S. states. • Renewable, nonrenewable, industrial, and residential energy are analyzed separately. • Total and non-renewable energy consumption support the feedback hypothesis. • Renewable energy consumption supports the growth hypothesis at the state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, climate change is a severe threat to the survival of the planet and humanity; to counter this threat, the significant role of renewable energy cannot be denied for sustainable development worldwide. The motive of this study is to examine the threshold level and asymmetric relationship between renewable energy and economic development in different regimes of the different income levels of 122 countries from 1995-2018 by using the novel technique Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model (PSTR). The results of the PSTR model suggest that the relationship between Renewable Energy and the Economic Growth of these selected countries is nonlinear. Furthermore, in most countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between renewable energy and economic growth in the high regime, except the higher-income nations has a significant and positive relationship in both low and high regimes. Overall full sample shows a significant and positive relationship between renewable energy and economic growth. Recommendations based on this study for these countries include: 1) energy-efficient resources should be adopted to increase renewable energy consumption. 2) The conventional energy consumption share should be reduced to improve the environmental quality for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies on the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth, which was conducted in either middle/high-income countries or mixed sampled countries, produce the effect, but unfeasible in low-income countries. This study examines the asymmetric nexus of renewable energy consumption and economic growth, and the impact of agriculture and capital on economic growth by employing a non-linear autoregressive distributed lagged model (NARDL) and causality test from 1990 to 2015 in Rwanda. The results show evidence that renewable energy consumption affects economic growth. Asymmetric causality relationship, which is running from positive shocks renewable energy consumption to economic growth is noted. Furthermore, the unidirectional causality effect flowing from both agriculture and capital to economic growth for both positive and negative shocks is obtained. Therefore, the Government of Rwanda needs to realize positive economic growth from its investment in renewable energy consumption and agriculture as prior sectors of development. • The impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is examined. •NARDL and causality test have employed. •Renewable energy consumption negatively affects growth in long-term. •Causality relationship for agriculture and capital are running towards growth. •Investment in renewable energy and agriculture could boost economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy attracts attentions by removing the harmful effects of fossil fuels and protecting the environment. The focus of this study is to investigate GDP per capita, carbon dioxide emissions per capita, technological innovation and trade as the determinants of renewable energy production for the selected Latin American countries during the 1991–2014 period. Technological innovation factor is rarely investigated as one of the determinants of renewable energy. The country group includes Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Chile and Guatemala. Empirical results are obtained by applying panel estimation methods. Cointegration relationship among the analyzed variables is confirmed by Pedroni and Westerlund panel cointegration tests. According to the empirical analysis, GDP per capita, technological innovation and trade have positive and statistically significant impact on renewable energy production per capita. On the other hand, it is found that carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energy production are negatively associated. In addition, the elasticity estimates with respect to technological innovation and trade are found as close to each other. The policy implications of the empirical findings are argued as well. [Display omitted] • The drivers of renewable energy generation are analyzed by panel data techniques. • A 1% rise in output is found to increase renewable energy production by 0.26%. • The effects of technological innovation and trade are estimated as very close. • The elasticity estimate with respect to CO2 emission is found as −0.196. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has been considered as an effective way to solve environmental pollution and energy crisis in China. However, the development of renewable energy sector depends on economic growth and financial issues. Thus, it is significant to study the relationships of these three indicators in China. Using ARDL-PMG model, this paper explores the long-run and short-run impacts of economic growth and financial development on renewable energy consumption based on the panel data during period 1997–2017 at national and regional levels of China. The long-run relationships indicate that for China as a whole and western China, economic growth stimulates renewable energy consumption while financial development impacts it negatively. However, the short-run relationships show that economic growth and financial development influence renewable energy consumption negatively and positively, respectively. Moreover, we employ the Granger causality test to study the existence and direction of causality among variables. The causality test results display that the unidirectional causality relationships exist from financial development to renewable energy consumption for China as a whole and eastern China. Meanwhile, economic growth unidirectionally causes renewable energy consumption in China as a whole, eastern and western China. Our empirical results provide some policies to promote the development of renewable energy sector. • Dynamic impacts of financial development and economic growth on renewable energy use are studied. • The causalities among financial development and economic growth and renewable energy use are explored. • Our study was conducted at both national and regional levels using panel data models. • Financial development impacted renewable energy use negatively in the long run. • A unidirectional causality ran from renewable energy use to financial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the direction of the causal relationship between renewable electricity generation (REG) and economic growth for the US and China. The results show a unidirectional causality running from REG to economic growth for the US and China. Furthermore, a bi-directional long short-term (Bi-LSTM) algorithm is formulated to propose REG pathways based on four scenarios. First, we allow the Bi-LSTM network to make business-as-usual (BAU) predictions. The results show that the US and China's REG as a percentage of total electricity output will hit ∼17.769 and ∼34.688 by 2030, respectively. Second, we set a 30% incremental target and estimate that the US and China REG will hit ∼17.198 and ∼31.105 by 2030, respectively. Third, the results from setting an incremental target of 50% depicts that the US and China REG will hit ∼19.844 and ∼35.891 by 2030, respectively. Finally, the 100% incremental target from the 2015 generation shows that the US and China REG are expected to hit ∼26.458 and ∼47.854 by 2030, respectively. As a policy implication, if investments in renewable electricity generation are not intensified, the US and China stand a risk of not meeting the pathway targets proposed. • The possible drivers of renewable electricity generation (REG) are explored. • We find a unidirectional causality running from GDP to REG. • China and the US BAU REG levels will rise by the year 2030. • Pathways proposed to achieve an intended target. • New policy directives required to boost REG levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of urbanization, the urban areas in Northeast Asian countries have become major sources of growth in terms of energy consumption, economic output, and CO 2 emissions. However, little research has focused on the relationships among per capita CO 2 emissions, real output, non-renewable and renewable energy, and urbanization in five Northeast Asian countries (China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, and South Korea). In this study, panel methodologies have been used to investigate the relationships based on the 20-year period of 1995–2014. Six stationary tests and three co-integration methods indicate that the selected variables are first difference stationary and exhibit co-integration relationships. The long-run estimations reveal that disaggregated energy (both non-renewable and renewable) and urbanization increase CO 2 emissions, while economic growth reduces CO 2 emissions. To test the relationships between the selected variables, homogeneous Granger causality is implied. Bidirectional causality is only found between non-renewable energy and CO 2 emissions, while unidirectional causalities exists between the other selected variables. The study results suggest that governments should allocate urban resources reasonably, to make smart urban. Policymakers should pay more attention to non-renewable and renewable energy. Non-renewable energy needs to be more efficient, while renewable energy needs to be popularized. • Homogeneous causality between the selected variables is revealed. • Growth of urbanization stimulates CO 2 emissions. • Impact of renewable energy on emissions is less than that of non-renewable. • Economic growth leads to emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting scientific evidence shows that CO2 emissions have been a primary cause of climate change, which has harmed the quality of human life and economic development. To reduce the carbon footprint, many developed economies have undertaken various institutional reforms to transition their economies to clean energy sources that are compatible with sound economic growth. The picture is different for many developing countries whose economic development in the past has been dependent on fossil fuels or hydrocarbon energy sources, which have affected their climate adversely. The impact of the quality of the latter countries' institutions on both climate change and economic growth simultaneously has been under-studied. To address this literature gap, this paper examines the links between institutional quality, CO2 emission, and economic growth in developing countries. Using the Granger Causality test, the study reveals that there is strong interdependence among the variables. Hence, policymakers in these countries should implement holistic co-development policy frameworks that strengthen the institutions of governance as well as adopting clean-energy industrial strategies that minimize CO2 emissions. Such policies positively impact economic growth in these countries. Note : The hypotheses are: H 1A +: Economic growth (positively) Granger-causes CO2 emission.H 1A −: Economic growth (negatively) Granger-causes CO2 emission.H 1B +: CO2 emission (positively) Granger-causes Economic Growth.H 1B −: CO2 emission (negatively) Granger-causes Economic Growth.H 2A +: Institutional quality (positively) Granger-causes economic growth.H 2A −: Institutional quality (negatively) Granger-causes economic growth.H 2B +: Economic growth (positively) Granger-causes institutional quality.H 3A +: Institutional quality (positively) Granger-causes CO2 emission.H 3A −: Institutional quality (negatively) Granger-causes CO2 emission.H 3B +: CO2 emission (positively) Granger-causes CO2 institutional quality. Image 1 • We evaluate the links between CO2 emission, institutional quality, and economic growth. • We use data covering 67 developing countries for the period 2005–2018. • A dynamic model is used to detect the direction of temporal causality between the variables. • We find strong endogenous relationships between the variables. • We suggest policies to strengthen the institutions of governance and keep CO2 emissions in check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work highlights the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy, capital formation, and economic growth on CO 2 emissions in the economies that are emerging due to China's Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) initiative. In this context, data for 24 SREB economies from 1995 to 2014 are analyzed through the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The results suggest that using a high share of renewable energy to execute economic activities and improve the level of capital formation significantly decreases the rate of CO 2 emissions in both the long term and short term in the considered SREB countries. The presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions are also determined. The negative impact of Gross Capital Formation (GCF) and the negligible effects of trade openness on CO 2 discharge are also observed. The negative effect of GCF on carbon emissions suggests either that the SREB economies are investing in low-carbon economic activities or simply that those assets are being produced using cleaner energy sources. It is suggested that these countries should pay more attention to renewable energy resources to improve the environment and maximize the economic benefits of the SREB initiative. • Renewable energy is a significant source for controlling CO 2 emissions in SREB nations. • Improvement in Gross Capital Formation mitigates CO 2 emissions in the SREB region. • The findings show that the SREB economies are investing in low-carbon assets. • In SREB countries, CO 2 emissions and GDP growth show a bell-shaped relationship. • Trade openness has an insignificant role in controlling CO 2 emissions in SREB economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the core objectives in Sustainable Development Goals of developed and emerging economies is to enhance the renewable energy consumption level to overcome environmental challenges. However, little is known about the export product diversification impacts on renewable energy consumption. The prime objective of this study is to explore the effects of export diversification, extensive margin and intensive margins on renewable energy consumption using a panel data of 14 countries (G-7 and E-7) spanning the period of 1990–2017. Current study is based on panel cointegration analysis, FGLS and FMOLS techniques, where the renewable energy consumption is given as a function of export diversification, economic growth, industrialization, trade openness and natural resources. The empirical findings show that product diversification policies have positive effects on renewable energy demand for developed and emerging economies. Interestingly, our results illustrate that the nonlinear hypothesis is valid between export diversification and renewable energy for the sample countries, while the threshold level and direction are different for both panels. • The impact of export product diversification on renewable energy consumption is examined. • G-7 countries and E-7 countries over 1990–2017 are analyzed. • Empirical results show that export diversification significantly influence renewable energy consumption. • The non-linear hypothesis between export diversification and renewable energy is confirmed for G-7 and E-7 countries. • Natural resources and International trade significantly influence renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using panel data from 1990-2015 for selected BRICS (Brazil, India, China and South Africa) countries, the study empirically evaluates the role of primary and secondary education levels in curbing carbon emissions along with incorporating the changes in the pattern of energy consumption based on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, real economic growth, urbanization and economic globalization as additional determinants in per capita CO 2 emission function. Using random effect and system GMM techniques, the study reveals that primary education and non-renewable energy consumption along with total energy consumption, economic growth and globalization contribute to rising carbon emissions, whereas secondary education, urbanization and renewable energy consumption contribute to improving environmental quality via reducing carbon emissions. From a policy perspective, it suggests that policymakers and governments should put more efforts in promoting investment on higher education levels and expand green cities-driven urbanization, incentivize the society for a massive switch from adoption of non-renewable energy to renewable energy for economic activities in order to achieve sustainable environmental quality in emerging economies. • The pattern of education levels and energy consumption on CO 2 emissions is examined. • The panel data for the period 1990–2015 are used for the selected BRICS economies. • Both primary education and non-renewable energy consumption drive CO 2 emissions. • Economic growth and globalization also drive environmental degradation. • Secondary education, urbanization and renewable energy improve environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the dynamic relationship among economic growth, clean energy, and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in China. The indicators of economic growth, clean energy, CO 2 emissions, fixed assets investment, and research and development intensity of 30 provinces and municipalities for the period of 2005–2019 in China have been investigated by Panel Vector Autoregression model (PVAR). To further explore regional differences, three types of regions were classified by K-means cluster analysis. The results show that clean energy has a positive impact on economic growth in China; Clean energy reduces CO 2 emissions in Region II while others do not; Both fixed assets investment and research and development promote clean energy development; The dynamic relationship between the 5 indicators varies across regions. Various regions in China should combine their development characteristics and location advantages, increase capital investment and research and development input in clean energy, strengthen environmental regulations, and improve the energy consumption structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy, just like any other factors of production, plays a vital role in boosting the economic growth of nations. Various researches have observed a significant positive effect of energy on economic growth, indicating that boosting energy sources will tend to raise the economic growth of nations. Due to this reason, the European Union (EU) needs to come up with a stable and reliable supply of energy to ensure high economic growth and stability in the prices. The current study seeks to examine the role of primary energy supply on economic growth in the EU. The study employs a panel data of 27 EU countries from 1990 to 2019. Dynamic Generalised Method of Moments which is robust over endogeneity, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) are employed. The current study differs from past studies in that it considers the interaction between energy and capital, "effective capital", hence its main novelty. The study results show that carbon emissions, renewable energy, capital, effective capital and population size have a significant positive impact on GDP in the EU-27 countries. Primary energy supply is observed to exhibit a negative significant effect on GDP, whereas the results of DOLS technique gives a significant positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]