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Using panel data of 102 countries from 1990 to 2018, this research investigates the varying effect of renewable energy policies on renewable energy green innovation along with the distribution of green innovation. The panel quantile model with additive fixed effect is adopted in this paper, and the research conclusions are as follows. (1) Green innovation positively correlates with national renewable energy policy. (2) Renewable policy is more effective in countries with stronger green innovation capacity. (3) In five different areas of renewable energy, renewable policy is unable to promote green innovation in the lowest innovative countries. (4) Renewable policy exerts the smallest influence on green innovation of geothermal energy compared to other renewable energies. In sum, this paper provides an empirical reference for governments to launch renewable energy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the penetration of renewable energy sources is growing at a significant pace on a global scale. In parallel, the utilization of renewables could possibly act as the basis for the transition to a Circular Economy, which aims to reduce the use of finite resources. Compared to other European countries, Greece has achieved a significant share of renewables in its' energy mix and in parallel promotes various policies aiming to accomplish zero-carbon emissions by 2050. An important element of this procedure is the broader acceptance of renewables by the public. This paper investigates this concept by capturing citizens' view on renewable energy sources along with the overall concept of Circular Economy in Greece. By implementing a questionnaire analysis, empirical findings capture the intention of citizens to further develop and invest on renewable energy. Besides, our analysis identifies that as education level increases, the willingness to pay more for renewables and their acceptance from the public increases, as well. Finally, empirical findings indicate that Greek citizens are aware of the concept and the benefits arising from Circular Economy, yet additional efforts need to be addressed for the growth of this concept in Greece. • The study captures citizens' view on RES and Circular Economy in Greece. • Participants are aware and sensitive on environmental and climate change issues. • Participants accepted the existence of RES and are willing to pay additional cost. • As the level of education increased, willingness to pay for RES also increased. • Additional efforts need to be addressed for the growth of Circular Economy in Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation in the new energy vehicle industry provides essential opportunities for green transformation. This paper addresses several issues related to (1) the impacts of government subsidies on the innovation of Chinese new energy vehicle enterprises, (2) the heterogeneous sensitivity of innovation to government subsidies due to firms' ownership and location regions, (3) the spatial correlation of innovation, and (4) the impact of reducing subsidies. Using a dataset of Chinese new energy vehicle enterprises listed on the A-share market for the period of 2010–2019, we find a promoting effect of government subsidies on firms' innovation. The promoting effect is greater in the private-owned firms and the central area. We also find that reducing government subsidies only negatively affects the innovation in the western region, and the positive influence of government subsidies is enhanced in the private-owned firms after the exposure of subsidy fraud. In terms of spatial effect, we do not find evidence for a positive spillover effect among companies. Our findings provide important implications for improving the effectiveness of subsidy policies in the new energy vehicle industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is some new challenges about the greenhouse gases, climate changing, and weather warming. The applying of the various Energy Policies (EPs) on production sections, is the prevalent solution that considers promotion of the renewable energies. The result is enhancement of penetration rate of the Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in the power systems. However, till now, there are little papers that assessed the effects of EPs on the social welfare. The social welfare consists of the financial profits of the RES production company as well as the surplus welfare of subscribers. In this paper, the results of the implementation of a well–known EP as the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) and its effect on the surplus welfare are assessed, based on the Generation Expansion Planning (GEP). In order to obtain the paper aims, the desired EP and the GEP are mixed, and a comprehensive model is presented from the perspective of an RES production company. The model is solved in the form of a Mixed Integer Non–Linear Problem (MINLP) in the GAMS optimization software using the BARON optimizer. Also, in order to reach complete solution, two scenarios as without and with the proposed EP are considered, and the results are compared with other EPs. For evaluation of the social welfare, a criteria as the Virtual Price Index (VPI) is introduced. With analysis of the results, it could be seen that the surplus welfare of the subscribers increases in the long term horizon, while it was lower than profit of the RES production companies at short terms. • Using of REC-EP to study the GEP, in presence of RES units. • Analysis the SW, social welfare, and the company profits under REC-EP. • Using of robustness method, MINLP, to solve the problem, considering real limits. • Comparing the first scenario results with other methods secured proposed method. • Comparing REC-EP results with others in the second scenario shows its high worth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 10 years Brazil has accelerated the incorporation of new wind capacity into its power matrix. This situation has generated the need for increased transport capacity. However, there have been delays in the planning process for new transmission line construction, thus inducing trapped electricity in the system; in other words, electricity that cannot be dispatched to the interconnected system. Using system dynamics modelling, this paper assesses energy policy alternatives for improving the synchronisation between the construction of both power generation and transmission capacities. Simulation results show that policy synchronisation within the wind industry may provide important opportunities regarding security of supply. This paper concludes that in Brazil's case it is possible to attain a balance between wind power expansion and interconnection capacity through synchronised and systemic interventions. • Power systems require a sustainable balance between supply and demand. • Wind power industry could be affected by energy policy fragmentation. • This article assesses alternative policy options to contribute to the existing literature on grid congestion. • New insights on the synchronisation of energy policies for the wind industry expansion is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change mainly caused by increased greenhouse gases and reduced fossil fuel reserves, have launched a more intensive use of renewable energy on a global scale. One of the oldest types of the renewable sources is well known small hydro electric facility. In this paper description of small hydro plant location, selection of the turbine, sizing of the plant, connecting plant to the grid, as well as the legal aspect and environmental impact of the future facility in Serbia are presented and discussed. Besides, techno-economic analysis of future small hydro electric plant is presented and discussed. The main contribution of this paper is multidisciplinary approach to complex analysis of building, integration, economic performance and environmental impact of a small hydro-plant demonstrated on the specific site in Serbia. Finally, major barriers and threats for the growth of the small hydro-electric power capacity have been identified and proposals to increase the penetration level of the small hydro and other renewable sources into the grid in Serbia are made. To increase the contribution of the small hydro and other renewables in Serbia and South-East Europe countries, the gouverments should remove all the bariers and strongly encourage the investment in the renewable energy sector. • Choice of small hydro plant location, sizing of the plant and the environmental impact are presented and discussed. • Verification of the requirements for connecting small hydro plant to the grid is presented. • Techno-economic analysis of small hydro electric plant is presented and discussed. • Major barriers and threats for the growth of the small hydro-electric power capacity have been identified. • Proposals to increase the penetration level of the small hydro plants into the grid in Serbia are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of wind power has gained prominence on the world stage, especially in Brazil. In addition to generating energy free of emissions, wind technology is the second cheapest generation option in Brazil. At the same time, it has contributed to reducing hydrological vulnerability caused by climate variation. Although wind power has experienced a steady expansion in the last decade, recent poor outcomes of wind auctions produced uncertainty about the future of this technology in the country. This paper analyses the influence of contract mechanisms used in Brazilian energy auctions for the growth of wind generation. To do this, a scenario analysis based on a hybrid simulation model is used, combining agent-based modelling (ABM) and system dynamics (SD). From the hybrid simulation, the effect of the wind project cancellation policy is analysed, on the one hand, and different ceiling prices for competing sources in the auctions are assessed, on the other. Moreover, the simulation model shows how hydro conditions affect reserve energy auctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of biomass as an alternative fossil fuel can be realized mainly through biomass consumption. This paper examines the growth rate and spatial patterns of biomass consumption in the United States (hereafter US) during the period 2000–2012, using the SLOPE index, Moran's I and local Moran's I. Results indicate that US States show either slow growth or slow decline in biomass consumption during the period 2000–2012. The number of States that have slow growth in biomass consumption is slightly larger than the number of States showing slow decline. The pattern of growth rate of biomass consumption revealed by the SLOPE index and the observed pattern of the temporal variation of biomass consumption ensures that the SLOPE index can catch the growth rate of biomass consumption. This pattern does not align with the increased annual investment in biomass, indicating that the investment in biomass does not flow down to the biomass industry effectively. The pattern of growth rate of biomass consumption will provide additional evidence for the debates about the effectiveness of State renewable energy policy, and demonstrates an urgent need for appropriate State renewable energy policies. There is a High-High spatial cluster around the Southeast of the US and a Low-Low spatial cluster in the Middle of the US in 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. The regional spatial cluster in biomass consumption has somewhat relationship with the growth rate of biomass consumption, which can help the understanding of the growth rate of biomass consumption. • The SLOPE index is used to investigate the growth rate of biomass consumption. • The pattern of growth rate does not align with the increased annual investment. • There is an urgent need for appropriate State renewable energy policies. • There are regional clusters in biomass consumption in 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. • The regional spatial cluster has somewhat relationship with the growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the first attempt at modelling the impact of economic policy uncertainty on renewable energy consumption in the USA using monthly data from 1986 to 2019. By implementing recent nonparametric (nonlinear) econometric approaches, we find that our models suffer from nonlinearity and smooth, as well as abrupt structural changes. The nonparametric unit root tests indicate non-stationarity of the model variables while the cointegration suggests the presence of nonlinear cointegration. The Granger causality analyses establish robust nonlinear causation in both directions between the policy uncertainty and renewable energy variables, with one exception: from geothermal energy to the three-component index of uncertainty. The nonparametric regressions exhibit a negative long-run association between policy uncertainty and renewable energy consumption, i.e., higher economic policy uncertainty lowers renewable energy consumptions and vice-versa. These findings have robust policy implications as they underscore the importance of governments, policymakers and concerned agents to maintain uniformity in economic policy to encourage renewable energy consumption in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effect of geopolitical risk on renewable energy deployment, assuming that geopolitical uncertainty stimulates nations to be independent and rely on their renewable energy sources in order to reduce the geopolitical risk concomitant to fossil fuel inflows. The current paper's data sample covers 10 net crude oil importer countries during the period 1985–2017. It employs panel cointegration analysis and estimate an autoregressive distributed lag model. The results show that geopolitical risk has a significant and positive effect on renewable energy diffusion. Therefore, this work determines that it is an incentive, not an obstacle, to renewable energy deployment. The present study's policy implication is that renewable energy development is expected to increase if the geopolitical risk rises, all else being equal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector with 70% public budget influence in Turkey is unsurprisingly one of the sectors over which most policies have been developed. Although Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources such as solar, water, wind, geothermal; as the speed of the consumption of the energy generated through these resources is higher than the production, the use of other non-renewable energy sources is at stake, and increases the emission amount released into the environment depending on this type of energy used. In this study, Energy Extended Input-Output Analysis has been conducted using the data of emission occurred depending on energy use within the framework of energy economy as an interdisciplinary field of study. And research has been carried out on the mutual interdependency between energy and economy. This paper employs an analysis recently published as an input-output table of the year 2014 of Turkey and energy use emission data of the same year in the World Input-Output Database. The emission occurred as a result of one single unit of energy use in the sector of electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply, which are one of the two sectors including the whole components of the energy sector in Turkey, comes first with 51.4327 TJ/million-dollar coefficient, manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, which is the other sector, ranks at the ninth row with the coefficient of 4.4556 TJ/million-dollar. As a result of the conducted analysis, while normalized total backward energy use emission linkages coefficients (BL j) equal 10.1074 TJ for Electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector, they are 1.1676 TJ for the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Normalized total forward energy use emission linkages coefficients (FL i) are 21.448 TJ for electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, yet they are 1.3941 TJ for manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Policies on the sustainable use of energy in Turkey have been developed through the achieved results in the content of the study. Policies by focusing on the economy and prioritizing the role of energy in providing sustainable development, preferring environmentally friendly renewable energy sources, and encouraging less production of emission, have especially been mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper develops a fixed effect model to evaluate the effect of renewable energy policy using a panel dataset covering 29 countries during the period of 2000–2015. The renewable energy policy system in this paper includes seven aggregate policies and twelve specific ones. The empirical results indicate that four of seven aggregate policies, including fiscal and financial incentives, market-based instruments, policy support, and research, development and deployment, are demonstrated to be significant to the improvement of renewable energy capacity. Meanwhile, three of twelve specific policies, including price policy, grants and subsidies, and strategic planning, have positive effects on renewable energy development. This paper assesses the aggregate and specific policies in the same analysis framework, and the empirical results determined that synergy effects existed among specific policies. The empirical results also indicate that the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 has had positive impacts on renewable energy development in typical countries. Highlights • Panel data study on the effectiveness of RE policies to promote RE development. • Four of seven aggregate policies are positively significant to RE capacity increase especially Market-based instruments and RD&D. • Three of twelve specific policies have significant positive effects on RE capacity especially price policy. • Synergy effects do exist among specific policies in renewable energy increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents an investigation on the efficiency performance of the leading-edge undulated tidal turbine blades under the effect of waves. This biomimetic blade application is inspired by humpback whale flippers which provide these mammals with an exceptional manoeuvring ability that is mainly accredited to the beneficial of their leading-edge tubercles. The paper first presents the design, optimisation and experimental validation of these turbine models. With the aim of further validating the efficiency performance in a different testing environment as well as exploring the combined effect of the tidal current and wave interaction, a test campaign in a towing tank facility was conducted. Both regular and irregular wave conditions were considered combining with varying towing speeds to simulate the tidal current effect. The test results revealed that the leading-edge undulated turbine has a stable hydrodynamic performance over a combined range of current speeds and waves indicating that the overall performance was not affected considerably by the combined effects as opposed to the performance solely due to steady tidal current. Highlights • Biomimetic concept of applying leading-edge tubercles on a tidal turbine blade has been performed. • Leading-edge tubercles have significant impacts on the improvement of the hydrodynamic performance. • First practice of testing bioinspired tidal turbine blade in a towing tank facility under the wave and current. • Power generation performance under waves were evaluated and proved the effectiveness of leading-edge tubercles under wave conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the climate crisis, the development and the path of growth and expansion of renewable energy systems is an urgent task, but must carried out with great care on environmental compatibility and protection. Renewable energy supply systems that are suitable for grid-bound heat supply, particularly in urban areas in Europe, are geothermal binary plants that provide power as well as power and heat. This paper will present studies whose objective was the assessment of hydrogeothermal power and heat generation in low-enthalpy regions from the environmental standpoint. The German Environment Agency published results of a network of studies conducted between 2008 and 2016 on the analysis of detailed and comprehensive environmental impacts of the geothermal energy generation in Germany and has continuously evaluated these findings. In this article, the results of the Life Cycle Assessment are discussed, taking into account all effects and material flows within the entire life cycle. Based on these balances, differing geothermal systems are compared to each other and to other renewable and fossil energy generation systems in order to assess the ecological advantages and disadvantages of these systems. Taking into account local environmental impacts as well a comprehensive ecologic evaluation of potential environmental and human health impacts becomes possible. The paper presents the results of a) the mass and energy fluxes of the process chain along the life cycle, and b) the local environmental impacts along the life cycle with regard to the environmental indicators of these cases. The focus is on the impact of site and plant parameters. Concluding, it can be summarised that geothermal power and heat generation is a very low-carbon technology and can contribute to a sustainable energy supply. Hydrogeothermal plants show a significantly low surface consumption, and environmental impacts are only locally relevant and technically controllable. Through the development of optimised overall concepts, geothermal based power and heat generation can achieve minimal environmental impacts in all areas. The combined heat and power generation from geothermal resources is by far the most environmentally and climate-friendly energy supply compared to all other regenerative and fossil systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 2017, the Chinese government released the first special plan for the development of geothermal energy, named “ The 13th five-year plan for geothermal energy development and utilization (2016–2020) ”, which promotes the development of geothermal energy to the national energy strategic level. As a stable and low-carbon renewable energy, it is significant to develop geothermal energy to relieve air pollution and supply continuous base load power. This paper first introduces the resource endowments of geothermal energy in China, the current status and development targets of geothermal energy use, as well as series of related policies on China's geothermal energy. Then the economic, environmental and social benefits of geothermal energy development are analyzed respectively. Next, based on the PESTEL framework, this paper analyzes the unfavorable factors in the development of geothermal energy in China. Fourth, based on the PESTEL analysis results, we give some countermeasures and solutions for the future development of China's geothermal energy from two aspects of technology and policy. Finally, based on the above analysis, the corresponding conclusions and policy recommendations are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contagion tests through mean and volatility channels are developed based on an exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic model to investigate the effects of China's 2009–2020 solar power policies on the economic performance of different sectors. By examining the fluctuations in the daily stock prices of nine major economic sectors in China, we show the transmission mechanisms of policy shocks and find evidence that China's major solar energy policies, including feed-in tariffs, solar subsidies, and market-based instruments, have significant effects on most of the studied sectors in China through both mean and volatility contagion channels. Among the three types of policies, feed-in tariffs and solar subsidies are found to be the most effective instruments in improving sector performance, while market-based instruments have the least effect. The risk premium effect is weak, but the asymmetric effect is strong, suggesting that market volatility responds considerably less to positive news than to negative news for the majority of sectors investigated. • The highlights of this paper include. • The impacts of China's 2009–2020 solar industry policies on its sector performance. • Policy contagion is developed to identify how policy shocks affect economic sectors. • Feed-in tariffs and solar subsidies are found to be effective instrument. • Significant asymmetric effect is observed in major economic sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the research topics of China's energy transition policy and predicting future research trends are crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions and advance the energy transition. This study applied the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to extract 26 major research topics from the 13,976 abstracts of Chinese policy research papers in web of science (WOS), conceptualized the five most popular topics and used the ARIMA model to predict trends over the next 36 months. The results show that except for Economic and Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption (Topic13), which will first experience unanticipated fluctuations and then show strong growth capacity, all other topics will continue to remain positive growth trend. Research and Development (Topic3) is driven by the urgency of China's energy transformation. Economic and Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption (Topic13) is driven by the potential for the development of renewable energy. Economic Impact of Climate Change (Topic26) is driven by the climate change debate. Economic Growth, Urbanization, and Energy Consumption (Topic7) is driven by a discussion of their relationship and the mechanisms influencing them. Regional Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (Topic19) is driven by regional differences in China's energy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty alleviation and environmental improvement are two important targets which most developing countries try to achieve. In order to promote the poverty alleviation by using clean energy sources, this paper develops a joint poverty alleviation project including the green energy investment company (GEIC), solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant (SPP) and wind power plant (WPP). By using a tripartite evolutionary game model, evolutionary stable strategies are evaluated. Influence estimate results of key factors show that longer annual operation time and higher on-grid electricity price will increase the participating intention of all the three participators. The government should increase the on-grid electricity price of the SPP properly, but control that of the WPP as the joint poverty alleviation project can also progress well even with relatively low on-grid electricity price of the WPP. A reasonable investment ratio of the SPP and WPP is the guarantee for the smooth development of the joint poverty alleviation project. In this study, the investment ratio of the SPP and WPP of 6:4 is relatively proper and can make the three participators all have relatively high increasing rates of participating intention simultaneously. The results will be of reference value for formulating relevant governmental policies on the poverty alleviation and clean energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The pulp and paper industry has many promising opportunities in the biorefinery field. To reach this potential, investments are required in new, emerging technologies and systems solutions which cannot be quickly implemented. In this paper, an approach to model the necessarily long planning times for this kind of investments is presented. The methodology used is based on stochastic programming, and all investments are optimized under uncertain energy market conditions. The uncertain cost development of the emerging technologies is also considered. It is analyzed using scenario analysis where both the cost levels and the timing for market introduction are considered. The effect of long lead times is studied by assuming that no investments can be decided on now and implemented already today, and only investments planned for today can be implemented in, for example, five years. An example is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach. The example includes the possibility of future investment in lignin separation, and shows how the investment planning of industrial energy efficiency investments can be guided by using the proposed systematic approach. The example also illustrates the value of keeping flexibility in the investment planning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper deals with the environmental assessment of two electricity scenarios in Sicily, for 2030, characterized by a high exploitation of renewable energy sources in order to quantify the potential contribution of the local strategies in the achievement of the European climate policies and the potential improvement in the future electricity mix, compared to the current one (2014). In order to match these goals, authors integrate the Life Cycle Assessment with a scenario analysis. The future electricity mix scenarios, characterized by a share of renewables (57% for 2030-BS scenario and 51% for 2030-DS scenario) show a reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions per kWh of electricity generated, compared to the current one in which renewables account for 24%. Greenhouse gases emissions decrease by 39.9% in 2030-BS and by 32.9% in 2030-DS. However, the analysis highlights that the state of development of technologies does not allow improvements in a whole set of impacts categories. Particularly, freshwater ecotoxicity increases by around 30% and resources depletion by more than 100%. Results of this study can be used by local authorities as knowledge base in the definition and "ex-ante" evaluation of site-specific low-carbon energy strategies in Sicily. • The scenario analysis integrated with the LCA methodology was presented. • Electricity generation scenarios in 2030 in the Italian context was build. • Marginal electricity generation technologies were identified based on site-specific data. • A high penetration of renewables in the electricity generation mix allows decreasing a wide range of environmental impacts; Improving renewable technologies is paramount for better resource efficiency A high penetration of renewables in the electricity generation mix allows decreasing a wide range of environmental impacts; Improving renewable technologies is paramount for better resource efficiency and toxicity control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a simple methodology to aid in the decision of how to distribute financial incentive funding for residential solar electric systems in order to maximize demand. Incentive funding can be used more effectively if adjusted according to the decrease in price and the increase in demand of solar electric systems. The decision of how to reduce these incentives due to changing annual funds, while increasing or even maintaining the growth of solar electric system demand, is of great interest to policymakers and public benefit funded program administrators. In order to aid in this process, a three step methodology is described in this paper. The first step uses the concept of learning-by-doing to determine the relationship between historic pricing and demand. The second step employs discrete choice modeling with spatial analysis to determine the relationship between market, financial, and social factors with historic demand. The final step uses nonlinear programming to forecast incentive structuring for maximizing demand. Finally in order to validate the model the study uses solar market data from Portland, Oregon. The results show a decrease in incentives over the period of study from 2014 until 2020, except for 2017 and 2018 when federal and state tax credits expire respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most commonly, hydropower operation focused on the economic and social benefits of the humankind, whereas neglecting the riverine ecosystem conservation. This conventional approach of operation led to the degradation of the riverine ecosystem. As research progressed, adoption of natural flow variability in the operation of reservoir gained momentum. Flow variability is a major driver of the healthy river ecosystem, whereby discharging a certain amount of water could potentially reduce the adverse effect of reservoirs and dams on the riverine ecosystem. On this preface, the study presented here constitutes a multi-objective optimisation model of cascade reservoirs to maximise the power generation while minimising the shortage of environmental flows considering five environmental management classes. This paper analyses the case studies for Liujiaping-Yumitan cascade reservoirs. The environmental flows regarding each environmental management classes were calculated using "Global Environmental Flow Calculator", the model was solved using an anon-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The NSGA-II helps to find Pareto optimal sets of solutions, NSGA-II, however, cannot be used solely for taking a comprehensive decision. Therefore, the Projection Pursuit Cluster (PPC) model has been used additionally for the optimal sequencing of the compromised optimal solutions. The maximum annual power production considering five environmental management classes were respectively: 1.121, 1.109, 1.103, 1.109, and 1.117 (x108 kWh) with environmental flows shortage of 2060.82, 616.497, 200.52, 28.88, and 0.004 (x104 m3) respectively. Findings resulted from this study, highlight the necessity for power production compromise for a better degree of environmental protection. In contrast, the environmental benefit is more important not only for the sustainable operation of the hydropower but also for fulfilling the universal needs of the riverine ecosystem. Therefore, the outcomes of this study can be a guideline for decision-makers to improve the comprehensive benefits of the Liujiaping-Yumitan cascade hydropower station along with the conservation of the environmental health of the river. Image 1 • NSGA-II algorithm is capable of providing reasonable trade-offs between hydropower production and e-flows. • For higher environmental management classes, the e-flows shortage increases. • Annual power production remains nearly the same in all environmental management classes. • More power generation must be compromised to increase the degree of environmental protection. • GEFC approach can be used only for preliminary planning and operation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twenty-first century must see a decarbonisation of electricity production to mitigate the flow of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. This paper presents an econometric analysis of the factors that motivate the use of renewable energy in electricity production using panel data from European Union Member States during the period 2000–2015. The research extends the literature in this area in several ways. Firstly, the econometric analysis is focused on the electricity sector rather than on the overall primary energy supply, which also includes the diverse heating and transport sectors. In addition, an alternative public policy variable is proposed using the tax and levy component of electricity bills. Furthermore, an alternative econometric approach is employed using a hybrid mixed effects estimator. The results of this analysis are found to be broadly as expected. Electricity grid interconnection and higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions both motivate the development of renewable electricity, with point elasticities of 0.55 and 0.87 respectively. Policy implications are that policy support for fossil fuels should be ceased; electricity grid interconnections should be developed between countries; and furthermore, levies on retail electricity prices to fund RE support schemes are effective at promoting renewable electricity. • Improved econometric approach using hybrid mixed effects estimator. • Alternative measure proposed for a continuous public policy support variable. • Grid interconnection positively associated with use of renewable electricity. • Higher carbon emissions found to motivate shift towards renewable electricity. • FDI not found to have significant effect on use of renewable electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the effectiveness of different types of renewable energy policies (REP) in fostering innovation activity in the OECD electricity sector over the period 1990–2014. More specifically, we collect and analyse data on policy intervention, innovation activity (patent counts per type of renewable technology) and performance for 21 OECD countries from 1990 to 2014. Using the specific characteristics of each policy, we identify all REP in our sample and categorise them to one of three distinct policy types: technology-push, demand-pull, and systemic policy instruments. We then analyse the effects of policy intervention on innovation, by type of policy instrument and by type of technology. Our results show very clearly that one size does not fit all. Innovation activity is found to be more responsive to demand-pull policy instruments only for some technologies (e.g. geothermal), whereas for others a more mixed approach maybe more effective (e.g. wind). And sometimes policies that are designed to target only one technology are more effective in fostering innovation than multi-technology ones (as in the case of solar). Overall, we find that demand-pull policies have been more effective than any other type of policy intervention in driving innovation in renewable energy technologies. • We assess effectiveness of innovation policies by policy instrument and technology. • Three policy types are considered: technology-push, demand-pull, and systemic. • Demand-pull policies are more effective than any other type of policy intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today the global energy industry is undergoing major changes shifting towards the green growth and circular economy solutions. The paper offers the outcomes of the foresight study of the Russian renewable energy sector and focuses on three areas: converting solar energy into electricity; converting wind energy into electricity; and converting biomass into thermal energy and electricity. The goal of the study was to foresee and agree on the visionary future for the nascent renewable energy sector in the country, as well as to provide the scientifically justified grounds for government and corporate decision-makers. The research is based on a mixture of methods: bibliometric analysis and text mining, literature review, expert surveys and interviews, workshops, STEEPV analysis of trends, scenario analysis, and applied policy analysis. As a result of the study, major trends and uncertainties that may affect the Russian and global renewable energy sector in the next 15–20 years were identified. Other results include the scenarios for Russia's renewable energy sector that are proposed together with recommendations for the Russian companies and public authorities. The study's policy and market implications go beyond Russia: the outcomes may be useful for similar studies, early stage renewable energy policy planning and investment decision. • The foresight study of the Russian renewable energy sector is presented. • The focus is on solar, wind and biomass energy production until 2035. • Four scenarios of the Russian renewable energy sector are discussed. • Recommendations may be used in research, policy planning and investment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Traditional support policies for green energy have greatly contributed to the rise in prosumer numbers. However, it is believed that they will soon start to exert negative impact on stakeholders and on the grid. Policy makers advise to phase out two of the most widely applied policies – net metering and feed-in tariff, in favor of support policies that scale better with rising renewable generation. This work quantifies the impact of these traditional policies in future "what-if" scenarios and confirms the need for their replacement. Based on simulations with real data, we compare net metering and feed-in tariff to four state-of-the-art market-based mechanisms, which involve auction, negotiation and bitcoin-like currency. The paper examines the extent to which each of these mechanisms motivates not only green energy production but also its consumption. The properties and characteristics of the above mechanisms are evaluated from the perspective of key stakeholders in the low voltage grid – prosumers, consumers and energy providers. The outcome of this study sheds light on current and future issues that are relevant for policy makers in the evolving landscape of the smart grid. Highlights • Six support policies are evaluated in scenarios with various numbers of prosumers. • "What-if" scenarios are studied through multi-agent simulations with real data. • Net metering and feed-in tariff will cause issues in the immediate future. • Market-based support policies are a better fit when prosumer numbers rise. • Each policy offers different trade-offs between profits and costs for stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the development and perspectives of biogas in and its use for electricity, heat and in transport in the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Biogas production has increased in the EU, encouraged by the renewable energy policies, in addition to economic, environmental and climate benefits, to reach 18 billion m 3 methane (654 PJ) in 2015, representing half of the global biogas production. The EU is the world leader in biogas electricity production, with more than 10 GW installed and a number of 17,400 biogas plants, in comparison to the global biogas capacity of 15 GW in 2015. In the EU, biogas delivered 127 TJ of heat and 61 TWh of electricity in 2015; about 50% of total biogas consumption in Europe was destined to heat generation. Europe is the world's leading producer of biomethane for the use as a vehicle fuel or for injection into the natural gas grid, with 459 plants in 2015 producing 1.2 billion m 3 and 340 plants feeding into the gas grid, with a capacity of 1.5 million m 3 . About 697 biomethane filling stations ensured the use 160 million m 3 of biomethane as a transport fuel in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass fermentation and gasification are two types of biomass utilization technologies for residential households. Government plays an essential role in the diffusion of improved technologies. Cost-effectiveness analysis can provide the cost and abatement potentials of each alternative under a single abatement strategy; however, it is difficult for policy-makers to make an integrated assessment when multiple objectives are involved. This paper evaluates the performance of three distributed alternatives and two centralized alternatives for residential biomass use in rural China, including centralized biogas and centralized gasifier systems. An integrated assessment approach is built, which combines cost-benefit analysis, an entropy-weighting method, and a preference-ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations using the PROMETHEE approach. A total of 686 sample households in three regions of China were surveyed in this study. The centralized gasifier system and distributed household biogas were the top two alternatives for further development to meet the government's 2020 development goal for biogas technology. The overall biomass utilization amount in the prioritized scenario is about three times that of the business-as-usual scenario by 2020. This study can provide significant insights for China's policy-makers to draft strategic policies and countermeasures that will promote the development of renewable energy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has become the world's strategic choice to solve environmental pollution, address the energy crisis and achieve social sustainable development. The establishment of a regulatory system coincides with the development stage of renewable energy and electricity market operation is significant in standardizing the market competition and guaranteeing healthy development of renewable energy in China. This paper analyses the current situation of renewable energy development and the existing renewable energy regulation system in China, pointing out that the main problems restricting renewable energy development are institutional mechanisms and market factors. The existing regulatory mechanisms also have deficiencies, such as the inclination towards economic regulation and the lack of a market adjustment mechanism. This paper proposes that China should comprehensively consider the renewable energy development stage, electricity market trading mechanisms and other factors in electricity regulatory requirements when policy making, actively exploring a new renewable energy regulation model adapted to different development phases. In addition, this paper suggests China's regulatory policy path based on the forecasting of renewable energy developing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both developed and developing countries have committed to reduce their emissions through the increased use of renewable energy. This paper aims to compare renewable energy deployment in developed and developing countries represented by Australia and China. The paper firstly argues the validity of comparison of renewable energy deployment in Australia and China. Then, the governance structures in both countries are compared; the paper also compares management mechanisms in terms of funding and incentive support, renewable energy grid-connection and coordination between different levels of governments in both countries. Moreover, the current status of renewable energy development in two countries is summarized. From the study, it can be concluded both countries have set a Renewable Energy Target and promulgated legislation and regulations to enlarge the scale of renewable energy; China shows a stronger commitment to renewable energy than Australia. However, Renewable Energy Certificate mechanism is implemented more effectively in Australia than in China. The paper suggests: augmenting and rebuilding the electricity network and strengthening coordination between different levels of governments for both countries; enhancing manufacturing facilities and incentives for the solar and wind industry for Australia, while developing more-detailed implementation legislation and renewable power quota system for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council have economically and politically been dominated by the exploitation of fossil fuels, recent years have seen an increasing adoption of renewable energy technologies, the reasons of which are not yet sufficiently understood. This paper argues that the recent adoption of renewable energy technologies in the Gulf and its striking variation can be explained by theories of policy transfer. In addition, we find some support for the alternative hypothesis of endogenous policy development regarding political leadership. Yet there is no support for the alternative hypothesis of a strong direct influence of the international climate regime. Furthermore, the policy transfer hypothesis and political leadership stand as coexisting influences on renewable energy adoption, rather than competing ones. Based on an extensive study of primary and secondary sources, local reports and country analyses of international organizations, and personal interviews with key experts, this paper lays out in detail how transfers of renewable energy policies take place in the Gulf; their drivers; and their impacts. We also discuss the factors that lead countries to lag behind, which can be helpful for prospective research on a more extensive utilization of renewable energy in the region and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Japan started implementing a national Feed-In Tariff (FiT) mechanism on the 1st July 2012, which included specific payment tariffs for solar photovoltaic (PV) installations. This marks a new era in the renewable energy landscape in Japan. This paper aims at analysing the solar PV prospect in Japan, particularly in both residential and non-residential sectors. The paper presents, first, an overview of energy trends in Japan prior to the Fukushima event. This is followed by a short review of solar PV progress in the country, highlighting the major policies and programmes that have been implemented as well as the installations that have been carried out over the past two decades. Next, the financial impact of the new FiT scheme on consumers is evaluated. The financial analysis investigates the total profit, the average annual return on investment and the payback period. For a comparison purposes, a similar financial analysis is also conducted with selected countries around the world – namely Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. The results from this analysis indicate that the new Japanese FiT rate generates a good profit, a moderate annual return on investment and an acceptable payback period, suggesting an increasing trend of solar PV uptake over the next years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents an exploratory analysis of microgeneration installer businesses in the UK during a period of intense change in policies supporting microgeneration from 2010 to 2012. The research examines the influence of installer businesses on rates of uptake and standards of installation, and the interplay between business practices and the policy environment. The research developed new detailed datasets through a nationwide survey, to which 388 installers responded, and follow-up interviews with 22 installers. Focusing on solar photovoltaics and air source heat pumps installed in households, the results show the fundamental dependence of installer businesses on government financial incentives and on the quality assurance scheme in operation. Market confidence was compromised by the sharp reduction in the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) for residential solar PV in 2012 and long delays to the equivalent Renewable Heat Incentive for residential installations. Nevertheless, more modest FIT levels have reduced the risk of sub-optimal installations and inappropriate specification of microgeneration systems. The findings underline the need for consistent policy to allow installer businesses and their supply chains to develop and mature, and thus facilitate commercial deployment of microgeneration of high quality, raise its competiveness with incumbent forms of energy supply and contribute to decarbonisation goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors determining the choice of energy policy setting in favor of renewable energy sources. We investigate if such determinants are different between countries at different stage of development. Finally, we study if the adoption of green energy policies is characterized by complementary or substitution effects. Our analysis aims at responding at two research questions: what are the factors influencing a country's choice for a specific type of energy policy? Is it possible to identify either complementary or substitute policy interventions based on a country's level of economic development? Moreover, are developing systematically different from developed countries in manage public and private resources for renewable energies? The empirical analysis employs a panel probit model estimated over a sample of 56 countries observed between 2004 and 2011. The results show that while context variables have the same impact in developed and developing countries, public operational variables play a different role. Governments in richer countries are bound to play only a role of an arbiter. On the contrary, governments of developing countries are more directly involved in the management of energy policies. Hence, a greater impact is recognized to policies with direct involvement of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambitions are analysed from an energy system perspective, with a focus on the role of renewable and other low-carbon energy technologies. At COP-21 in 2015 in Paris, Kenya has committed to a ‘nationally determined contribution’ of reducing domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 30% in 2030 in comparison to a business-as-usual projection. An efficient exploitation of the country’s renewable energy resources is key to achieving this target. We use the TIAM-ECN model to characterize plausible development pathways for the Kenyan energy mix until 2050 under different climate change mitigation scenarios. We conclude that the power sector can expand with mostly renewable energy options even in the absence of stringent greenhouse gas abatement targets. On the contrary, on the demand side a substantial deployment of low-carbon technologies is triggered only when ambitious emission reduction objectives are in place. The introduction of these technologies entails additional energy system costs, ranging in 2050 from 0.5% to 2% of the country’s GDP. Our analysis supports the feasibility of Kenyan climate management goals, provided that adequate investments in renewable and other low-carbon energy technologies are timely made available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbine development in Ontario, Canada has been met with opposition yet will likely continue given broader environmental and economic forces. Ontario has ceased the use of coal for electricity generation and the populace has indicated that increased nuclear capacity is undesirable; renewables are a viable alternative. This paper captures experiences with and opinions of wind turbines in politicians and community members to determine which characteristics of development led to acceptance or opposition towards wind turbines, and which changes to policy and decision-making processes may address opposition. A constant-comparison case study, based largely on in-depth interviewing, was conducted with 24 participants who were MPPs, members of local government, and community members. The findings centre on two emergent themes: concerns with current decision-making processes, and options for addressing these concerns though changes to policy and development processes. Key findings were that perceived inequalities (between neighbours, within communities, and within the province) were the main source of opposition related to wind turbines and that future development may be more amenable if partnered with increased compensation or community ownership. Community members were absolutist in their opposition compared to politicians who identified advantages and disadvantages of wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bulgarian target for Renewable Energy Sources (RES) by year 2020 is to achieve 16% share of energy from RES in gross final energy consumption. The so far recorded data show that the country will exceed it. The question that emerges is what new RES target the country can set up for the following decade up to 2030. This target needs to be in consistency with the obligations of Bulgaria as an EU member state for the 2030 framework for climate and energy policies, but also with its national priorities and needs. This paper aims to identify the most feasible level of ambition up to year 2030 for the Bulgarian renewable energy policy taking into consideration the national framework. Two research tools are used for this purpose, the modeling tool LEAP and the multi-criteria evaluation method AMS. LEAP simulates three developed scenarios aiming to different RES targets for 2030 supported by different policy mixtures. LEAP outcomes and official information are used as inputs to AMS. The AMS outputs allow the identification of the most appropriate scenario for the country. Conclusions concern under which conditions each policy mixture is feasible along with discussion on policy recommendations for its improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to environmental effects of extensive use of energy, solar collectors are being installed on a large scale in many countries. The accurate determination of its efficiency by a test laboratory strongly affects the system performance prediction, cost-benefit valuations, technology introducing in public policies and certification programs. In this context and considering that indoor efficiency tests using solar simulators are increasingly used by test labs, this paper presents an assessment of uncertainty associated with usual flat plate solar collector efficiency tests performed with solar simulator. For this purpose, tests were performed according indoor method in order to estimate uncertainty associated with efficiency determination. Uncertainty evaluation included the contributions of instrumentation, temporal stability of environmental test conditions and statistical regression used to determine collector's efficiency curve. Additional tests and evaluations were also carried out to investigate solar simulated irradiance and air speed influence on estimated uncertainty and to validate the results from comparison with uncertainties derived from two other laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission is reforming renewable energy (RE) policy to promote European competitiveness and RE penetration but also to phase-out financial subsidies for mature RE technologies. Optimising policy can be framed in the balance of Market Pull (MP) and Policy Push (PP) factors. The role of this paper is to determine the diversity of perceptions of energy actors, how that diversity relates to the balance of MP and PP and how this is likely to influence the ongoing policy reform process. A European survey was implemented and a total of 108 responses were received. A majority of actors (>75%) thought that there was a need for new EU RE policy. Four robust clusters of actors were identified. Further analysis demonstrated that the balance of MP and PP factors were not important in distinguishing between these clusters. The analysis concluded that levels of market intervention are the primary axis of difference according to energy actors’ opinions. These results have consequences for intended policy shifts in the EU RE sector, as the reduction of market intervention could mean that some of the “RE pioneers” may leave the sector which would impact on further RE penetration and EU competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many countries are searching for ways to reduce the energy and carbon impact of housing. The terms net zero-energy home and net zero-carbon home have entered the policy lexicon, without clear definitions and without widespread understanding of the likely policy impact. Is the concept limited to bespoke architect driven buildings for specific green clients, or does it have relevance in the mainstream house building sector and for typical households? When we consider volume house building and contemporary lifestyles, what is the energy end-use reality of so called zero-energy homes? Can government policy instruments deliver housing estates that are thermally comfortable, energy efficient and powered by renewable energy? The Lochiel Park Green Village in South Australia represents a genuine attempt through government policy processes to create a suburb of (nearly) zero-energy homes in a near zero-carbon estate. The development includes 103 highly energy efficient homes of various sizes, all utilising solar thermal and solar photovoltaic sources, and built to stringent environmental urban design guidelines. The energy used and generated at each house is being monitored and analysed to extend our understanding of what happens when families bring their energy habits to near zero-energy homes. Appliance and equipment audits are conducted to extend our knowledge of the energy services utilised in contemporary digital-age lifestyles. This paper provides an insight into the quanta of energy using appliances and equipment that fill our homes and satisfy our ever-growing needs. The paper presents key results from the first two years of monitoring for the initial tranche of houses, demonstrating that although significant reductions in operating energy use have been achieved, few households have reached a net zero energy standard. The research highlights the extent to which our choice of energy systems and our individual behaviour affect the total annual energy use. The energy end-use and energy generation results are examined to identify the contribution of near zero-energy homes to the twin policy challenges of anthropogenic climate change and peak power demand. Using empirical evidence from extensive monitoring, this paper throws new light on the energy use of actual families in contemporary near zero-energy homes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Situated at equator level, Central Africa is a wetted area, sunny and not that windy. The region owns important renewable energy potential, namely solar, hydro and biomass. For a number of reasons, this important potential is still suffering from poor development. The main cause of the poor use of renewable energy is the poor commitment and dedication of governments who have not taken the necessary measures to boost enough decentralized and renewable energy. Thermal plants are hence unfortunately heavily used where other alternatives are possible. The purpose of this paper is among other things aiming at showing how solar and hydro energy sources of Central Africa are currently developed and addressing the problems faced. The work also addresses the issue of filling the gap between the abundant solar and hydro resources and its poor development compare to the rest of the world. Based on some case studies in Cameroon, actions to sustain ongoing initiatives and promote their development are suggested. This paper also addresses the problems actually faced and recommends actions for mitigation for a significant improvement of energy infrastructure in remote areas. In such areas, the promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency are very important for poverty alleviation. From lessons learned, suggestions will be made to help the countries of the region develop a vision aiming at developing adequate clean energy policy to increase the status of solar and microhydro energy sources and, thus, better contribute to fight against climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper deals with the energy consumption of existing owner-occupied detached houses and the question of how they can be energy renovated. Data on the age of the Danish housing stock, and its energy consumption is presented. Research on the potential for energy reductions in the Danish housing sector is discussed, and it is shown that there is a huge potential for reductions. It is a well-known problem that even if there are relevant technical means and even if it is economically feasible, the majority of house owners do not energy renovate their homes. This paper intends to address what can be done to solve this problem. The paper draws on different sources of why, when, and how, people do not energy renovate their homes. These results are then compared and discussed together with a presentation and discussion of the Danish policy measures aimed at encouraging people to energy renovate their homes. These policy measures include building regulations, energy tax and different types of incentives and information dissemination. The conclusion calls for new and innovative policy measures to cope with the realities of renovations of owner-occupied houses and how energy efficiency improvement could be part of that. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper examines the key features of the renewable energy development environment in Sri Lanka which led to sector's rapid expansion. The recent development framework of the renewable energy sector was based on the importance of using indigenous resources, recognizing the positive environmental impacts and the avoidance of high cost alternative thermal generation. This framework also recognized the pioneering effort of the developers in site identification by giving rights to develop on a first-come first-served basis. The policy framework was later extended with a renewable energy portfolio standard to achieve 10% of power generation through renewable energy. The standard power purchase arrangements reduced the transaction costs. The feeding tariffs originally based on avoided costs later shifted to cost based, technology specific tariffs encouraging diversification of the renewable energy portfolio. The introduction of net-metering for renewable energy based distributed generation and the limited interventions in the form of green-tariffs also assisted the renewable energy development. The paper concludes that the policy and regulatory frameworks and different approaches to implementing them have been mostly successful experiences in Sri Lanka and they would provide useful lessons for similar countries when formulating and implementing related polices, regulations and legal frameworks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper briefly considers the recent dramatic reductions in the underlying costs and market prices of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and their implications for decision-makers. In many cases, current PV costs and the associated market and technological shifts witnessed in the industry have not been fully noted by decision-makers. The perception persists that PV is prohibitively expensive, and still has not reached ‘competitiveness’. The authors find that the commonly used analytical comparators for PV vis a vis other power generation options may add further confusion. In order to help dispel existing misconceptions, some level of transparency is provided on the assumptions, inputs and parameters in calculations relating to the economics of PV. The paper is aimed at informing policy makers, utility decision-makers, investors and advisory services, in particular in high-growth developing countries, as they weigh the suite of power generation options available to them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Feed-in tariffs are the world’s most prevalent renewable energy policy and have driven approximately 75% of the world’s installed PV capacity and 45% of the world’s wind energy capacity. Although approximately 28 developing countries have enacted national feed-in tariffs, market growth in developing countries has been slow because of a range of technical, regulatory, and financial barriers. This paper uses the Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff (GET FiT) concept to explore potential international support for renewable energy in developing countries. This paper reviews the GET FiT concept and discusses the key mitigation strategies that it proposes to employ. The paper also provides a short case study of how GET FiT might be targeted to support a feed-in tariff policy in a specific developing country, Tanzania. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper measures the policy effectiveness of power purchasing agreements, capital grants, tax incentives, preferential loans, and research, development, and demonstrations for photovoltaic (PV) and wind power development in the member countries of the European Union (EU). The empirical findings confirm that the feed-in tariff is more efficient than renewable portfolio standards (RPS) for PV and wind power development, although RPS does have an effect on wind power development. However, the other economic instruments are all inefficient for PV development but are efficient for wind power development, except for tax incentives. Moreover, the economic growth required, serious financial deficits, and dependence on imported energy that discourage PV development are unrelated to wind power development. The energy intensity of the economy will have a negative impact on both PV and wind power development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examines a sample of three Asian Development Bank (ADB) energy projects to determine how they holistically address the energy sector challenges of the region. The paper firstly establishes four fundamental social and environmental sustainability principles that have influenced ADB''s new energy policy. These are (1) improving energy efficiency; (2) promoting renewable energy; (3) reducing energy poverty; and (4) enhancing climate change adaptation. These inform the policy''s new four-fold implementation strategy of scaling up renewable energy, advocating efficiency, enhancing energy access to benefit livelihoods and improving energy sector governance. The study then investigates the historical genesis, drivers, and advantages and challenges facing three recent ADB energy projects: a $76.75 million biomass power plant in Thailand, a $32.6 million energy efficiency initiative in the Philippines, and a $153.5 million program for off-grid renewables in Vietnam. The final part of the study evaluates each of these cases based on how they embody each of the four sustainability principles that uphold the new energy policy. The paper concludes by distilling lessons and presenting general recommendations for planners at the ADB and in Asia more generally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Biomass will make a vital contribution to the EU renewable energy targets, however large amounts need to be mobilised to achieve policy goals. To promote action, the European Commission sent a firm call to member states for coordinated biomass strategies and plans, and engagement of sub-national actors. This paper examines how regional level biomass planning can benefit national planning and EU target achievement, and addressing of broader concerns of increased bioenergy production. It assesses a set of regional biomass action plans and their linkages to national level plans. The study indicates that regional and national planning address measures to reach targets in several ways, but that impacts related to the increased bioenergy production are often weakly assessed. Regional level strengths appear to include mobilisation of new biomass resources and involvement of stakeholders, while matters related to the sources of biomass and implementation details are better delineated by national plans. Areas with scope for improvement exist at both levels and include consideration of other uses of biomass and clarification of linkages between various targets. The paper concludes that regional planning clearly has the capacity to contribute to the concretisation of national level actions as well as enhancement of local economy and expertise; however at present, national level planning does not adequately link to such planning efforts. Further, the study indicates that the value of national planning work can be enhanced if efforts are made to recognise regional planning strengths and competence to bring about the planned changes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Need for food and energy challenge humanity. Producing biofuels from energy crops leads to the dilemma: “energy crops for biofuel or for food?” This paper aims to answer this dilemma through the SWOT analysis, for the first time for Greece. Results of the first alternative show strengths including creation of direct and indirect jobs (Biofuel production industry), diversity of energy supply, and positive contribution of the greenhouse effect. Weaknesses include environmental impact, and dependence on land availability (additional need of arable land other than that required to grow food). Energy and climate change priority on policy agenda, EU directives promoting the use of biofuels, and economic competitiveness with fossil fuels, could create the external environment to promote bioenergy production. Conversely, results of the second option show strengths including food security, and non-risk of deforestation in order to find new land. Weaknesses include failure to increase employment opportunities by not creation of indirect jobs, and non exploitation of marginal lands. Respective external environmental factors include solution to food crisis, use of second generation biofuels, and development of new and non-edible varieties. Dependence on fossil fuels and failure to comply with the world agenda regarding climate change, constitute threats for this option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy based off-grid rural electrification programs are one of the most effective ways to increase access to energy in remote areas of developing countries. While a large number of such programs have been implemented, the rate of success, to ensure a long-term sustainable program, is low. Many of these programs have failed to appropriately address the social and cultural issues of target communities, which resulted low or no acceptance by the users. Similarly, many rural electrification policies fail to incorporate the needs and views of the users resulting in an unresponsive policy measures. In this paper a framework is presented that would assist in assessing community attitudes and their needs by presenting key factors that need to be considered in different stages of program development and implementation. The framework has been developed in line with the concept of “diffusion of innovation”, which has been found to be in agreement with the stages of off-grid renewable energy program development. It is anticipated that this holistic framework will not only help to achieve a long-term sustainable program, but will also offer a significant contribution in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving access to energy for rural people in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]